Formulating hexamine, mineral oil, mixture and evaluation of its insecticidal activity against Papaya Mealybug Paracoccus marginatus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) under laboratory conditions
Article Main
Abstract
Hexamine is a heterocyclic organic chemical that has a wide range of applications. It is primarily employed as an anti-infective agent to treat urinary tract infections. Mineral oils are refined petroleum-based hydrocarbon blends of aromatic oils, paraffins, and naphthenes. Cutting and grinding fluids are made with mineral oils with a wide range of compositions. This research paper's primary goal was to formulate hexamine, mineral oil, and their combination in appropriate formulation types and assess their biological activity against papaya mealybug Paracoccus marginatus. The mineral oil was formulated as an emulsifiable concentrate (EC), hexamine as a soluble powder (SP), and its mixture as oil in water emulsion (EW). All developed formulations passed all tests that the WHO and FAO had prescribed for these types of formulations. Biological tests were conducted in the laboratory using serial concentrations (0.125, 0.25, 0.50, and 1%) on P. marginatus nymphs and adults. Mineral oil and hexamine mixture (EW) formulation demonstrated the highest activity against P. marginatus, nymphs and adults, followed by hexamine (SP) formulation and then the mineral oil (EC) formulation. Their LC50 values were, respectively, 0.0509, 0.0653, and 0.1015 for nymphs and 0.0513, 0.0767, and 0.1224 % for adults. Also, the efficacy of these formulations displayed a higher effect on nymphs than adults. After completing the necessary research, these new formulations may be applied in the field after trial to control the papaya mealybug, P. marginatus.
Article Details
Article Details
Keywords
Emulsifiable concentrate, Emulsion, Hexamine, Mineral oils, Paracoccus marginatus, Soluble powder
References
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Carvalho, F. K., Antuniassf, U. R., Chechetto, R. G. & Mota, A. A. B. (2018). Viscosity, surface tension and droplet Size of spray liquids containing formulations of insecticides and fungicides with oil- based adjuvants. International Advances in Pesticide Application. Aspects of Applied Biology 137, 183- 190.
Chemotechnique, (2017). MB Diagnostics AB Modemgatan 9, (SE- 235 39) Vellinge- Sweden.
CIPAC (2002). Collaborative International Pesticides Analytical Council Limits Hand book Vol. F. Physico- chemical Methods for technical and formulated pesticides.
Dobrat, W. &Martijn, A. (1995). Collaborative International Pesticides Analytical Council CIPAC hand book, F, Physicochemical Methods for Technical and Formulated Pesticides.
El-Hefny, S. Amany; ELsahn, N. M. & Yacoub, S. SH. (2011). Effect of some plant extracts on citrus mealy bug Planococcus citri (Risso), Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research, 89(2), 511-519. DOI: 10.21608/ejar.2011.175651
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Hazra, D. K. & Purkait, K. (2019). Role of pesticide formulations for sustainable crop protection and environment management: A review. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 8(2), 686-693
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Lynch M. I. & Griffin W. C. (1974). Food Emulsions in: Emulsion Technology, by Lissant K. J., Marcell Decker, Inc., New York. Mukerjee P. & K. J. Mysels (1971) Critical Micelle Concentration of Aqueous Surfactant Systems. National Bureau of Standards Washington DC, PP. 1-21.
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Nelson, F. C., &Fiero, G. W. (1954). Pesticide formulations, a selected aromatic fraction naturally occurring in petroleum as a pesticide solvent. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2(14), 735-737. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf60034a005.
Osipow I. L. (1964). Theory and Industrial Applications, Reinhold Publishing Crep., New York, 473PP.
Pereira V. J., Da Cunha J. P. A. R., De Morais T. P., de M., Ribeiro-Oliveira J. P. & De Morais J. B. (2016). Physical-chemical Properties of Pesticides: Concepts, Applications, And Interactions with the Environment Bioscience Journal, 32(3), 627-641, DOI: https://doi.org/10.14393/BJ-v32n3a2016-31533
Salvica G., Dragica B., Ljiljana R., & Andelka T. (2012). Development of water-based pesticides system. Journal Pesticides and Phytomedicine (Belgrade). 27 (1), 77-81. DOI: 10.2298/PIF1201077G
Shurooq T. A.; Riyadh S. A.; Nasma B. A.; Mohammad F. A.; Ali H. & Hashim M. (2022). Statistical investigation of study the effects of different parameters on hexamine production using response surface methodology (RSM), University of Thi -Qar, Journal for Engineering Sciences, 12 (1), 146-152. DOI: 10.31663/tqujes.12.1.429.
Venkatesan, T. V.; Jalali, S.K.; Ramya, S.L. & Prathibha M. (2016). Insecticide Resistance and Its Management in Mealybugs. © Springer India 2016 223 M. Mani, C. Shivaraju (eds.), Mealybugs and their Management in Agricultural and Horticultural crops, DOI 10.1007/978-81-322-2677-2_17
World Health Organization, WHO (1979) Specification of Pesticides Used in Public Health, 5th Ed. Geneva.
Zdeka M.; Martin B.; Tomáš M. & Ivan Š. (2011). Determination of Hexamine in the Dithane DG Fungicide Using Capillary Isotachophoresis, Sensing in Electrolysis. 6, 368 – 379.
Zhang H., Lu J., Wei D., et al. (2017). Wetting state and dynamic spreading behaviour of alkyl polyglucoside drop on cucumber leaf surface. Transaction of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 33 (3): 81-87, doi 10.11975/j.issn. 1002-6819.2017.03.011.
Ahmed K. N.; Al-Helal M. A.; Khanom N-E-P. & Bulbul S. (2011). Control strategies of papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus Williams & Willink infesting vegetable crops in Bangladesh, The Journal of Plant Protection Sciences, 3(1), 44 – 47
American Society of Testing Materials ASTM (2001). Standard Test Method for Surface and Interfacial Tension Solution D-1331.
American Society of Testing Materials ASTM (2005). Standard Test Method for Rheological Properties of Non – Newtonian Materials by Rotational (Brookfield type) Viscometer, D-2196 copyright ASTM, Bar Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19248-2959, United States.
Carvalho, F. K., Antuniassf, U. R., Chechetto, R. G. & Mota, A. A. B. (2018). Viscosity, surface tension and droplet Size of spray liquids containing formulations of insecticides and fungicides with oil- based adjuvants. International Advances in Pesticide Application. Aspects of Applied Biology 137, 183- 190.
Chemotechnique, (2017). MB Diagnostics AB Modemgatan 9, (SE- 235 39) Vellinge- Sweden.
CIPAC (2002). Collaborative International Pesticides Analytical Council Limits Hand book Vol. F. Physico- chemical Methods for technical and formulated pesticides.
Dobrat, W. &Martijn, A. (1995). Collaborative International Pesticides Analytical Council CIPAC hand book, F, Physicochemical Methods for Technical and Formulated Pesticides.
El-Hefny, S. Amany; ELsahn, N. M. & Yacoub, S. SH. (2011). Effect of some plant extracts on citrus mealy bug Planococcus citri (Risso), Egyptian Journal of Agricultural Research, 89(2), 511-519. DOI: 10.21608/ejar.2011.175651
El-Sharkawy R. A., Hamouda S. E. S. & Elmasry S. N., Formulation of the newly synthesized arylidene derivative as 10 % flowable and evaluation of their insecticidal efficacy on cotton leafworm Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Egyptian Journal of Plant Protection Research Institute, 3 (1), 433 - 443 (2020).
Eskander, M. A., Fatma, A. Moharum & Sannaa, A. M. Abd El- Mageed (2020) Toxicity of the locally formulated diesel oil alone and mixed with botanical synthetic materials against mealybug Ferrisia virigate (Cocherell). Journal of plant protection and pathology, Mansoura Univ., 11 (4), 211- 214. DOI: 10.21608/jppp.2020.96006
FAO/WHO (2010). Manual on Development and Use of FAO and WHO Specifications for Pesticides, 1st Ed. 3rd Rev. FAO Plant Production and Protection, FAO, Rome, MT 36.3
Fatma, A. M. & Asmaa, A. T. (2023). First record of papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara de Willink (Hemiptera: Coccomopha: Pseudococcidae) in Egypt. Future Journal of Agriculture Science. (4), 59-66.
Finney, D. J. (1971). Probit Analysis, A statistical Treatment of the Sigmoid Response Curve, 7th Ed., Cambridge Univ. Press, England.
Hamouda, S. E. S., Abd-Alla, H. I. & Abd Elattif, Nosa S. (2022). Schiff base synthesis, formulation as emulsifiable concentrate and study its nematicidal efficiency on root-knot nematode Meloidogyne spp. under greenhouse conditions, International Journal of Agricultural Technology .18 (5), 1-12.
Hazra, D. K. & Purkait, K. (2019). Role of pesticide formulations for sustainable crop protection and environment management: A review. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 8(2), 686-693
Helmy, E. I.; Kwaiz, F. A. & El-Sahn, O. M. N. (2012). The usage of mineral oils to control insects, Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, 5(3), 167 -174. Doi.10.21608/eajbsa.2012.14277
Laneesha M.; Sachin S. S.; Babasaheb B. F. & Shankarganesh K. (2020). Papaya mealybug (Paracoccus marginatus) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae): A new threat to agri-horticulture ecosystem. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences .90 (3), 455–62, Review Article https://doi.org/10.56093/ijas.v90i3.101448.
Lynch M. I. & Griffin W. C. (1974). Food Emulsions in: Emulsion Technology, by Lissant K. J., Marcell Decker, Inc., New York. Mukerjee P. & K. J. Mysels (1971) Critical Micelle Concentration of Aqueous Surfactant Systems. National Bureau of Standards Washington DC, PP. 1-21.
Mohammad R. D., (2016). Comparison of mineral spray with current synthetic pesticides to control important pests in citrus orchards and their side effects. Arthropodos, 5 (2), 56- 64.
Molin W. T. & Hirase K. (2004). Comparison of Commercial Glyphosate Formulations for Control of Prickly Side, Purple Nutsedge, Morning Glory and Sicklepood. Weed Biology and Management, 4(3), 136-141. DOI: 10.1111/j.1445-6664.2004. 00130.x
Nelson, F. C., &Fiero, G. W. (1954). Pesticide formulations, a selected aromatic fraction naturally occurring in petroleum as a pesticide solvent. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2(14), 735-737. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf60034a005.
Osipow I. L. (1964). Theory and Industrial Applications, Reinhold Publishing Crep., New York, 473PP.
Pereira V. J., Da Cunha J. P. A. R., De Morais T. P., de M., Ribeiro-Oliveira J. P. & De Morais J. B. (2016). Physical-chemical Properties of Pesticides: Concepts, Applications, And Interactions with the Environment Bioscience Journal, 32(3), 627-641, DOI: https://doi.org/10.14393/BJ-v32n3a2016-31533
Salvica G., Dragica B., Ljiljana R., & Andelka T. (2012). Development of water-based pesticides system. Journal Pesticides and Phytomedicine (Belgrade). 27 (1), 77-81. DOI: 10.2298/PIF1201077G
Shurooq T. A.; Riyadh S. A.; Nasma B. A.; Mohammad F. A.; Ali H. & Hashim M. (2022). Statistical investigation of study the effects of different parameters on hexamine production using response surface methodology (RSM), University of Thi -Qar, Journal for Engineering Sciences, 12 (1), 146-152. DOI: 10.31663/tqujes.12.1.429.
Venkatesan, T. V.; Jalali, S.K.; Ramya, S.L. & Prathibha M. (2016). Insecticide Resistance and Its Management in Mealybugs. © Springer India 2016 223 M. Mani, C. Shivaraju (eds.), Mealybugs and their Management in Agricultural and Horticultural crops, DOI 10.1007/978-81-322-2677-2_17
World Health Organization, WHO (1979) Specification of Pesticides Used in Public Health, 5th Ed. Geneva.
Zdeka M.; Martin B.; Tomáš M. & Ivan Š. (2011). Determination of Hexamine in the Dithane DG Fungicide Using Capillary Isotachophoresis, Sensing in Electrolysis. 6, 368 – 379.
Zhang H., Lu J., Wei D., et al. (2017). Wetting state and dynamic spreading behaviour of alkyl polyglucoside drop on cucumber leaf surface. Transaction of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 33 (3): 81-87, doi 10.11975/j.issn. 1002-6819.2017.03.011.
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How to Cite
Formulating hexamine, mineral oil, mixture and evaluation of its insecticidal activity against Papaya Mealybug Paracoccus marginatus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) under laboratory conditions. (2025). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 17(1), 285-292. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v17i1.6181
