Influence of nano-silicon in antioxidants enzymes, ions absorption, and biochemical indicators of King Mandarin saplings leaves (Citrus nobilis) under salt stress
Article Main
Abstract
High salinity levels are particularly problematic in Iraq's southern and central regions, limiting the growth and productivity of many fruit plants. One effective approach to enhance mandarins' salt tolerance is the exogenous application of Nano-Silicon. The objective of the present research was to evaluate the performance of foliar applications by potassium silicate nanoparticles (K2SiO3NPs) in antioxidants’ enzymes, ions absorption, bio-chemical indicators of one-year-old for King Mandarin saplings grown in salt stress conditions. The experiment was conducted under controlled saline conditions and it included two factors. The first factor was three irrigation water salinity levels (0, 40 and 80 mM) using sodium chloride ( NaCl2 ) salt. The second factor was spraying with K2SiO3 NPs at three levels (0, 2 and 4ml L-1). A randomized complete block design (RCBD) was used to execute the factorial experiment. High level of NaCl (80 mM) had a negative effect on chlorophyll, carbohydrates, N, P, K , K/Na, Fe, Ca % and Mg in leaves and increased the accumulation of Si, proline, Cl, Na, Catalase (CAT), Peroxidase (POD) and Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) in leaves, compared to the control. K2SiO3NPs at 4 ml L-1 caused significant positive findings in ions absorption and biochemical indicators (chlorophyll, carbohydrates, N, P, K, K/Na, Fe, Ca, Mg and Si) compared to control. K2SiO3NPs at 4 ml L-1 caused a positively decreased of proline , Cl, Na, CAT, POD and SOD, compared to control. The utility of the present experiment is to enhance the tolerance of King Mandarin seedlings to saline irrigation water by applying foliar K2SiO3 NPs.
Article Details
Article Details
Keywords
Nano-Silicon, Catalase(CAT), Peroxidase(POD), Superoxide Dismutase(SOD), Salt Stress
References
Abbas, Atheer Talib & Abdulkadhim, Sabaa Jawad (2024). The Impact of Biofertilization and Rootstock Type on the Development of Grafted Citrus aurantifoia Seedlings. IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science, doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1371/4/042061
Abdulkadhim, Sabaa J. & Akram Abd-Alkadem Hadi (2019). Effectiveness of Brassinolide and Dry Yeast Extract Spraying on Growth Parameters and the Chemical Content of the Grape Seedlings. Indian Journal of Ecology, Vol. 46 No. 8, Pp: 183-187. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342924811_Effectiveness_of_Brassinolide_and_Yeast_Extract_Spraying_on_Growth_Parameters_Grape_Seedlings.
Abdulkadhim, Sabaa J. (2024). Influence of Bio-fertilization on Physical and Biochemical Parameters of Grapefruit Saplings Citrus paradisi Macfad. Under Salt Stress. Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 37(2), 78-89. doi.org/10.37077/25200860.2024.37.2.7
Abdulkadhim, Sabaa J. , Hashim, Abbas H. & Hadi, Akram A. (2024). Impact of Nano-Chitosan on Proline, Antioxidant Defense Enzyme, Growth and Biochemical Parameters of Papaya Saplings (Carica papaya L.) Exposed to Water Stress. Tikrit Journal for Agricultural Sciences. 24 (4): 177-192. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25130/tjas.24.4.15
Abdulkadhim, Sabaa Jawad & Aya Mohammad Mortada (2022). Effect of Nano NPK and Proline Spraying on Chemical traits of Wonderful cultivar Pomegranate Seedlings under Salt Stress. Int. J. Agricult. Stat. Sci., Vol. 18, Supplement 1, pp. 1875-1882. Doc.ID: https://connectjournals.com/03899.2022.18.1875
Abdulkadhim, Sabaa Jawad & Rawaa Naser Hussein (2023). Effect of Vermicompost, Bio fertilizer and Chemical on Vegetative growth trait of Strawberry plant (Fragaria x Ananassa) Rubygem Cultivar. International Journal of Agricultural and Statistical Science, Vol. 19, Supplement 1, pp. 1031-1039. DOI: https://doi.org/10.59467/IJASS.2023.19.103.
Abdulkadhim, Sabaa Jawad (2019). Influence of Bio- fertilizer and spraying with palm Pollen grains Extracts on some Growth indicators and Leaves Content of Nutrient in Pomegranate cv. salimi. Plant Archives Vol. 19 No. 1:pp. 1458-1464. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.22893.54247
Allan, J. E. (1961). The determination of zinc and Irone in agricultural materials by atomic-absorption spectrophotometry, Analyst. London, Vol. 86, Iss: 1025, pp: 530-534. https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/1961/an/an9618600530.
Al-Rawi, K. Mahmoud, & Khalafalla, A. Muhammad (2000). Design and Analysis of Agricultural Experiments. dar al-kutub for printing and publishing. University of Mosul, Iraq. (in Arabic). Pp, (488). https://www.sciepub.com/reference/166123
Ashraf, M.(2009). Biotechnological approach of improving plant salt tolerance using antioxidants as markers. Biotechnology Advances, 27(1), p:84-93. DOI:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2008.09.003.
Avestan ,S., M. Ghasemnezhad, M. Esfahani,& C.S. Byrt (2019) . Application of nano-silicon dioxide improves salt stress tolerance in strawberry plants. Agronomy, 9 ,246. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy905024
Bates, L. S., Waldren, R. A., & Teare, I. D. (1973). Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant and Soil, 39, 205-207. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00018060.
Beers, R. F. & I. W. Sizer. (1952). Spectrophotometer method for measuring the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide by catalase. J. Bio Chem., 33(1):133-140, DOI:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)50881-X.
Boguszewska, D. & Zagdańska B. (2012). ROS as signaling molecules and enzymes of plant response to unfavorable environmental conditions, Inte.ch.Open. DOI: 10.5772/33589.
El-Dengawy, E., EL-Abbasy, U., & El-Gobba, M.H. (2021). Influence of nano-silicon treatment on growth behavior of ‘Sukkary’and ‘Gahrawy’mango rootstocks under salinity stress. Journal of Plant Production, 12(1), 49–61. https://doi.org/10.21608/JPP.2021.152020.
Elliot, C. L., & Snyder, G. H. (1991). Autoclave-induced digestion for the colorimetric determination of silicon in rice straw. Journal Agriculture and Food Chemical, 39, 6, 1118–1119. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00006a024
Elsheery, N. I., Helaly, M. N., El-Hoseiny, H. M., & Alam-Eldein, S. M. (2020). Zinc oxide and silicone nanoparticles to improve the resistance mechanism and annual productivity of salt-stressed mango trees. Agronomy, 10(4), 558. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10040558
Fadhil ,Ayad Hasan & Sabaa Jawad Abdulkadhim (2020). Influence of bio and mineral fertilization and palm polen extract in growth of lime seedling. Plant Archives, V. 20 No. 2, pp. 6475-6480. e-ISSN:2581-6063 (online), ISSN:0972-5210. http://plantarchives.org/20-2/6475-6480%20(6556).pdf
FAO (2021). FAO STAT Agricultural statistics database. Report production of summer fruit trees for the year. The ministry of planning and development cooperation. Baghdad. Iraq. https://www.fao.org/3/cb4477en/cb4477en.pdf
Fedae A. Alhaddad, Mohammed H. Abu-Dieyeh, El-Sayed Mohamed ElAzazi, & Talaat A. Ahmed (2021). Salt tolerance of selected halophytes at the two initial growth stages for future management options, 11, 10194. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-89462-3
Frary, A.; D. Göl ; D.Keleş ; B.Ökmen ; H.Pınar ; H. Ö. Şığva ; A. Yemenicioğlu & S. Doğanlar. (2010).Salt tolerance in Solanum pennellii: Antioxidant response and related QTL. BMC Plant Biology, 10:58. https://bmcplantbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2229-10-58
Gogorcena, Y.; I. Iturbe-Ormaetxe; K.R. Escuredo & M. Becana (1995). Antioxidant defenses against activated oxygen in pea nodules subjected to water stress. Plant Physiology ,108(2),753-759. DOI:10.1104/pp.108.2.753
Harinasut, P., Srisunak, S., Pitukchaisopol, S. & Charoensataporn, R. (2000) Mechanisms of adaptations to increasing salinity of mulberry: proline content and ascorbate peroxidase activity in leaves of multiple shoots. Science Asia, 26, 207-211. http://dx.doi.org/10.2306/scienceasia1513-1874.2000.26.207
Hashem, Abbas Hadi & Abdulkadhim, Sabaa Jawad (2024). Impact of Foliar Application with Amino Alexin and a Mixture of Marvel Fertilizer with Growth Regulator (Floratone) in Physio-Biochemical Parameters of Bitter Orange Saplings (Citrus aurantium L.), IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science, doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1371/4/042056
Hassan, I. F., Ajaj, R., Gaballah, M. S., Ogbaga, C. C., Kalaji, H. M., Hatterman-Valenti, H. M., & Alam-Eldein, S. M. (2022). Foliar application of nano-silicon improves the physiological and biochemical characteristics of ‘Kalamata’ olive subjected to deficit irrigation in a semi-arid climate. Plants, 11(12), 1561. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11121561.
Hoffmann , J., R. Berni, J. F. Hausman,& G. Guerriero (2020). A review on the beneficial role of silicon against salinity in non-accumulator crops: tomato as a model. Biomolecules, 10(9), p:1284. DOI:10.3390/biom10091284
Horneck, D. A., & Hanson, D. (1998). Determination of Potassium and Sodium by Flame Emission Spectrophotometry. Pp. 153-155, (ed.), Handbook of Reference Methods for Plant Analysis. Localización: Handbook of Reference Methods for Plant Analysis. ISBN 978-0-367-44800-4. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codig o=8123593.
John, M. K. (1970). Colorimetric determination of phosphorus in soil and plant materials with ascorbic acid. Soil Science, 109(4), 214-220. https://doi.org/10.10 97/00010694-197004000-00002
Joslyn M. A.(1970). Methods in Food Analysis. Physical, Chemical and Instrumental Methods of Analysis, 2nd Edition, Academic Press, New York, 109-140. https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/692155
Kalra, Y.P.; & Maynard, D. G. (1991). Methods Manual for Forest Soil and Plant Analysis. For Can., Northwest Reg., Northern Forestry Center. Edmonton, Alberta. Information Report, NOR-X-319, pp. 116. :https://www.research gate.net/publication/312577135.
Khalil ,H.A., D.O. El-Ansary,& Z.F.R. Ahmed (2022). Mitigation of Salinity Stress on Pomegranate (Punica granatum L. cv. Wonderful) Plant Using Salicylic Acid Foliar Spray, Horticulturae, 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8050375.
Laane, H. M. (2018). The Effects of Foliar Sprays with Different Silicon Compounds. Plants, 7(2), 45. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants7020045.
Liu ,B., P. Soundararajan, & A. Manivannan (2019). Mechanisms of silicon-mediated amelioration of salt stress in plants, Plants, 8, 307. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants80 90307
Mahmoud ,L.M., M. Dutt, A.M. Shalan, M.E. El-Kady, M.S. El-Boray, Y.M. Shabana,& J.W. Grosser (2020). Silicon nanoparticles mitigate oxidative stress of in vitro-derived banana (Musa acuminata ‘Grand Nain’) under simulated water deficit or salinity stress, South African J. Bot., 132 , 155–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2020.04.027.
Mahmoud, L.M. A.M. Shalan, M.S. El-Boray, C.I. Vincent, M.E. El-Kady, J.W. & Grosser, M. Dutt (2022). Application of silicon nanoparticles enhances oxidative stress tolerance in salt stressed ‘Valencia’ sweet orange plants. Scientia Horticulturae, 295(1),110856. DOI:10.1016/j.scienta.2021.110856
Marklund, S. & Marklund, G. (1974). Involvement of the Superoxide Anion Radical in the Autoxidation of Pyrogallol and a Convenient Assay for Superoxide Dismutase. European Journal of Biochemistry, 47, 469-474. DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1974.tb03714.x
Nezih، M.(1985). The peroxidase enzyme activity of some vegetables and its resistance to heat. Food Agric,36, 877-880. ID: 83774907. DOI:10.1002/JSFA.2740360918
Novamsky, I., Van Eck, R., Van Schouwenburg, C., & Walinga, I. (1974). Total nitrogen determination in plant material by means of the indophenol-blue method. Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science, 22(1), 3-5. https://doi.org/10.18174/njas.v22i1.17230
Puglisi, I., A. De Patrizio, L. Schena, T. Jung, M. Evoli, A. Pane & S.O. Cacciola (2017). Two previously unknown Phytophthora species associated with brown rot of Pomelo (Citrus grandis) fruits in Vietnam. PLoS One, 12(2), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0172085.
Ranganna, S. (1977). Manual of analysis of fruit and vegetable products. Tata Mc-Graw-Hill Publishing Company Limited New Delhi, P:634. https://books.google.com/books
Richards, L. A. (1954). Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils. United States Department of Agriculture. Agricultural Handbook , No. 60, Washington DC, 7-53, p: 1854. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00010694-1954080 00-00012
Souri, Z., Khanna, K., Karimi, N., & Ahmad, P. (2021). Silicon and plants: current knowledge and future prospects. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 40, 906-925. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-020-10172-7.
Zhou MX, Classen B, Agneessens R, Godin B. & Lutts S.( 2020). Salinity improves zinc resistance in Kosteletzkya Pentacarpos in relation to a modification in mucilage and polysaccharides composition. Int. J. Environ. Res. doi:10.1007/s41742-020-00258-1.
Zhu, Y.-X. ; H.-J. Gong & J.-L.Yin(2019).Role of Silicon in Mediating Salt Tolerance in Plants:A Review. Plants , 8(6), 147.https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8060147.
Abdulkadhim, Sabaa J. & Akram Abd-Alkadem Hadi (2019). Effectiveness of Brassinolide and Dry Yeast Extract Spraying on Growth Parameters and the Chemical Content of the Grape Seedlings. Indian Journal of Ecology, Vol. 46 No. 8, Pp: 183-187. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342924811_Effectiveness_of_Brassinolide_and_Yeast_Extract_Spraying_on_Growth_Parameters_Grape_Seedlings.
Abdulkadhim, Sabaa J. (2024). Influence of Bio-fertilization on Physical and Biochemical Parameters of Grapefruit Saplings Citrus paradisi Macfad. Under Salt Stress. Basrah Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 37(2), 78-89. doi.org/10.37077/25200860.2024.37.2.7
Abdulkadhim, Sabaa J. , Hashim, Abbas H. & Hadi, Akram A. (2024). Impact of Nano-Chitosan on Proline, Antioxidant Defense Enzyme, Growth and Biochemical Parameters of Papaya Saplings (Carica papaya L.) Exposed to Water Stress. Tikrit Journal for Agricultural Sciences. 24 (4): 177-192. DOI: https://doi.org/10.25130/tjas.24.4.15
Abdulkadhim, Sabaa Jawad & Aya Mohammad Mortada (2022). Effect of Nano NPK and Proline Spraying on Chemical traits of Wonderful cultivar Pomegranate Seedlings under Salt Stress. Int. J. Agricult. Stat. Sci., Vol. 18, Supplement 1, pp. 1875-1882. Doc.ID: https://connectjournals.com/03899.2022.18.1875
Abdulkadhim, Sabaa Jawad & Rawaa Naser Hussein (2023). Effect of Vermicompost, Bio fertilizer and Chemical on Vegetative growth trait of Strawberry plant (Fragaria x Ananassa) Rubygem Cultivar. International Journal of Agricultural and Statistical Science, Vol. 19, Supplement 1, pp. 1031-1039. DOI: https://doi.org/10.59467/IJASS.2023.19.103.
Abdulkadhim, Sabaa Jawad (2019). Influence of Bio- fertilizer and spraying with palm Pollen grains Extracts on some Growth indicators and Leaves Content of Nutrient in Pomegranate cv. salimi. Plant Archives Vol. 19 No. 1:pp. 1458-1464. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.22893.54247
Allan, J. E. (1961). The determination of zinc and Irone in agricultural materials by atomic-absorption spectrophotometry, Analyst. London, Vol. 86, Iss: 1025, pp: 530-534. https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/1961/an/an9618600530.
Al-Rawi, K. Mahmoud, & Khalafalla, A. Muhammad (2000). Design and Analysis of Agricultural Experiments. dar al-kutub for printing and publishing. University of Mosul, Iraq. (in Arabic). Pp, (488). https://www.sciepub.com/reference/166123
Ashraf, M.(2009). Biotechnological approach of improving plant salt tolerance using antioxidants as markers. Biotechnology Advances, 27(1), p:84-93. DOI:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2008.09.003.
Avestan ,S., M. Ghasemnezhad, M. Esfahani,& C.S. Byrt (2019) . Application of nano-silicon dioxide improves salt stress tolerance in strawberry plants. Agronomy, 9 ,246. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy905024
Bates, L. S., Waldren, R. A., & Teare, I. D. (1973). Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant and Soil, 39, 205-207. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00018060.
Beers, R. F. & I. W. Sizer. (1952). Spectrophotometer method for measuring the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide by catalase. J. Bio Chem., 33(1):133-140, DOI:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)50881-X.
Boguszewska, D. & Zagdańska B. (2012). ROS as signaling molecules and enzymes of plant response to unfavorable environmental conditions, Inte.ch.Open. DOI: 10.5772/33589.
El-Dengawy, E., EL-Abbasy, U., & El-Gobba, M.H. (2021). Influence of nano-silicon treatment on growth behavior of ‘Sukkary’and ‘Gahrawy’mango rootstocks under salinity stress. Journal of Plant Production, 12(1), 49–61. https://doi.org/10.21608/JPP.2021.152020.
Elliot, C. L., & Snyder, G. H. (1991). Autoclave-induced digestion for the colorimetric determination of silicon in rice straw. Journal Agriculture and Food Chemical, 39, 6, 1118–1119. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00006a024
Elsheery, N. I., Helaly, M. N., El-Hoseiny, H. M., & Alam-Eldein, S. M. (2020). Zinc oxide and silicone nanoparticles to improve the resistance mechanism and annual productivity of salt-stressed mango trees. Agronomy, 10(4), 558. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10040558
Fadhil ,Ayad Hasan & Sabaa Jawad Abdulkadhim (2020). Influence of bio and mineral fertilization and palm polen extract in growth of lime seedling. Plant Archives, V. 20 No. 2, pp. 6475-6480. e-ISSN:2581-6063 (online), ISSN:0972-5210. http://plantarchives.org/20-2/6475-6480%20(6556).pdf
FAO (2021). FAO STAT Agricultural statistics database. Report production of summer fruit trees for the year. The ministry of planning and development cooperation. Baghdad. Iraq. https://www.fao.org/3/cb4477en/cb4477en.pdf
Fedae A. Alhaddad, Mohammed H. Abu-Dieyeh, El-Sayed Mohamed ElAzazi, & Talaat A. Ahmed (2021). Salt tolerance of selected halophytes at the two initial growth stages for future management options, 11, 10194. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-89462-3
Frary, A.; D. Göl ; D.Keleş ; B.Ökmen ; H.Pınar ; H. Ö. Şığva ; A. Yemenicioğlu & S. Doğanlar. (2010).Salt tolerance in Solanum pennellii: Antioxidant response and related QTL. BMC Plant Biology, 10:58. https://bmcplantbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2229-10-58
Gogorcena, Y.; I. Iturbe-Ormaetxe; K.R. Escuredo & M. Becana (1995). Antioxidant defenses against activated oxygen in pea nodules subjected to water stress. Plant Physiology ,108(2),753-759. DOI:10.1104/pp.108.2.753
Harinasut, P., Srisunak, S., Pitukchaisopol, S. & Charoensataporn, R. (2000) Mechanisms of adaptations to increasing salinity of mulberry: proline content and ascorbate peroxidase activity in leaves of multiple shoots. Science Asia, 26, 207-211. http://dx.doi.org/10.2306/scienceasia1513-1874.2000.26.207
Hashem, Abbas Hadi & Abdulkadhim, Sabaa Jawad (2024). Impact of Foliar Application with Amino Alexin and a Mixture of Marvel Fertilizer with Growth Regulator (Floratone) in Physio-Biochemical Parameters of Bitter Orange Saplings (Citrus aurantium L.), IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science, doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1371/4/042056
Hassan, I. F., Ajaj, R., Gaballah, M. S., Ogbaga, C. C., Kalaji, H. M., Hatterman-Valenti, H. M., & Alam-Eldein, S. M. (2022). Foliar application of nano-silicon improves the physiological and biochemical characteristics of ‘Kalamata’ olive subjected to deficit irrigation in a semi-arid climate. Plants, 11(12), 1561. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11121561.
Hoffmann , J., R. Berni, J. F. Hausman,& G. Guerriero (2020). A review on the beneficial role of silicon against salinity in non-accumulator crops: tomato as a model. Biomolecules, 10(9), p:1284. DOI:10.3390/biom10091284
Horneck, D. A., & Hanson, D. (1998). Determination of Potassium and Sodium by Flame Emission Spectrophotometry. Pp. 153-155, (ed.), Handbook of Reference Methods for Plant Analysis. Localización: Handbook of Reference Methods for Plant Analysis. ISBN 978-0-367-44800-4. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codig o=8123593.
John, M. K. (1970). Colorimetric determination of phosphorus in soil and plant materials with ascorbic acid. Soil Science, 109(4), 214-220. https://doi.org/10.10 97/00010694-197004000-00002
Joslyn M. A.(1970). Methods in Food Analysis. Physical, Chemical and Instrumental Methods of Analysis, 2nd Edition, Academic Press, New York, 109-140. https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/692155
Kalra, Y.P.; & Maynard, D. G. (1991). Methods Manual for Forest Soil and Plant Analysis. For Can., Northwest Reg., Northern Forestry Center. Edmonton, Alberta. Information Report, NOR-X-319, pp. 116. :https://www.research gate.net/publication/312577135.
Khalil ,H.A., D.O. El-Ansary,& Z.F.R. Ahmed (2022). Mitigation of Salinity Stress on Pomegranate (Punica granatum L. cv. Wonderful) Plant Using Salicylic Acid Foliar Spray, Horticulturae, 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8050375.
Laane, H. M. (2018). The Effects of Foliar Sprays with Different Silicon Compounds. Plants, 7(2), 45. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants7020045.
Liu ,B., P. Soundararajan, & A. Manivannan (2019). Mechanisms of silicon-mediated amelioration of salt stress in plants, Plants, 8, 307. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants80 90307
Mahmoud ,L.M., M. Dutt, A.M. Shalan, M.E. El-Kady, M.S. El-Boray, Y.M. Shabana,& J.W. Grosser (2020). Silicon nanoparticles mitigate oxidative stress of in vitro-derived banana (Musa acuminata ‘Grand Nain’) under simulated water deficit or salinity stress, South African J. Bot., 132 , 155–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2020.04.027.
Mahmoud, L.M. A.M. Shalan, M.S. El-Boray, C.I. Vincent, M.E. El-Kady, J.W. & Grosser, M. Dutt (2022). Application of silicon nanoparticles enhances oxidative stress tolerance in salt stressed ‘Valencia’ sweet orange plants. Scientia Horticulturae, 295(1),110856. DOI:10.1016/j.scienta.2021.110856
Marklund, S. & Marklund, G. (1974). Involvement of the Superoxide Anion Radical in the Autoxidation of Pyrogallol and a Convenient Assay for Superoxide Dismutase. European Journal of Biochemistry, 47, 469-474. DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1974.tb03714.x
Nezih، M.(1985). The peroxidase enzyme activity of some vegetables and its resistance to heat. Food Agric,36, 877-880. ID: 83774907. DOI:10.1002/JSFA.2740360918
Novamsky, I., Van Eck, R., Van Schouwenburg, C., & Walinga, I. (1974). Total nitrogen determination in plant material by means of the indophenol-blue method. Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science, 22(1), 3-5. https://doi.org/10.18174/njas.v22i1.17230
Puglisi, I., A. De Patrizio, L. Schena, T. Jung, M. Evoli, A. Pane & S.O. Cacciola (2017). Two previously unknown Phytophthora species associated with brown rot of Pomelo (Citrus grandis) fruits in Vietnam. PLoS One, 12(2), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0172085.
Ranganna, S. (1977). Manual of analysis of fruit and vegetable products. Tata Mc-Graw-Hill Publishing Company Limited New Delhi, P:634. https://books.google.com/books
Richards, L. A. (1954). Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils. United States Department of Agriculture. Agricultural Handbook , No. 60, Washington DC, 7-53, p: 1854. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00010694-1954080 00-00012
Souri, Z., Khanna, K., Karimi, N., & Ahmad, P. (2021). Silicon and plants: current knowledge and future prospects. Journal of Plant Growth Regulation, 40, 906-925. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00344-020-10172-7.
Zhou MX, Classen B, Agneessens R, Godin B. & Lutts S.( 2020). Salinity improves zinc resistance in Kosteletzkya Pentacarpos in relation to a modification in mucilage and polysaccharides composition. Int. J. Environ. Res. doi:10.1007/s41742-020-00258-1.
Zhu, Y.-X. ; H.-J. Gong & J.-L.Yin(2019).Role of Silicon in Mediating Salt Tolerance in Plants:A Review. Plants , 8(6), 147.https://doi.org/10.3390/plants8060147.
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Influence of nano-silicon in antioxidants enzymes, ions absorption, and biochemical indicators of King Mandarin saplings leaves (Citrus nobilis) under salt stress. (2025). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 17(1), 126-132. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v17i1.6148
