Ecology, abundance and richness of zooplankton in Chandubi Wetland, Assam, Northeast India
Article Main
Abstract
Zooplankton, being the primary consumers in an aquatic ecosystem, convert plant proteins into animal proteins and play a significant role in nutrient cycling. Northeast India is endowed with numerous wetlands but limnological evaluation of most of these wetlands remains unattended or leaves gaps and information on zooplankton diversity is insufficient. The present study aimed to assess the zooplankton diversity and temporal variation in their richness and abundance in relation to the physico-chemical attributes of Chandubi wetland for period of one year in 2021. The investigation revealed the occurrence of 79 species belonging to 7 groups: Protozoa (20 species), Gastrotricha (2 species), Rotifera (32 species), Copepoda (8 species), Cladocera (15 species), Conchostraca (1 species), and Ostracoda (1 species). The abundance of these groups was ranked as: Rotifera (67.3%) > Cladocera (14.6%) > Copepoda (9.2%) > Protozoa (8.2%) > Conchostraca and Ostracoda (> 1%). The trend of zooplankton richness in different seasons was- monsoon > retreated monsoon > pre-monsoon > winter, while their abundance was- pre-monsoon > winter > retreated monsoon > monsoon. Zooplankton density showed a significant (p<0.05) positive correlation with pH, Dissolved oxygen and Secchi disk transparency while it showed a negative correlation with temperature and free carbon dioxide. CCA plot revealed the abundance of Protozoa in the sampled wetland was influenced by calcium, total hardness and water temperature, while that of Rotifera by phosphate, Copepoda by total hardness and calcium, and Cladocera by nitrate content of the water. High dominance of rotifers indicated the prevalence of eutrophic conditions in the wetland.
Article Details
Article Details
Keywords
Abundance, Chandubi, Richness, Wetland, Zooplankton
References
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Brraich, O.S., & Akhtar, S. (2019). Diversity and distribution of zooplankton in Ropar wetland (Ramsar Site), Punjub, India. Nature Environment and Pollution Technology 18 (2):451-458
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Das, U., Das, P., Kar, S., Chitra, J.,& Kar, D. (2018). An assessment on zooplankton diversity between three freshwater habitats of Barak valley, Assam. Uttar Pradesh Journal of Zoology 38(1): 26-34
Dutta, A., Kar, S., Das, P., Das, U., Das, S., & Kar, D. (2017). Studies on physico-chemical aspects and zooplankton diversity of a freshwater wetland in Cachar, Assam. Int J Sci Env 6(3): 1877-1885
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Eskinazi-Sant’Anna, E.M., Santos, G de S., Alves, N.J. de S, Brito, L.A.F., & Leite, M.G.P. (2020). The relative importance of regional and local factors in shaping zooplankton diversity in high altitude tropical shallow lakes. J Fresh Eco 35(1):203-221
https://doi.org/10.1080/02705060.2020.1770874
Frutos, S.M., Poi de Neiff, A.S.G.,& Neiff, J.J. (2009). Zooplankton abundance and species diversity in two lakes with different trophic states (Corrientes, Argentina). Acta. Limnol. Bras. 21(3):367-375.
Ganai, A.H & Parveen, S. (2014). Effect of physico-chemical conditions on the structure and composition of the phytoplankton community in Wular Lake at Lankrishipora, Kashmir. International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation 6(1), 71-84.
Ganesan, L. & Khan, R.A. (2008). Studies on the ecology of zooplankton in a flood plain wetland of West Bengal, india. In: Sengupta M, Dalwani R ed., Proceedings of Taal,2007-The 12th World Lake Conference:67-73
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Goswami, M.M. (1988). Observations on the hydrography, thermal status and heat budget of a tectonic lake of Assam. J. Assam Sci. Soc.30(3):1-10
Goswami, M M, Deka, T.K., Sing, P.K., Sarma, P.K. & Kakati, M. (1999). Studies on some wetlands of Assam with reference to the eutrophic stress. J. Inland Fish. Soc. India. 31(2):39-43
Goździejewska, A.M., Cymes, I. & Glińska-Lewczuk, K. (2024). Zooplankton functional diversity as a bioindicator of freshwater ecosystem health across land use gradient. Sci Rep 14, 18456. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-69577-z
Hessen, D. O., Faafeng, B. A., Smith, V. H., Bakkestuen, V. & Walseng, B. (2006). Extrinsic and intrinsic controls of zooplankton diversity in lakes. Ecology, 87(2):433-443
Jose de Paggi, S. & Cesar Paggi, J. (2007). Zooplankton. In: Iriondo M.H., Paggi J.C. and Parma M.J. (Eds.), The Middle Parana River: Limnology of a Subtropical Wetland, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg p. 229-249
Joshi, P., Siddaiah, N.S. & Dixit, A. (2021). Urban wetlands of Delhi, India: water quality and pollution status. Chemistry and Ecology, 37:2, 104-131, DOI: 10.1080/02757540.2020.1836164
Kalff, J. (2002). Limnology: Inland water ecosystems. Prentice Hall, Nature. 592pp.
Kar, S. & Kar, D.(2016). Zooplankton diversity in a freshwater lake of Cachar, Assam. International Journal of Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Technology.7(1):301-305
Khan, R.A. (2003). Faunal diversity of zooplankton in freshwater wetlands of South-eastern West Bengal. Records of Zoological Survey of India, Occasional paper no. 204:1-107
Liu, B., Wu, J., Hu, W., Wang, G. & Chew, Y. (2022). Seven years study of the seasonal dynamics of zooplankton communities in a large subtropical flood plain ecosystem: A test of the PEG Model. Int J Environ Res Public Health , 19(2): 956 doi: 10.3390/ijerph19020956
Lu Q, Liu X, Qiu X, Liang T, Chen J, Zhao S, Ouyang S, Jin B. & Wu X. (2021). Changes and drivers of zooplankton diversity patterns in the middle reach of Yangtze River floodplain lakes, China. Ecol Evol...11(24):17885-17900. doi: 10.1002/ece3.8353.
Manickam, N., Bhavan, P.S., Santhanam, P., Bhuvaneswari, R., Muralisankar, T., Srinivasan, V., Asaikkutti, A., Rajkumar, G., Udayasuriyan, R. & Karthik, M. (2018). Impact of seasonal changes in zooplankton biodiversity in Ukkadam Lake, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India, and potential future implications of climate change. Jounal of Basic and Applied Zoology, 79(1): 15. //doi.org/10.1186/s41936-018-0029-3
Mir, A.R., Wanganeo, A., Yusuf, A.R. & Wanganeo, R. (2008). Zooplankton community in a through flow system of Kashmir Himalayan wetland. Nat Env Pll Tech 7(4): 627-634
Nandy, T. & Mandal, S, (2020). Unravelling the spatio-temporal variation of zooplankton community from the river Matla in the Sundarbans Estuarine System. India. J. Oceanologia. 62. 10.1016/j.oceano.2020.03.005.
Oldham, R.D. (1899). Report of the great earthquake of 12th June, 1897. Memoirs of the Geological Society of India. K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. XXIX 562p.
Pathak, J. & Goswami, M. M. (2008). A comparative study of the seasonal trend of heleoplankton in two freshwater aquaculture ponds of Guwahati. Aquacult, 9(2):157-165
Pennak, R.W. (1953). Freshwater invertebrates of the United States. Ronald Press Co. New York. 769 p.
Ravi, A., Aju, K.R., Sreekumar, K.M. & Varghes,e M. (2020). Diversity of zooplankton along the northern part of Vembanad lake, Kerala, India. J.Mar.Biol. Ass. India 62(2):106-111. doi:10.6024/jmbai.2020.62.2.2155-13
Sharma, B.K. (2011). Zooplankton community of Deepor Beel(a Ramsar site), Assam (N.E. India): ecology, richness and abundance. Tropical Ecology 52(3):293-302.
Sharma, B.K. & Sharma, S. (2005). Biodiversity of freshwater rotifers (Rotifera: Eurotatoria) from North-Eastern India. Mitt. Mus.Nat. Kd. Berl. Zool. Reihe.pg 81-88
Sharma, S. & Sharma, B.K. (2008). Zooplankton diversity in floodplain lakes of Assam, India. Records of the Zoological survey of India, Occasional paper no.290:1-307
Sharma, B.K. & Sharma, S. (2014). Northeast India- An important region with a rich diversity of Rotifera, In: Sharma BK et al.(Eds), Rotifera XIII: Rotifer Biology- A structural and functional approach. International Review of Hydrobiology 99 (1-2): 20-37 DOI:10.1002/iroh.201301701
Sharma, B.K. & Hatimuria, M.K. (2017). Zooplankton diversity of three floodplain lakes (Beels) of the Majuli River Island, Brahmaputra River basin of Assam, Northeast India. J Aquac Mar Bio 6(1):00144 DOI:10.15406/jamb.2017.06.00144
Sharma, R.C. & Singh, S. (2018). Water quality and phytoplankton diversity of high altitude wetland, Dodi Tal of Garhwal Himalaya, India. Biodiversity Int J 2(6):484-493. DOI: 10.15406/bij.2018.02.00103
Sharma, A. & Sharma, M. (2019). Zooplankton Diversity in Relation to Physico-Chemical Parameters in Subtropical Pond of Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India. Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia,16(2): 425-439 http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bbra/2758
Singh, S. & Sharma, R. (2020). Zooplankton diversity and potential indicator species for assessment water quality of high altitude wetland, Dodi Tal of Garhwal Himalaya, India. Academ Arena 12(5):1-16 DOI:10.7537/marsaaj120520.01
Singh, Y., Singh, G., Khattar, J.S., Barinova, S., Kaur, J., Kumar, S. & Singh, D.P. (2022). Assessment of water quality condition and spatiotemporal patterns in selected wetlands of Punjab, India. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 29:2493–2509 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15590-y
Somani, V., Quadros, G. & Pejaver, M.K. (2012). Occurrence of Rotifers and its relation to the water quality during the bioremediation process in Lake Kacharali, Thane, MS, India. ISCA J Biol Sci 1(3):54-58.
Thakur, R.K., Jindal, R., Singh, U.B. & Ahluwalia, A.S. (2013). Plankton diversity and aquatic quality assessment of three fresh aquatic lakes of Mandi (Himachal Pradesh, India) with reference to planktonic indicators. Env.Monit. Assess.185:8355-8373.
Tyor, A.K., Chopra, G. & Kumari, S. (2014). Zooplankton diversity in shallow lake of Sultanpur National Park, Gurgaon (Haryana). International Journal of Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Technology 5(1): 35-40.
Welch, P.S. (1948). Limnological Methods, Blakiston, Philadelphia, 381p.
Welch, P.S. (1952). Limnology. Mc Graw Hill Book Co. New York and London: 471p.
Wanganeo, A., & Wanganeo, S. (2006 a). Plankton diversity in Kashmir Himalyan lakes: an overview trends in biodiversity and aquaculture. Daya Publishing House, India, pp.130-160.
Wanganeo, A., & Wanganeo, S. (2006 b). Variation in zooplankton population in two morphometrically dissimilar rural lakes of Kashmir Himalayas. Proc. Nat. Acad Sci India 76(B):222-239.
Wetzel, R.G. (2001). Limnology. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, London, Toronto.1014p.
Winkler, L.W. (1888). The determination of dissolved oxygen in water. Berline Deutsch Chem. Gesollsch, 21: 2843 pp.
Xiong, W., Huang, X., Chen, Y., Fu, R., Du, X. & Chen, X. (2020). Zooplankton diversity monitoring in polluted freshwater ecosystems: A technical review. Env. Sc. Ecotech 1:1-11 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ese.2019.100008
Zutshi, D.P. & Vass, K.K. (1982). Limnological studies on Dal Lake, Srinagar, III. Biological features. Proc. Ind. Nat. Sc. Acad, section B 48 (2): 234-241.
Aranguren-Riano, N., Guisande, C., & Ospina, R. (2011). Factors controlling crustacean zooplankton species richness in Neotropical lakes. Journal of Plankton Research. 33(8), 1295-1303
APHA, (1992). Standard Methods for the examination of water and waste water. 18th Edition. Washington, D.C.1198pp.
Battish, S.K., (1992). Freshwater Zooplankton of India. Oxford and IBH Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi. 233pp
Bera, B. (2021). Using zooplankton community to assess water quality and trophic condition of Lake Saheb Bandh, Purulia, West Bengal,India. International Journal of Aquatic Science. 12 (2): 4471-4498
Brraich, O.S., & Akhtar, S. (2019). Diversity and distribution of zooplankton in Ropar wetland (Ramsar Site), Punjub, India. Nature Environment and Pollution Technology 18 (2):451-458
Chandra, R.,· Nishadh K.A., & Azeez, P.A. (2010). Monitoring water quality of Coimbatore wetlands, Tamil Nadu, India. Environmental monitoring and Assessment, 169: 671-676. DOI:10.1007/s10661-009-1206-0
Das, U., Das, P., Kar, S., Chitra, J.,& Kar, D. (2018). An assessment on zooplankton diversity between three freshwater habitats of Barak valley, Assam. Uttar Pradesh Journal of Zoology 38(1): 26-34
Dutta, A., Kar, S., Das, P., Das, U., Das, S., & Kar, D. (2017). Studies on physico-chemical aspects and zooplankton diversity of a freshwater wetland in Cachar, Assam. Int J Sci Env 6(3): 1877-1885
Edmondson, W.T. (1959). Fresh Water Biology, 2nd ed. International Books and Periodical Supply Service, New Delhi, p.xx + 1248 p.
Eskinazi-Sant’Anna, E.M., Santos, G de S., Alves, N.J. de S, Brito, L.A.F., & Leite, M.G.P. (2020). The relative importance of regional and local factors in shaping zooplankton diversity in high altitude tropical shallow lakes. J Fresh Eco 35(1):203-221
https://doi.org/10.1080/02705060.2020.1770874
Frutos, S.M., Poi de Neiff, A.S.G.,& Neiff, J.J. (2009). Zooplankton abundance and species diversity in two lakes with different trophic states (Corrientes, Argentina). Acta. Limnol. Bras. 21(3):367-375.
Ganai, A.H & Parveen, S. (2014). Effect of physico-chemical conditions on the structure and composition of the phytoplankton community in Wular Lake at Lankrishipora, Kashmir. International Journal of Biodiversity and Conservation 6(1), 71-84.
Ganesan, L. & Khan, R.A. (2008). Studies on the ecology of zooplankton in a flood plain wetland of West Bengal, india. In: Sengupta M, Dalwani R ed., Proceedings of Taal,2007-The 12th World Lake Conference:67-73
Goswami, M.M. (1985). Limnological Investigations of a tectonic lake of Assam, India and their bearing on fish production. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Gauhati University, Assam. 395 pp.
Goswami, M.M. (1988). Observations on the hydrography, thermal status and heat budget of a tectonic lake of Assam. J. Assam Sci. Soc.30(3):1-10
Goswami, M M, Deka, T.K., Sing, P.K., Sarma, P.K. & Kakati, M. (1999). Studies on some wetlands of Assam with reference to the eutrophic stress. J. Inland Fish. Soc. India. 31(2):39-43
Goździejewska, A.M., Cymes, I. & Glińska-Lewczuk, K. (2024). Zooplankton functional diversity as a bioindicator of freshwater ecosystem health across land use gradient. Sci Rep 14, 18456. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-69577-z
Hessen, D. O., Faafeng, B. A., Smith, V. H., Bakkestuen, V. & Walseng, B. (2006). Extrinsic and intrinsic controls of zooplankton diversity in lakes. Ecology, 87(2):433-443
Jose de Paggi, S. & Cesar Paggi, J. (2007). Zooplankton. In: Iriondo M.H., Paggi J.C. and Parma M.J. (Eds.), The Middle Parana River: Limnology of a Subtropical Wetland, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg p. 229-249
Joshi, P., Siddaiah, N.S. & Dixit, A. (2021). Urban wetlands of Delhi, India: water quality and pollution status. Chemistry and Ecology, 37:2, 104-131, DOI: 10.1080/02757540.2020.1836164
Kalff, J. (2002). Limnology: Inland water ecosystems. Prentice Hall, Nature. 592pp.
Kar, S. & Kar, D.(2016). Zooplankton diversity in a freshwater lake of Cachar, Assam. International Journal of Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Technology.7(1):301-305
Khan, R.A. (2003). Faunal diversity of zooplankton in freshwater wetlands of South-eastern West Bengal. Records of Zoological Survey of India, Occasional paper no. 204:1-107
Liu, B., Wu, J., Hu, W., Wang, G. & Chew, Y. (2022). Seven years study of the seasonal dynamics of zooplankton communities in a large subtropical flood plain ecosystem: A test of the PEG Model. Int J Environ Res Public Health , 19(2): 956 doi: 10.3390/ijerph19020956
Lu Q, Liu X, Qiu X, Liang T, Chen J, Zhao S, Ouyang S, Jin B. & Wu X. (2021). Changes and drivers of zooplankton diversity patterns in the middle reach of Yangtze River floodplain lakes, China. Ecol Evol...11(24):17885-17900. doi: 10.1002/ece3.8353.
Manickam, N., Bhavan, P.S., Santhanam, P., Bhuvaneswari, R., Muralisankar, T., Srinivasan, V., Asaikkutti, A., Rajkumar, G., Udayasuriyan, R. & Karthik, M. (2018). Impact of seasonal changes in zooplankton biodiversity in Ukkadam Lake, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India, and potential future implications of climate change. Jounal of Basic and Applied Zoology, 79(1): 15. //doi.org/10.1186/s41936-018-0029-3
Mir, A.R., Wanganeo, A., Yusuf, A.R. & Wanganeo, R. (2008). Zooplankton community in a through flow system of Kashmir Himalayan wetland. Nat Env Pll Tech 7(4): 627-634
Nandy, T. & Mandal, S, (2020). Unravelling the spatio-temporal variation of zooplankton community from the river Matla in the Sundarbans Estuarine System. India. J. Oceanologia. 62. 10.1016/j.oceano.2020.03.005.
Oldham, R.D. (1899). Report of the great earthquake of 12th June, 1897. Memoirs of the Geological Society of India. K. Paul, Trench, Trübner & Co. XXIX 562p.
Pathak, J. & Goswami, M. M. (2008). A comparative study of the seasonal trend of heleoplankton in two freshwater aquaculture ponds of Guwahati. Aquacult, 9(2):157-165
Pennak, R.W. (1953). Freshwater invertebrates of the United States. Ronald Press Co. New York. 769 p.
Ravi, A., Aju, K.R., Sreekumar, K.M. & Varghes,e M. (2020). Diversity of zooplankton along the northern part of Vembanad lake, Kerala, India. J.Mar.Biol. Ass. India 62(2):106-111. doi:10.6024/jmbai.2020.62.2.2155-13
Sharma, B.K. (2011). Zooplankton community of Deepor Beel(a Ramsar site), Assam (N.E. India): ecology, richness and abundance. Tropical Ecology 52(3):293-302.
Sharma, B.K. & Sharma, S. (2005). Biodiversity of freshwater rotifers (Rotifera: Eurotatoria) from North-Eastern India. Mitt. Mus.Nat. Kd. Berl. Zool. Reihe.pg 81-88
Sharma, S. & Sharma, B.K. (2008). Zooplankton diversity in floodplain lakes of Assam, India. Records of the Zoological survey of India, Occasional paper no.290:1-307
Sharma, B.K. & Sharma, S. (2014). Northeast India- An important region with a rich diversity of Rotifera, In: Sharma BK et al.(Eds), Rotifera XIII: Rotifer Biology- A structural and functional approach. International Review of Hydrobiology 99 (1-2): 20-37 DOI:10.1002/iroh.201301701
Sharma, B.K. & Hatimuria, M.K. (2017). Zooplankton diversity of three floodplain lakes (Beels) of the Majuli River Island, Brahmaputra River basin of Assam, Northeast India. J Aquac Mar Bio 6(1):00144 DOI:10.15406/jamb.2017.06.00144
Sharma, R.C. & Singh, S. (2018). Water quality and phytoplankton diversity of high altitude wetland, Dodi Tal of Garhwal Himalaya, India. Biodiversity Int J 2(6):484-493. DOI: 10.15406/bij.2018.02.00103
Sharma, A. & Sharma, M. (2019). Zooplankton Diversity in Relation to Physico-Chemical Parameters in Subtropical Pond of Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India. Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia,16(2): 425-439 http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bbra/2758
Singh, S. & Sharma, R. (2020). Zooplankton diversity and potential indicator species for assessment water quality of high altitude wetland, Dodi Tal of Garhwal Himalaya, India. Academ Arena 12(5):1-16 DOI:10.7537/marsaaj120520.01
Singh, Y., Singh, G., Khattar, J.S., Barinova, S., Kaur, J., Kumar, S. & Singh, D.P. (2022). Assessment of water quality condition and spatiotemporal patterns in selected wetlands of Punjab, India. Environmental Science and Pollution Research 29:2493–2509 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15590-y
Somani, V., Quadros, G. & Pejaver, M.K. (2012). Occurrence of Rotifers and its relation to the water quality during the bioremediation process in Lake Kacharali, Thane, MS, India. ISCA J Biol Sci 1(3):54-58.
Thakur, R.K., Jindal, R., Singh, U.B. & Ahluwalia, A.S. (2013). Plankton diversity and aquatic quality assessment of three fresh aquatic lakes of Mandi (Himachal Pradesh, India) with reference to planktonic indicators. Env.Monit. Assess.185:8355-8373.
Tyor, A.K., Chopra, G. & Kumari, S. (2014). Zooplankton diversity in shallow lake of Sultanpur National Park, Gurgaon (Haryana). International Journal of Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Technology 5(1): 35-40.
Welch, P.S. (1948). Limnological Methods, Blakiston, Philadelphia, 381p.
Welch, P.S. (1952). Limnology. Mc Graw Hill Book Co. New York and London: 471p.
Wanganeo, A., & Wanganeo, S. (2006 a). Plankton diversity in Kashmir Himalyan lakes: an overview trends in biodiversity and aquaculture. Daya Publishing House, India, pp.130-160.
Wanganeo, A., & Wanganeo, S. (2006 b). Variation in zooplankton population in two morphometrically dissimilar rural lakes of Kashmir Himalayas. Proc. Nat. Acad Sci India 76(B):222-239.
Wetzel, R.G. (2001). Limnology. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, London, Toronto.1014p.
Winkler, L.W. (1888). The determination of dissolved oxygen in water. Berline Deutsch Chem. Gesollsch, 21: 2843 pp.
Xiong, W., Huang, X., Chen, Y., Fu, R., Du, X. & Chen, X. (2020). Zooplankton diversity monitoring in polluted freshwater ecosystems: A technical review. Env. Sc. Ecotech 1:1-11 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ese.2019.100008
Zutshi, D.P. & Vass, K.K. (1982). Limnological studies on Dal Lake, Srinagar, III. Biological features. Proc. Ind. Nat. Sc. Acad, section B 48 (2): 234-241.
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Ecology, abundance and richness of zooplankton in Chandubi Wetland, Assam, Northeast India. (2025). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 17(2), 518-529. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v17i2.6164
