Organic waste valorisation into biochar for the adsorptive removal of Malachite Green dye from its aqueous solution
Article Main
Abstract
This study illustrated the biochar utilization as an adsorbent to remove the Malachite Green (MG) dye which is known to cause toxic and hazardous effects. The present research aimed to determine how well biochar adsorbs malachite green dye and comprehend the fundamental principles driving adsorption. The iron-impregnated biochar was synthesized using waste biomass of Teak (Tectona speciose), which is a timber tree, by pyrolysis process at 500 °C. The synthesized biochar was used to remove MG dye from a synthetically prepared MG solution to evaluate its adsorption efficiency. The bioadsorbent was characterized using Particle Size Analysis (PSA), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), point of zero charges (pHZPC), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX). A batch adsorption experiment for the MG adsorption onto the MB-t surface was also conducted and it was found that the adsorption rate of MG was highly affected by the dose of biochar, temperature, working solution pH, time of contact and primary dye concentration. Isotherm study showed that the Temkin was the best-fit isotherm model to the adsorption process and the Qmax value was discovered to be 73.539 mg/g. Pseudo-second-order kinetics was best suited to the process of adsorption, indicating that the chemisorption was the rate-limiting factor. In contrast, the adsorption process was exothermic, which was determined through a thermodynamic study. The effective removal (89.05 %) of MG dye onto biochar (synthesized from Teak biomass the first time applied for dye removal) within 1 hr proved the bioadsorbent as a promising material for treating contaminated water.
Article Details
Article Details
Keywords
Adsorption, Biochar, Dye removal, Malachite green (MG)
References
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Asif, H., Munir, R., Albasher, G., Sayed, M., Muneer, A., Mansha, A., & Noreen, S. (2024). Fabrication of green magnetized ferrite biochar nanocomposites from orange peels/MnFe2O4, peanut shells/CuFe2O4, tree twigs/Ni Fe2O4, and wood/CoFe2O4: characterization and application as adsorbents for adsorption/desorption/stability of basic Blue-XGRRL dye with possible mechanisms. AQUA—Water Infrastructure, Ecosystems and Society, 73(2), 217-238. https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2024.266
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Bensalah, H., Younssi, S. A., Ouammou, M., Gurlo, A., & Bekheet, M. F. (2020). Azo dye adsorption on an industrial waste-transformed hydroxyapatite adsorbent: Kinetics, isotherms, mechanism and regeneration studies. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 8(3), 103807. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2020.103807
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Eltaweil, A. S., Mohamed, H. A., Abd El-Monaem, E. M., & El-Subruiti, G. M. (2020). Mesoporous magnetic biochar composite for enhanced adsorption of malachite green dye: Characterization, adsorption kinetics, thermodynamics and isotherms. Advanced Powder Technology, 31(3), 1253-1263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2020.01.005
Goddeti, S. M. R., Bhaumik, M., Maity, A., & Ray, S. S. (2020). Removal of Congo red from aqueous solution by adsorption using gum ghatti and acrylamide graft copolymer coated with zero valent iron. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 149, 21-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.099
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Hu, Q., Lan, R., He, L., Liu, H., & Pei, X. (2023). A critical review of adsorption isotherm models for aqueous contaminants: Curve characteristics, site energy distribution and common controversies. Journal of Environmental Management, 329, 117104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.117104
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Jabar, J. M., Adebayo, M. A., Odusote, Y. A., Yılmaz, M., & Rangabhashiyam, S. (2023). Valorization of microwave-assisted H3PO4-activated plantain (Musa paradisiacal L) leaf biochar for malachite green sequestration: models and mechanism of adsorption. Results in Engineering, 18, 101129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2023.101129
Khan, F. A., Dar, B. A., & Farooqui, M. (2023). Characterization and adsorption of malachite green dye from aqueous solution onto Salix alba L. (Willow tree) leaves powder and its respective biochar. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 25(5), 646-657. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2022.2098909
Kumar, A., & Ghosh, A. K. (2021). Assessment of arsenic contamination in groundwater and affected population of Bihar. Arsenic Toxicity: Challenges and Solutions, 165-191. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6068-6_7
Kumar, B., Agrawal, K., & Verma, P. (2021). Microbial electrochemical system: a sustainable approach for mitigation of toxic dyes and heavy metals from wastewater. Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste, 25(2), 04020082. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HZ.2153-5515.0000590
Muinde, V. M., Onyari, J. M., Wamalwa, B., & Wabomba, J. N. (2020). Adsorption of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions using mesoporous chitosan–zinc oxide composite material. Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, 2, 115-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enceco.2020.07.005
Musah, M., Azeh, Y., Mathew, J. T., Umar, M. T., Abdulhamid, Z., & Muhammad, A. I. (2022). Adsorption kinetics and isotherm models: a review. CaJoST, 4(1), 20-26. https://doi.org/DOI:10.4314/cajost.v4i1.3
Nandiyanto, A. B. D. (2020). Isotherm adsorption of carbon microparticles prepared from pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) seeds using two-parameter monolayer adsorption models and equations. Moroccan Journal of Chemistry, 8(3), 745-761. https://doi.org/10.48317/IMIST.PRSM/morjchem-v8i3.21636
Premarathna, K. S. D., Rajapaksha, A. U., Sarkar, B., Kwon, E. E., Bhatnagar, A., Ok, Y. S., & Vithanage, M. (2019). Biochar-based engineered composites for sorptive decontamination of water: A review. Chemical Engineering Journal, 372, 536-550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.04.097
Qiu, M., Liu, L., Ling, Q., Cai, Y., Yu, S., Wang, S., & Wang, X. (2022). Biochar for the removal of contaminants from soil and water: a review. Biochar, 4(1), 19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42773-022-00146-1
Sahu, N., Nayak, A. K., Verma, L., Bhan, C., Singh, J., Chaudhary, P., & Yadav, B. C. (2022). Adsorption of As (III) and As (V) from aqueous solution by magnetic biosorbents derived from chemical carbonization of pea peel waste biomass: Isotherm, kinetic, thermodynamic and breakthrough curve modeling studies. Journal of Environmental Management, 312, 114948. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114948
Shukla, K., Verma, A., Verma, L., Rawat, S., & Singh, J. (2020). A novel approach to utilize used disposable paper cups for the development of adsorbent and its application for the malachite green and rhodamine-B dyes removal from aqueous solutions. Nature Environment & Pollution Technology, 9(1), 57-70.
Sinha, R., Jindal, R., & Faggio, C. (2021). Protective effect of Emblica officinalis in Cyprinus carpio against hepatotoxicity induced by malachite green: ultrastructural and molecular analysis. Applied sciences, 11(8), 3507. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11083507
Temkin I., & Pyzhev V. (1940). Kinetics of ammonia synthesis on promoted iron catalysts. Acta Physics Chimica, 12, 327–356
Tony, M. A. (2022). Low-cost adsorbents for environmental pollution control: a concise systematic review from the prospective of principles, mechanism and their applications. Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 43(11), 1612-1633. https://doi.org/10.1080/019326 91.2021.1878037
Vergis, B. R., Kottam, N., Krishna R. H., & B. M. Nagabhushana (2019). Removal of Evans Blue dye from aqueous solution using magnetic spinel ZnFe2O4 nanomaterial: adsorption isotherms and kinetics. Nano-structures and Nano-objects, 18, 100290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoso.2019.100290
Verma, L., & Singh, J. (2019). Synthesis of novel biochar from waste plant litter biomass for the removal of Arsenic (III and V) from aqueous solution: A mechanism characterization, kinetics and thermodynamics. Journal of Environmental Management, 248, 109235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.07.006
Verma, L., Siddique, M. A., Singh, J., & Bharagava, R. N. (2019). As (III) and As (V) removal by using iron impregnated biosorbents derived from waste biomass of Citrus limmeta (peel and pulp) from the aqueous solution and ground water. Journal of environmental management, 250, 109452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109452
Verma, L., Sonkar, D., Bhan, C., Singh, J., Kumar, U., Yadav, B. C., & Nayak, A. (2022). Adsorptive performance of Tagetes flower waste-based adsorbent for crystal violet dye removal from an aqueous solution. Environmental Sustainability, 5(4), 493-506. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42398-022-00250-9
Vigneshwaran, S., Sirajudheen, P., Karthikeyan, P., & Meenakshi, S. (2021). Fabrication of sulfur-doped biochar derived from tapioca peel waste with superior adsorption performance for the removal of Malachite green and Rhodamine B dyes. Surfaces and Interfaces, 23, 100920. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfin.2020.100920
Wang, P., Chen, W., Zhang, R., & Xing, Y. (2022). Enhanced removal of malachite green using calcium-functionalized magnetic biochar. International journal of environmental research and public health, 19(6), 3247. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063247
Wang, X., Zhang, Y., & Liu, X. (2021). Removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions using biochar-based adsorbents: A review. Journal of Environmental Management, 287, 112284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112284.
Weber, W.J., & Morris, J.C. (1963). Kinetics of adsorption on carbon from solution. Journal of the Sanitary Engineering Division, American Society of Civil Engineers, 89, 31–59. https://doi.org/10.1061/JSEDAI.0000430
Zubair, M., Mu’azu, N. D., Jarrah, N., Blaisi, N. I., Aziz, H. A., & A. Al-Harthi, M. (2020). Adsorption behavior and mechanism of methylene blue, crystal violet, eriochrome black T, and methyl orange dyes onto biochar-derived date palm fronds waste produced at different pyrolysis conditions. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 231, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-020-04595-x
Zhang, X., Zhang, P., Yuan, X., Li, Y., & Han, L. (2020). Effect of pyrolysis temperature and correlation analysis on the yield and physicochemical properties of crop residue biochar. Bioresource technology, 296, 122318. ttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122318
Akpasi, S. O., Anekwe, I. M. S., Adedeji, J., & Kiambi, S. L. (2022). Biochar development as a catalyst and its application. In Biochar-Productive Technologies, Properties and Applications. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.105439
Amiri-Hosseini, S., & Hashempour, Y. (2021). Photocatalytic removal of Malachite green dye from aqueous solutions by nano-composites containing titanium dioxide: A systematic review. Environmental Health Engineering and Management Journal, 8(4), 295-302. https://doi.org/10.34172/EHEM.2021.33
Asif, H., Munir, R., Albasher, G., Sayed, M., Muneer, A., Mansha, A., & Noreen, S. (2024). Fabrication of green magnetized ferrite biochar nanocomposites from orange peels/MnFe2O4, peanut shells/CuFe2O4, tree twigs/Ni Fe2O4, and wood/CoFe2O4: characterization and application as adsorbents for adsorption/desorption/stability of basic Blue-XGRRL dye with possible mechanisms. AQUA—Water Infrastructure, Ecosystems and Society, 73(2), 217-238. https://doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2024.266
Aziz, S., Uzair, B., Ali, M. I., Anbreen, S., Umber, F., Khalid, M., & Tambuwala, M. M. (2023). Synthesis and characterization of nanobiochar from rice husk biochar for the removal of safranin and malachite green from water. Environmental Research, 238, 116909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.116909
Bensalah, H., Younssi, S. A., Ouammou, M., Gurlo, A., & Bekheet, M. F. (2020). Azo dye adsorption on an industrial waste-transformed hydroxyapatite adsorbent: Kinetics, isotherms, mechanism and regeneration studies. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 8(3), 103807. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2020.103807
Chen, L., Mi, B., He, J., Li, Y., Zhou, Z., & Wu, F. (2023). Functionalized biochars with highly-efficient malachite green adsorption property produced from banana peels via microwave-assisted pyrolysis. Bioresource Technology, 376, 128840. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.20 23.128840
Eltaweil, A. S., Mohamed, H. A., Abd El-Monaem, E. M., & El-Subruiti, G. M. (2020). Mesoporous magnetic biochar composite for enhanced adsorption of malachite green dye: Characterization, adsorption kinetics, thermodynamics and isotherms. Advanced Powder Technology, 31(3), 1253-1263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apt.2020.01.005
Goddeti, S. M. R., Bhaumik, M., Maity, A., & Ray, S. S. (2020). Removal of Congo red from aqueous solution by adsorption using gum ghatti and acrylamide graft copolymer coated with zero valent iron. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 149, 21-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.099
Häder, D. P., Banaszak, A. T., Villafañe, V. E., Narvarte, M. A., González, R. A., & Helbling, E. W. (2020). Anthropogenic pollution of aquatic ecosystems: Emerging problems with global implications. Science of the Total Environment, 713, 136586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136586
Hu, Q., Lan, R., He, L., Liu, H., & Pei, X. (2023). A critical review of adsorption isotherm models for aqueous contaminants: Curve characteristics, site energy distribution and common controversies. Journal of Environmental Management, 329, 117104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.117104
Ibrahim M, Siddiqe A, Verma L, Singh J, Koduru JR (2019) Adsorp tive removal of fluoride from aqueous solution by biogenic iron permeated activated carbon derived from sweet lime waste. Acta Chim Slov 66:123–136
Islam, T., Repon, M. R., Islam, T., Sarwar, Z., & Rahman, M. M. (2023). Impact of textile dyes on health and ecosystem: A review of structure, causes, and potential solutions. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(4), 9207-9242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-24398-3
Jabar, J. M., Adebayo, M. A., Odusote, Y. A., Yılmaz, M., & Rangabhashiyam, S. (2023). Valorization of microwave-assisted H3PO4-activated plantain (Musa paradisiacal L) leaf biochar for malachite green sequestration: models and mechanism of adsorption. Results in Engineering, 18, 101129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2023.101129
Khan, F. A., Dar, B. A., & Farooqui, M. (2023). Characterization and adsorption of malachite green dye from aqueous solution onto Salix alba L. (Willow tree) leaves powder and its respective biochar. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 25(5), 646-657. https://doi.org/10.1080/15226514.2022.2098909
Kumar, A., & Ghosh, A. K. (2021). Assessment of arsenic contamination in groundwater and affected population of Bihar. Arsenic Toxicity: Challenges and Solutions, 165-191. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6068-6_7
Kumar, B., Agrawal, K., & Verma, P. (2021). Microbial electrochemical system: a sustainable approach for mitigation of toxic dyes and heavy metals from wastewater. Journal of Hazardous, Toxic, and Radioactive Waste, 25(2), 04020082. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HZ.2153-5515.0000590
Muinde, V. M., Onyari, J. M., Wamalwa, B., & Wabomba, J. N. (2020). Adsorption of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions using mesoporous chitosan–zinc oxide composite material. Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, 2, 115-125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enceco.2020.07.005
Musah, M., Azeh, Y., Mathew, J. T., Umar, M. T., Abdulhamid, Z., & Muhammad, A. I. (2022). Adsorption kinetics and isotherm models: a review. CaJoST, 4(1), 20-26. https://doi.org/DOI:10.4314/cajost.v4i1.3
Nandiyanto, A. B. D. (2020). Isotherm adsorption of carbon microparticles prepared from pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) seeds using two-parameter monolayer adsorption models and equations. Moroccan Journal of Chemistry, 8(3), 745-761. https://doi.org/10.48317/IMIST.PRSM/morjchem-v8i3.21636
Premarathna, K. S. D., Rajapaksha, A. U., Sarkar, B., Kwon, E. E., Bhatnagar, A., Ok, Y. S., & Vithanage, M. (2019). Biochar-based engineered composites for sorptive decontamination of water: A review. Chemical Engineering Journal, 372, 536-550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.04.097
Qiu, M., Liu, L., Ling, Q., Cai, Y., Yu, S., Wang, S., & Wang, X. (2022). Biochar for the removal of contaminants from soil and water: a review. Biochar, 4(1), 19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42773-022-00146-1
Sahu, N., Nayak, A. K., Verma, L., Bhan, C., Singh, J., Chaudhary, P., & Yadav, B. C. (2022). Adsorption of As (III) and As (V) from aqueous solution by magnetic biosorbents derived from chemical carbonization of pea peel waste biomass: Isotherm, kinetic, thermodynamic and breakthrough curve modeling studies. Journal of Environmental Management, 312, 114948. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114948
Shukla, K., Verma, A., Verma, L., Rawat, S., & Singh, J. (2020). A novel approach to utilize used disposable paper cups for the development of adsorbent and its application for the malachite green and rhodamine-B dyes removal from aqueous solutions. Nature Environment & Pollution Technology, 9(1), 57-70.
Sinha, R., Jindal, R., & Faggio, C. (2021). Protective effect of Emblica officinalis in Cyprinus carpio against hepatotoxicity induced by malachite green: ultrastructural and molecular analysis. Applied sciences, 11(8), 3507. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11083507
Temkin I., & Pyzhev V. (1940). Kinetics of ammonia synthesis on promoted iron catalysts. Acta Physics Chimica, 12, 327–356
Tony, M. A. (2022). Low-cost adsorbents for environmental pollution control: a concise systematic review from the prospective of principles, mechanism and their applications. Journal of Dispersion Science and Technology, 43(11), 1612-1633. https://doi.org/10.1080/019326 91.2021.1878037
Vergis, B. R., Kottam, N., Krishna R. H., & B. M. Nagabhushana (2019). Removal of Evans Blue dye from aqueous solution using magnetic spinel ZnFe2O4 nanomaterial: adsorption isotherms and kinetics. Nano-structures and Nano-objects, 18, 100290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoso.2019.100290
Verma, L., & Singh, J. (2019). Synthesis of novel biochar from waste plant litter biomass for the removal of Arsenic (III and V) from aqueous solution: A mechanism characterization, kinetics and thermodynamics. Journal of Environmental Management, 248, 109235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.07.006
Verma, L., Siddique, M. A., Singh, J., & Bharagava, R. N. (2019). As (III) and As (V) removal by using iron impregnated biosorbents derived from waste biomass of Citrus limmeta (peel and pulp) from the aqueous solution and ground water. Journal of environmental management, 250, 109452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109452
Verma, L., Sonkar, D., Bhan, C., Singh, J., Kumar, U., Yadav, B. C., & Nayak, A. (2022). Adsorptive performance of Tagetes flower waste-based adsorbent for crystal violet dye removal from an aqueous solution. Environmental Sustainability, 5(4), 493-506. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42398-022-00250-9
Vigneshwaran, S., Sirajudheen, P., Karthikeyan, P., & Meenakshi, S. (2021). Fabrication of sulfur-doped biochar derived from tapioca peel waste with superior adsorption performance for the removal of Malachite green and Rhodamine B dyes. Surfaces and Interfaces, 23, 100920. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfin.2020.100920
Wang, P., Chen, W., Zhang, R., & Xing, Y. (2022). Enhanced removal of malachite green using calcium-functionalized magnetic biochar. International journal of environmental research and public health, 19(6), 3247. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19063247
Wang, X., Zhang, Y., & Liu, X. (2021). Removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions using biochar-based adsorbents: A review. Journal of Environmental Management, 287, 112284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112284.
Weber, W.J., & Morris, J.C. (1963). Kinetics of adsorption on carbon from solution. Journal of the Sanitary Engineering Division, American Society of Civil Engineers, 89, 31–59. https://doi.org/10.1061/JSEDAI.0000430
Zubair, M., Mu’azu, N. D., Jarrah, N., Blaisi, N. I., Aziz, H. A., & A. Al-Harthi, M. (2020). Adsorption behavior and mechanism of methylene blue, crystal violet, eriochrome black T, and methyl orange dyes onto biochar-derived date palm fronds waste produced at different pyrolysis conditions. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 231, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-020-04595-x
Zhang, X., Zhang, P., Yuan, X., Li, Y., & Han, L. (2020). Effect of pyrolysis temperature and correlation analysis on the yield and physicochemical properties of crop residue biochar. Bioresource technology, 296, 122318. ttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122318
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Organic waste valorisation into biochar for the adsorptive removal of Malachite Green dye from its aqueous solution. (2025). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 17(2), 720-731. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v17i2.6236
