Antidiabetic activity and kidney protection effect of lemon pepper nano-emulsion in streptozotocin-induced diabetic male Wistar rats
Article Main
Abstract
Some previous studies have looked for natural products to become supplementary for antidiabetic drugs when the diabetic case rate was high. Lemon pepper has been widely studied for antidiabetic activity. However, none of these studies developed other pharmaceutical forms of lemon pepper fruit. Due to this reason, this study aimed to investigate the antidiabetic activity of lemon pepper fruit in a nano-emulsion form. This study underwent an acute toxicity assay for lemon pepper nano-emulsion. Acute toxicity testing confirmed its safety, and an experimental study was conducted using twenty-five streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats divided into five groups: three treatment groups (25, 50, and 75 mg/kg body weight (BW) and pair of control (0.5% Sodium Carboxy Methyl Cellulose) and standard (100 mg/kg BW metformin) groups. On the other hand, this study also used five non-diabetic rats as a normal group. Five non-diabetic rats served as a normal group. Blood glucose levels were measured every five days, and kidney function tests (KFT) were performed on 15th day. All doses of lemon pepper nano-emulsion significantly reduced blood glucose levels by 71 mg/dL on the 10th day (P-Value < 0.05) and 89 mg/dL on the 15th day (P-Value: 0.001). Creatinine levels did not affect(P: Value: 0.233), but 50 mg/ kg BW of lemon pepper nano-emulsion significantly reduced blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels to 40 mg/dL, with the highest dose (75 mg/kg BW) further lowering BUN to 38 mg/dL (P-Value: 0.001). In conclusion, lemon pepper nano-emulsion effectively decreased blood glucose level and mitigated kidney from hyperglycaemic-induced injury, highlighting the potential of its novel nano-formulation as a therapeutic option for diabetes management.
Article Details
Article Details
Blood glucose, Kidney function, Lemon pepper, Nano-emulsion, Streptozotocin
Al, M. (2019). Uji Aktivitas Antimikroba Ekstrak Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) pada Staphylococus aureus [Antimicrobial Activity Test of Lemon Pepper Extract (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) on Staphylococcus aureus]. Jurnal Sungkai, 7, 122–126. https://doi.org/ 10.30606/JS.V7I1.1742
Alotaibi, M. R., Fatani, A. J., Almnaizel, A. T., Ahmed, M. M., Abuohashish, H. M., & Al-Rejaie, S. S. (2019). In vivo Assessment of Combined Effects of Glibenclamide and Losartan in Diabetic Rats. Medical Principles and Practice, 28(2), 178–185. https://doi.org/10.1159/000496104
Arjani, I. (2018). Gambaran Kadar Kreatinin Serum Pada Penderita Diabetes Mellitus Tipe 2 Di Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Sanglah Denpasar [Overview of Serum Creatinine Levels in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients at Sanglah General Hospital, Denpasar]. Meditory : The Journal of Medical Laboratory, 5(2), 107–117. https://doi.org/10.33992/m.v5i2.146
Asbur, Y., & Khairunnisyah, K. (2018). Pemanfatan andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC) sebagai tanaman penghasil minyak atsiri [Utilization of andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC) as a plant producing essential oils]. Kultivasi, 17(1), 537–543. https://doi.org/10.24198/kultivasi.v17i1.15668
Chiuman, L., Ginting, C. N., & Yulizal, O. K. (2022). Lemon Pepper Extract Improves Diabetic Nephropathy in Diabetic Rats. Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 10(A), 170–175. https://doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2022.8226
Chiuman, L., Ginting, C. N., Yulizal, O., Suhartomi, & Chiuman, V. (2021). Improvement of Liver Function from Lemon Pepper Fruit Ethanol Extract in Streptozotocin-Induced Wistar Rats. 2021 IEEE International Conference on Health, Instrumentation & Measurement, and Natural Sciences (InHeNce). https://doi.org/10.1109/InHeNce52833.2021.9537284
Chiuman, L., Sherlyn, Aritonang, N. S., Rudy, & Suhartomi. (2023). In Vitro Study of Antibacterial Activity of Snake Fruit Extract against Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamase (ESBL) Escherichia coli. Jurnal Aisyah : Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan, 8(2), 715–720. https://doi.org/10.30604/jika.v8i2.1962
Dharma Yudha, N. S., Arsana, P. M., & Rosandi, R. (2022). Perbandingan Profil Lipid pada Pasien Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 dengan Kontrol Glikemik yang Terkendali dan Kontrol Glikemik yang Tidak Terkendali di RSUD Dr. Saiful Anwar Malang [Comparison of Lipid Profile in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients with Controlled Glycemic Control and Uncontrolled Glycemic Control at Dr. Saiful Anwar Malang Regional Hospital]. Jurnal Penyakit Dalam Indonesia, 8(4), 172. https://doi.org/10.7454/jpdi.v8i4.592
Eleazu, C. O., Eleazu, K. C., Chukwuma, S., & Essien, U. N. (2013). Review of the mechanism of cell death resulting from streptozotocin challenge in experimental animals, its practical use and potential risk to humans. Journal of Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/2251-6581-12-60
Gulo, K. N., Suhartomi, Saragih, A. D., Raif, M. A., & Ikhtiari, R. (2021). Antioxidant Activity of Flavonoid Compounds in Ethanol and Ethyl Acetate Extract from Citrus Sinensis. AIMS 2021 - International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Mechatronics Systems, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/AIMS52415.2021.9466078
Internation Diabetes Federation. (2019). IDF Diabetes Atlas Ninth (Ninth). Brussels: International Diabetes Federation.
Kementrian kesehatan republik indonesia. (2019). Penyakit Diabetes Melitus. Jakarta: P2PTM.
Kementrian kesehatan republik indonesia. (2020). Infodatin Pusat Data dan Informasi Kementerian Kesehatan RI: Tetap Produktif, Cegah Dan Atasi Diabetes Mellitus. Jakarta: Kemenkes RI
Khan, A., & Khan, S. (2017). Chronicle Journal of Food and Nutrition. Causes, Complications and Management of Diabetes Mellitus, 1(August).
Mamillapalli, V., Atmakuri, A. M., & Khantamneni, P. (2016). Nanoparticles for herbal extracts. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutics, 10(2), S54–S60. https://doi.org/10.22377/ajp.v10i2.623
Saputra, N. T., Suartha, I. N., & Dharmayudha, A. A. G. O. (2018). Agen Diabetagonik Streptozotocin untuk Membuat Tikus Putih Jantan Diabetes Mellitus [Diabetagonic Agent Streptozotocin to Make Male White Rats Diabetes Mellitus]. Buletin Veteriner Udayana, 10(2), 116. https://doi.org/10.24843/bulvet.2018.v10.i02.p02
Saragih, D. E., & Arsita, E. V. (2019). The phytochemical content of Zanthoxylum acanthopodium and its potential as a medicinal plant in the regions of Toba Samosir and North Tapanuli, North Sumatra. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Masyarakat Biodiversitas Indonesia, 5(1), 71–76. https://doi.org/10.13057/psnmbi/m050114.
Suhartomi, Gulo, K. N., Saragih, A. D., Martinus, A. R., & Ikhtiari, R. (2020). Antioxidant Properties of Sweet Orange Peels in Several Fractions of Methanolic Extract. Proceedings of the International Conference on Health Informatics and Medical Application Technology- Volume 1: ICHIMAT, 371–378. https://doi.org/10.5220/0009515503710378
Winarti, W., Simanjuntak, P., & Syahidin, M. F. (2018). Identifikasi Senyawa Kimia Aktif Antioksidan Dari Ekstrak Etil Asetat Buah Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC) [Identification of Antioxidant Active Chemical Compounds From Ethyl Acetate Extract of Andaliman Fruit (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC)]. Talenta Conference Series: Tropical Medicine (TM), 1(3), 162–166. https://doi.org/10.32734/tm.v1i3.283
Worotikan, R. V, Tuju, E. A., & Kawuwung, F. (2017). Analisis Efektivitas Antidiabetes Ekstrak Etanol Buah Andaliman (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC) Pada Hispatologi Ginjal Tikus Putih [Analysis of the Antidiabetic Effectiveness of Ethanol Extract of Andaliman Fruit (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC) on the Kidney Histopathology of White Rats (Rattus norvergicus) Induced by Alloxan]. Jurnal Sains Matematika & Edukasi, 5(1), 29–37.
Yanti, Pramudito, T. E., Nuriasari, N., & Juliana, K. (2011). Lemon Pepper Fruit Extract (Zanthoxylum acanthopodium DC.) Suppresses the Expression of Inflammatory Mediators in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Macrophages In Vitro. American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 7(4), 190–195. https://doi.org/10.3844/ajbbsp.20 11.190.195

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
This work is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) © Author (s)