Investigation on groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation purpose in certain regions of Bishnupur District in Manipur, India
Article Main
Abstract
In Bishnupur district, Manipur, India, there is shortage of surface water due to the increase in population growth. Most people are below the poverty line and depend very much on groundwater for drinking and other domestic and irrigation purposes. This study investigates groundwater quality and its appropriateness for drinking and irrigation purposes in Bishnupur district. A total of 27 groundwater samples (S-1 to S-27) were taken and were analysed parameters, viz. temperature, Ca2+, total dissolved solids (TDS), K+, total hardness (TH), Mg2+, HCO3-, Cl-, total alkalinity (TA), CO32-, SO42-, pH, NO3-, Na+, As, Pb and Hg. Most of the groundwater samples were observed to be ‘fit’ for drinking. Water quality index values confirmed that 14.815% of water possessed as ‘excellent’, 14.815% as ‘good’, 33.333% as ‘poor’, 14.815% as ‘very poor’ and 22.222% as ‘unsuitable’ for drinking purpose. Anthropogenic activities like improper disposal of domestic waste and extensive use of fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, etc. may be the reason for deteriorating groundwater quality. Values of residual sodium carbonate, Kelly’s ratio, sodium adsorption ratio, permeability index, and percent sodium showed that all samples were observed to be ‘fit’ for irrigation purposes. Correlation coefficient (r) values showed that TH of the samples was mostly due to temporary hardness, whereas that of TA was mostly due to dissolved Mg(HCO3)2 (magnesium bicarbonate) but also by having Ca(HCO3)2 (calcium bicarbonate) and NaHCO3 (sodium bicarbonate) to a smaller extent. The study’s outcome will also be very beneficial to the villagers of the study area mainly.
Article Details
Article Details
Keywords
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), Groundwater, Heavy metals, Physico-chemical parameters, World Health Organization (WHO), Water Quality Index (WQI)
References
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Ali, S., Verma, S., Agarwal, M.B., Islam, R., Mehrotra, M., Deolia, R.K., Kumar, J., Singh, S., Mohammadi, A.A., Raj, D., Gupta, M.K., Dang, P. & Fattahi, M. (2024). Groundwater quality assessment using water quality index and principal component analysis in the Achnera block, Agra district, UttarPradesh, Northern India. Scientific reports, 14, 5381. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-56056-8
Alshehri, F. & Abdelrahman, K. (2023). Integrated approach for the investigation of groundwater quality using hydrochemical and geostatistical analyses inWadi Fatimah, Western Saudi Arabia. Frontiers in Earth Science, 11, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2023.1166153
Al-Sulaiti, M.M., Soubra, L. & Al-Ghouti, M.A. (2022). The Causes and Effects of Mercury and Methylmercury contamination in the Marine Environment: A Review. Current Pollution Reports, 8, 249-272. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40726-022-00226-7
Ameen, H.A. (2019). Spring Water quality assessment using water quality index inVillages of Barwari Bala, Duhok, Kudistan Region, Irag. Applied Water Science, 9, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-019-1080-z
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Asim, H., Sharifi, S., Saidee, S. & Azizi, A.M. (2024). Investigation the Level of Groundwater Pollution with Heavy Metals in Mazar-e-Sharif City. Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, 3(2), 193-201. https://doi.org/10.55544/jrasb.3.2.35
Atta, H.S., Omar, M.A.S. & Tawfik, A.M. (2022). Water quality index for assessment of drinking groundwater purpose case study: area surrounding Ismailia Canal, Egypt. Journal of Engineering and Applied Science, 69, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s44147-022-00138-9
Balamurugan, P., Kumar, P.S. & Shankar, K. (2020). Dataset on the suitability of groundwater for drinking and irrigation purposes in the Sarabanga River region, Tamil Nadu, India. Data in Brief, 29, 1-13.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2020.105255
Banerjee, P. & Prasad, B. (2020). Determination of concentration of total sodium and potassium in surface and ground water using a flame photometer. Applied Water Science, 10, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-020-01188-1
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Chakraborty, M., Tejankar, A., Coppola, G. & Chakraborty, S. (2022). Assessment of groundwater quality using statistical methods: a case study. ArabianJournal of Geosciences, 15, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-022-10276-2
De Baaij, J.H.F., Hoenderop, J.G.J. & Bindels, R.J.M. (2015). Magnesium in Man: Implications for Health and Diseases. Physiological Reviews, 95(1), 1-46. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00012.2014
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El-Aziz, S.H.A. (2017). Evaluation of groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation purposes in the north-western area of Libya (Aligeelat). Environmental Earth Sciences, 76, 147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-017-6421-3
Falowo, O.O., Akindureni, Y. & Ojo, O. (2017). Irrigation and Drinking Water Quality Index Determination for Groundwater Quality Evaluation in Akoko Northwest and Northeast Areas of Ondo State, Southwestern Nigeria. American Journal of Water Science and Engineering, 3(5), 50-60. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ajwse.20170305.11
Goyal, V.C., Singh, O., Singh, R., Chhoden, K. & Malyan, S.K. (2022). Appraisal of heavy metal pollution in the water resources of Western Uttar Pradesh, India and associated risks. Environmental Advances, 8, 1-14.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envadv.2022.100230
Gray, N.F. (2008). Drinking Water Quality, Second Edition, Cambridge University Press, UK, pp. 191-197.
Jain, C.K. & Vaid, U. (2018). Assessment of groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation purposes using hydrochemical studies in Nalbari district of Assam, India. Environment Earth Sciences, 77, 254. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-018-7422-6
Kaur, T., Bhardwaj, R. & Arora, S. (2017). Assessment of groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation purposes using hydrochemical studies in Malwa region, southwestern part of Punjab, India. Applied Water Science, 7, 3301-3316. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-016-0476-2
Kawo, N.S. & Karuppannan, S. (2018). Groundwater quality assessment using quality index and GIS technique in Modjo River Basin, Central Ethiopia. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 147, 300-311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2018.06.034
Kelly, W.P. (1940). Permissible composition and concentration of irrigated waters. In: Proceedings of the ASCE.
Khan, R. & Jhariya, D.C. (2017). Groundwater quality assessment for drinking purpose in Raipur city, Chhattisgarh using water quality index and geographic information system. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 90, 69-76.
Khanoranga and Khalid, S. (2019). An assessment of groundwater quality for irrigation and drinking purposes around brick Kilns in three districts of Balochistan province, Pakistan, through water quality index and multivariate statistical approaches. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 197(2), 14-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2018.11.007
Kumar, G., Kothandaraman, S., Karuppanan, K. & Hussain, S. (2024). Groundwater Quality and Suitability Assessment in Tirupur Region, Tamil Nadu, India. Hindawi, Journal of Chemistry, 6083772, 1-10.
Manjula, P. & Warrier, C.U. (2019). Evaluation of water quality of Thuthapuzha Sub- basin of Bharathapuzha, Kerala, India. Applied Water Science, 9, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-019-0937-5
Mebrahtu, G. & Zerabruk, S. (2011). Concentration and Health Implication of Heavy Metals in Drinking water from Urban Areas of Tigray Region, Northern Ethiopia. Momona Ethiopian Journal of Science, 3(1), 105-121. https://doi.org/10.4314/mejs.v3i1.63689
Olagunju, T.E., Olagunju, A.O., Akawu, I.H. & Ugokwe, C.U. (2020). Quantification and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Groundwater and Soil of Residential Areas around Awotan Landfill, Ibadan, Southwest-Nigeria. Journal of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, 6(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.23937/2572-4061.1510033
Palazzoli, I., Montanari, A and Ceola, S. (2022). Influence of Urban Areas on Surface Water Loss in the Contiguous United States. AGU Advances, 3, e2021AV000519.1-15. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021AV0 00519
Pravina, P., Sayaji, D. & Avinash, M. (2013). Calcium and its Role in Human Body. International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, 4(2), 659-668.
Ram, A., Tiwari, S.K., Pandey, H.K., Chaurasia, A.K., Singh, S. & Singh, Y.V. (2021). Groundwater quality assessment using water quality index (WQI) under GIS framework. Applied Water Science, 11, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-021-01376-7
Rao, N.S. (2017). Hydrogeology-Problems with Solutions, PHI Learning Private Limited, Delhi, pp. 265.
Rawat, K.S., Singh, S.K. & Gautam, S.K. (2018). Assessment of groundwater quality for irrigation use: a peninsular case study. Applied Water Science, 8, 1- 24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-018-0866-8
Reddy, Y.S. & Sunitha, V. (2023). Assessment of Heavy metal pollution and its health implications in groundwater for drinking purpose around inactive mines, SW region of Cuddapah Basin, South India. Total Environment Research Themes, 8, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.totert.2023.100069
Ren, Y.S., Ilyas, M., Xu, R.Z., Ahmad, W. & Wang, R. (2022). Concentrations of Lead in Groundwater and Human Blood in the Population of Palosai, a Rural Area in Pakistan: Human Exposure and Risk Assessment. Hindawi, Adsorption Science & Technology, 8341279, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8341279
Saikrishna, K., Purushotham, D., Sunitha, V., Reddy, Y.S., Linga, D. & Kumar, B.K. (2020). Data for the evaluation of groundwater quality using water quality index and regression analysis in parts of Nalgonda district, Telangana, Southern India. Data in Brief, 32, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2020.106235
Sawyer, C.N. & McCarty, P.L. (1967). Chemistry for sanitary Engineers, Second edition. McGraw Hill, New York.
Shaji, E., Santosh, M., Sarath, K.V., Prakash, P., Deepchand, V. & Divya, B.V. (2021). Arsenic contamination of groundwater: A global synopsis with focus on the Indian Peninsula. Geoscience Frontiers, 12(3), 1-18.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2020.08.015
Singh, S., Raju, N.J. & Ramakrishna, Ch. (2015). Evaluation of Groundwater Quality and its suitability for Domestic and Irrigation use in Parts of the Chandauli- Varanasi Region, Uttar Pradesh, India. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 7(7), 572-587. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2015.77046
Soceanu, A., Dobrinas, S., Dumitrescu, C.I., Manea, N., Sirbu, A., Popescu, V. & Vizitiu, G. (2021). Physico-Chemical Parameters and Health Risk Analysis of Groundwater Quality. Applied Sciences, 11(11), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11114775
Sreedevi, P.D., Sreekanth, P.D., Ahmed, S. & Reddy, D.V. (2019). Evaluation of groundwater quality for irrigation in a semi-arid region of South India. Sustainable Water Resources Management, 5, 1043-1056. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-018-0279-8
Sridharan, M. & Nathan, D.S. (2017). Groundwater quality assessment for domestic and agriculture purposes in Puducherry region. Applied Water Science, 7, 4037-4053. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-017-0556-y
Sunitha, V. & Sudharshan Reddy, Y. (2019). Hydrogeochemical evaluation of groundwater in and around Lakkireddipalli and Ramapuram, Y.S.R District, Andhra Pradesh, India. HydroResearch, 2, 85-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydres.2019.11.008
Todd, D.K. (1980). Groundwater hydrology (2nd edition). John Wiley and Sons (Asia) Pvt. Ltd., New York.
Tyagi, S., Sharma, B., Singh, P. & Dobhal, R. (2013). Water Quality Assessment in Terms of Water Quality Index. American Journal of Water Resources, 1(3), 34-38. https://doi.org/10.12691/ajwr-1-3-3
Wilcox, L.V. (1955). Classification and use of irrigation water. US Department of Agriculture, Circular 969, Washington, DC.
World Health Organization (WHO) (2011). Guidelines for drinking water quality (Fourth edition), Geneva, Switzerland.
Zaman, M., Shahid, S.A. & Heng, L. (2018). Guideline for Salinity Assessment, Mitigation and Adaptation Using Nuclear and Related Techniques, Springer International Publishing AG; 1st ed., pp. 113-131. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96190-3
Zohud, A., Alam, L. & Goh, C.T. (2023). Evaluation of Groundwater Quality Using the Water Quality Index (WQI) and Human Health Risk (HHR) Assessment in
West Bank, Palestine. Hydrology, 10(10), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology10100198
Zonunthari, Rai, P.K., Lalnuntluanga, Zirlianngura & Nongtri, E.S. (2023). Assessment of physicochemical characteristics and identification of groundwater quality indicator parameters in Aizawl, Mizoram, NortheastIndia. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 15(4), 1572-1581.https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v15i4.5113
Adimalla, N., Dhakate, R., Kasarla, A. & Taloor, A.K. (2020). Appraisal of groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation purposes in Central Telangana, India. Groundwater for Sustainable Development, 10, 100334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsd.2020.100334
Ali, S., Verma, S., Agarwal, M.B., Islam, R., Mehrotra, M., Deolia, R.K., Kumar, J., Singh, S., Mohammadi, A.A., Raj, D., Gupta, M.K., Dang, P. & Fattahi, M. (2024). Groundwater quality assessment using water quality index and principal component analysis in the Achnera block, Agra district, UttarPradesh, Northern India. Scientific reports, 14, 5381. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-56056-8
Alshehri, F. & Abdelrahman, K. (2023). Integrated approach for the investigation of groundwater quality using hydrochemical and geostatistical analyses inWadi Fatimah, Western Saudi Arabia. Frontiers in Earth Science, 11, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2023.1166153
Al-Sulaiti, M.M., Soubra, L. & Al-Ghouti, M.A. (2022). The Causes and Effects of Mercury and Methylmercury contamination in the Marine Environment: A Review. Current Pollution Reports, 8, 249-272. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40726-022-00226-7
Ameen, H.A. (2019). Spring Water quality assessment using water quality index inVillages of Barwari Bala, Duhok, Kudistan Region, Irag. Applied Water Science, 9, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-019-1080-z
American Public Health Association (APHA) (1992). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 18th Ed. Washington DC, USA.
Asim, H., Sharifi, S., Saidee, S. & Azizi, A.M. (2024). Investigation the Level of Groundwater Pollution with Heavy Metals in Mazar-e-Sharif City. Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, 3(2), 193-201. https://doi.org/10.55544/jrasb.3.2.35
Atta, H.S., Omar, M.A.S. & Tawfik, A.M. (2022). Water quality index for assessment of drinking groundwater purpose case study: area surrounding Ismailia Canal, Egypt. Journal of Engineering and Applied Science, 69, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s44147-022-00138-9
Balamurugan, P., Kumar, P.S. & Shankar, K. (2020). Dataset on the suitability of groundwater for drinking and irrigation purposes in the Sarabanga River region, Tamil Nadu, India. Data in Brief, 29, 1-13.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2020.105255
Banerjee, P. & Prasad, B. (2020). Determination of concentration of total sodium and potassium in surface and ground water using a flame photometer. Applied Water Science, 10, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-020-01188-1
Bureau of Indian standards (BIS - IS 10500) (2012). Indian Standard for Drinking Water-Specification (second revision), New Delhi, India.
Chakraborty, M., Tejankar, A., Coppola, G. & Chakraborty, S. (2022). Assessment of groundwater quality using statistical methods: a case study. ArabianJournal of Geosciences, 15, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-022-10276-2
De Baaij, J.H.F., Hoenderop, J.G.J. & Bindels, R.J.M. (2015). Magnesium in Man: Implications for Health and Diseases. Physiological Reviews, 95(1), 1-46. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00012.2014
District Census Hand Book (2011). Bishnupur, Village and Town Directory. Directorate of Census Operations Manipur, Census of India, Manipur.
Doneen, L.D. (1964). Notes on water quality in agriculture. Published as a water science and engineering paper 4001, Department of Water Science and Engineering, University of California, Davis.
El-Aziz, S.H.A. (2017). Evaluation of groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation purposes in the north-western area of Libya (Aligeelat). Environmental Earth Sciences, 76, 147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-017-6421-3
Falowo, O.O., Akindureni, Y. & Ojo, O. (2017). Irrigation and Drinking Water Quality Index Determination for Groundwater Quality Evaluation in Akoko Northwest and Northeast Areas of Ondo State, Southwestern Nigeria. American Journal of Water Science and Engineering, 3(5), 50-60. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ajwse.20170305.11
Goyal, V.C., Singh, O., Singh, R., Chhoden, K. & Malyan, S.K. (2022). Appraisal of heavy metal pollution in the water resources of Western Uttar Pradesh, India and associated risks. Environmental Advances, 8, 1-14.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envadv.2022.100230
Gray, N.F. (2008). Drinking Water Quality, Second Edition, Cambridge University Press, UK, pp. 191-197.
Jain, C.K. & Vaid, U. (2018). Assessment of groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation purposes using hydrochemical studies in Nalbari district of Assam, India. Environment Earth Sciences, 77, 254. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-018-7422-6
Kaur, T., Bhardwaj, R. & Arora, S. (2017). Assessment of groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation purposes using hydrochemical studies in Malwa region, southwestern part of Punjab, India. Applied Water Science, 7, 3301-3316. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-016-0476-2
Kawo, N.S. & Karuppannan, S. (2018). Groundwater quality assessment using quality index and GIS technique in Modjo River Basin, Central Ethiopia. Journal of African Earth Sciences, 147, 300-311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2018.06.034
Kelly, W.P. (1940). Permissible composition and concentration of irrigated waters. In: Proceedings of the ASCE.
Khan, R. & Jhariya, D.C. (2017). Groundwater quality assessment for drinking purpose in Raipur city, Chhattisgarh using water quality index and geographic information system. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 90, 69-76.
Khanoranga and Khalid, S. (2019). An assessment of groundwater quality for irrigation and drinking purposes around brick Kilns in three districts of Balochistan province, Pakistan, through water quality index and multivariate statistical approaches. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 197(2), 14-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2018.11.007
Kumar, G., Kothandaraman, S., Karuppanan, K. & Hussain, S. (2024). Groundwater Quality and Suitability Assessment in Tirupur Region, Tamil Nadu, India. Hindawi, Journal of Chemistry, 6083772, 1-10.
Manjula, P. & Warrier, C.U. (2019). Evaluation of water quality of Thuthapuzha Sub- basin of Bharathapuzha, Kerala, India. Applied Water Science, 9, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-019-0937-5
Mebrahtu, G. & Zerabruk, S. (2011). Concentration and Health Implication of Heavy Metals in Drinking water from Urban Areas of Tigray Region, Northern Ethiopia. Momona Ethiopian Journal of Science, 3(1), 105-121. https://doi.org/10.4314/mejs.v3i1.63689
Olagunju, T.E., Olagunju, A.O., Akawu, I.H. & Ugokwe, C.U. (2020). Quantification and Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Groundwater and Soil of Residential Areas around Awotan Landfill, Ibadan, Southwest-Nigeria. Journal of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, 6(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.23937/2572-4061.1510033
Palazzoli, I., Montanari, A and Ceola, S. (2022). Influence of Urban Areas on Surface Water Loss in the Contiguous United States. AGU Advances, 3, e2021AV000519.1-15. https://doi.org/10.1029/2021AV0 00519
Pravina, P., Sayaji, D. & Avinash, M. (2013). Calcium and its Role in Human Body. International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, 4(2), 659-668.
Ram, A., Tiwari, S.K., Pandey, H.K., Chaurasia, A.K., Singh, S. & Singh, Y.V. (2021). Groundwater quality assessment using water quality index (WQI) under GIS framework. Applied Water Science, 11, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-021-01376-7
Rao, N.S. (2017). Hydrogeology-Problems with Solutions, PHI Learning Private Limited, Delhi, pp. 265.
Rawat, K.S., Singh, S.K. & Gautam, S.K. (2018). Assessment of groundwater quality for irrigation use: a peninsular case study. Applied Water Science, 8, 1- 24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-018-0866-8
Reddy, Y.S. & Sunitha, V. (2023). Assessment of Heavy metal pollution and its health implications in groundwater for drinking purpose around inactive mines, SW region of Cuddapah Basin, South India. Total Environment Research Themes, 8, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.totert.2023.100069
Ren, Y.S., Ilyas, M., Xu, R.Z., Ahmad, W. & Wang, R. (2022). Concentrations of Lead in Groundwater and Human Blood in the Population of Palosai, a Rural Area in Pakistan: Human Exposure and Risk Assessment. Hindawi, Adsorption Science & Technology, 8341279, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/8341279
Saikrishna, K., Purushotham, D., Sunitha, V., Reddy, Y.S., Linga, D. & Kumar, B.K. (2020). Data for the evaluation of groundwater quality using water quality index and regression analysis in parts of Nalgonda district, Telangana, Southern India. Data in Brief, 32, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2020.106235
Sawyer, C.N. & McCarty, P.L. (1967). Chemistry for sanitary Engineers, Second edition. McGraw Hill, New York.
Shaji, E., Santosh, M., Sarath, K.V., Prakash, P., Deepchand, V. & Divya, B.V. (2021). Arsenic contamination of groundwater: A global synopsis with focus on the Indian Peninsula. Geoscience Frontiers, 12(3), 1-18.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2020.08.015
Singh, S., Raju, N.J. & Ramakrishna, Ch. (2015). Evaluation of Groundwater Quality and its suitability for Domestic and Irrigation use in Parts of the Chandauli- Varanasi Region, Uttar Pradesh, India. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 7(7), 572-587. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jwarp.2015.77046
Soceanu, A., Dobrinas, S., Dumitrescu, C.I., Manea, N., Sirbu, A., Popescu, V. & Vizitiu, G. (2021). Physico-Chemical Parameters and Health Risk Analysis of Groundwater Quality. Applied Sciences, 11(11), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11114775
Sreedevi, P.D., Sreekanth, P.D., Ahmed, S. & Reddy, D.V. (2019). Evaluation of groundwater quality for irrigation in a semi-arid region of South India. Sustainable Water Resources Management, 5, 1043-1056. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-018-0279-8
Sridharan, M. & Nathan, D.S. (2017). Groundwater quality assessment for domestic and agriculture purposes in Puducherry region. Applied Water Science, 7, 4037-4053. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-017-0556-y
Sunitha, V. & Sudharshan Reddy, Y. (2019). Hydrogeochemical evaluation of groundwater in and around Lakkireddipalli and Ramapuram, Y.S.R District, Andhra Pradesh, India. HydroResearch, 2, 85-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydres.2019.11.008
Todd, D.K. (1980). Groundwater hydrology (2nd edition). John Wiley and Sons (Asia) Pvt. Ltd., New York.
Tyagi, S., Sharma, B., Singh, P. & Dobhal, R. (2013). Water Quality Assessment in Terms of Water Quality Index. American Journal of Water Resources, 1(3), 34-38. https://doi.org/10.12691/ajwr-1-3-3
Wilcox, L.V. (1955). Classification and use of irrigation water. US Department of Agriculture, Circular 969, Washington, DC.
World Health Organization (WHO) (2011). Guidelines for drinking water quality (Fourth edition), Geneva, Switzerland.
Zaman, M., Shahid, S.A. & Heng, L. (2018). Guideline for Salinity Assessment, Mitigation and Adaptation Using Nuclear and Related Techniques, Springer International Publishing AG; 1st ed., pp. 113-131. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96190-3
Zohud, A., Alam, L. & Goh, C.T. (2023). Evaluation of Groundwater Quality Using the Water Quality Index (WQI) and Human Health Risk (HHR) Assessment in
West Bank, Palestine. Hydrology, 10(10), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.3390/hydrology10100198
Zonunthari, Rai, P.K., Lalnuntluanga, Zirlianngura & Nongtri, E.S. (2023). Assessment of physicochemical characteristics and identification of groundwater quality indicator parameters in Aizawl, Mizoram, NortheastIndia. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 15(4), 1572-1581.https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v15i4.5113
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Investigation on groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation purpose in certain regions of Bishnupur District in Manipur, India. (2025). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 17(1), 218-230. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v17i1.6207
