Synergistic impacts of synthesized zero-valent iron nanoparticles (nZVI) on phytoremediation of lead (Pb) contaminated soil using Tagetus erecta L.
Article Main
Abstract
Rapid industrialization, particularly in developing countries, has increased lead (Pb) levels in soil and the environment. This study explores the impacts of nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) on the phytoremediation of Pb using Tagetus erecta L. as a plant. A three-month pot experiment was tested with nZVI amendments of 100, 300, and 500 mg/kg, with a Pb metal concentration of 400 mg/kg. The nZVI was characterized with the FE-SEM (Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy), UV-visible spectroscopy, and Zeta Potential Analysis. The study assessed various plant growths, and physiological and biochemical parameters. Characterizations of nZVI revealed that synthesized nZVI were porous in structure, having good stability with a zeta potential of -11.8 mV. Results showed that 500 mg/kg nZVI amendments in Pb treated pots significantly (P<0.05) increased root length by 41%, shoot length by 22 %, relative water content (RWC) by 20%, and total chlorophyll by 25 % as compared to Pb only treatments. The findings also suggested that nZVI amendments resulted in decreased proline content to overcome the Pb stress. The Pb accumulation in T. erecta at 500 mg/kg nZVI amendments was 610 mg/kg in roots and 150 mg/kg in shoots. These were significantly (P<0.05) higher as compared to Pb only treatments. The Pearson correlation analysis revealed that plant growth parameters were negatively correlated with proline content. Hence, the integration of nZVI improved Pb phytoremediation efficiency and mitigated Pb-induced stress in T. erecta.
Article Details
Article Details
Keywords
Pb stress, Phytoremediation, Tagetus erecta, Zero valent iron nanoparticles
References
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Ansari, A., Siddiqui, V. U., Akram, M. K., Siddiqi, W. A., Khan, A., Al-Romaizan, A. N., ... & Puttegowda, M. (2021). Synthesis of atmospherically stable zero-valent iron nanoparticles (nZVI) for the efficient catalytic treatment of high-strength domestic wastewater. Catalysts, 12(1), 26. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12010026
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Baragaño, D., Forján, R., Welte, L. & Gallego, J. L. R. (2020). Nanoremediation of As and metals polluted soils by means of graphene oxide nanoparticles. Scientific reports, 10(1), 1896.
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Chen, G., Huang, X., Chen, P., Gong, X., Wang, X., Liu, S., ... & Tan, X. (2024). Polystyrene influence on Pb bioavailability and rhizosphere toxicity: Challenges for ramie (Boehmeria nivea L.) in soil phytoremediation. Science of The Total Environment, 176322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176322
Deb, V. K., Rabbani, A., Upadhyay, S., Bharti, P., Sharma, H., Rawat, D. S. & Saxena, G. (2020). Microbe-assisted phytoremediation in reinstating heavy metal-contaminated sites: concepts, mechanisms, challenges, and future perspectives. Microbial technology for health and environment, 161-189. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2679-4_6
Dewis, J. & Freitas, F. (1970). Physical and chemical methods of soil and water analysis. FAO soils Bulletin, 10. FAO, Rome
Guha, T., Barman, S., Mukherjee, A. & Kundu, R. (2020). Nanoscale zero valent iron modulates Fe/Cd transporters and immobilizes soil Cd for production of Cd free rice. Chemosphere, 260, 127533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127533
Huang, D., Yang, Y., Deng, R., Gong, X., Zhou, W., Chen, S., ... & Wang, G. (2021). Remediation of Cd-contaminated soil by modified nanoscale zero-valent iron: role of plant root exudates and inner mechanisms. International journal of Environment and Public Health, 18(11), 5887. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115887
Irshad, S., Xie, Z., Wang, J., Nawaz, A., Luo, Y., Wang, Y. & Mehmood, S. (2020). Indigenous strain Bacillus XZM assisted phytoremediation and detoxification of arsenic in Vallisneria denseserrulata. Journal of hazardous materials, 381, 120903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.20 19.120903
Kapoor, D. & Singh, M. P. (2021). Heavy metal contamination in water and its possible sources. In Heavy metals in the environment (pp. 179-189). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821656-9.00010-9
Kjeldahl, J. (1883). New method for the determination of nitrogen. Chemistry News, 48(1240), 101-102
Lefevre, E., Bossa, N., Wiesner, M. R. & Gunsch, C. K. (2016). A review of the environmental implications of in situ remediation by nanoscale zero valent iron (nZVI): behavior, transport and impacts on microbial communities. Science of the Total Environment, 565, 889-901. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.003
Liu, H., Zhang, C., Wang, J., Li, C. & Zhai, J. (2019). Effects of CeO2 nanoparticles on the photosynthetic performance and chloroplast ultrastructure of Arabidopsis thaliana. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(18), 18309-18316.
Lowry, O. H. (1951). Measurement with the folin phenol reagent. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 193, 265-275.
Madanan, M. T., Shah, I. K., Varghese, G. K. & Kaushal, R. K. (2021). Application of Aztec Marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) for phytoremediation of heavy metal polluted lateritic soil. Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, 3, 17-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enceco.2020.10.007
Miller, W. P. & Miller, D. M. (1987). A micro‐pipette method for soil mechanical analysis. Communications in soil science and plant analysis, 18(1), 1-15.
Mokarram-Kashtiban, S., Hosseini, S. M., Tabari Kouchaksaraei, M. & Younesi, H. (2019). The impact of nanoparticles zero-valent iron (nZVI) and rhizosphere microorganisms on the phytoremediation ability of white willow and its response. Environmental science and pollution research, 26, 10776-10789. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04411-y
Olsen, S. R. & Sommers, L. E. (1982). Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2 In: Chemical and Microbiological Properties (pp 159-165). Agronomy Mongraphs, American Society of Agronomy, NewYork.
Rahmatizadeh, R., Arvin, S. M. J., Jamei, R., Mozaffari, H., & Reza Nejhad, F. (2019). Response of tomato plants to interaction effects of magnetic (Fe3O4) nanoparticles and cadmium stress. Journal of Plant Interactions, 14(1), 474-481.
Song, B., Xu, P., Chen, M., Tang, W., Zeng, G., Gong, J., ... & Ye, S. (2019). Using nanomaterials to facilitate the phytoremediation of contaminated soil. Critical reviews in environmental science and technology, 49(9), 791-824. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2018.1558891
Soni, S., Jha, A. B., Dubey, R. S. & Sharma, P. (2023). Mitigating cadmium accumulation and toxicity in plants: the promising role of nanoparticles. Science of the Total Environment, 168826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168826
Sperdouli, I. (2022). Heavy metal toxicity effects on plants. Toxics, 10(12), 715. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics1 0120715
Srivastav, A., Ganjewala, D., Singhal, R. K., Rajput, V. D., Minkina, T., Voloshina, M. & Shrivastava, M. (2021). Effect of ZnO nanoparticles on growth and biochemical responses of wheat and maize. Plants, 10(12), 2556. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10122556
Walkley, A. & Black, I. A. (1934). An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil science, 37(1), 29-38.
Wu, S., Feng, X. & Wittmeier, A. (1997). Microwave digestion of plant and grain reference materials in nitric acid or a mixture of nitric acid or a mixture of nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide for the determination of multi-elements by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 12(8), 797-806.
Xu, Y., Cao, S., Chen, X., Li, J., Liu, H., Gao, Y., ... & Xue, W. (2024). Enhanced immobilization of cadmium in contaminated paddy soil by biochar-supported sulfidized nanoscale zero-valent iron. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 24(1), 259-274. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-023-03
618-4
Yuvakkumar, R., Elango, V., Rajendran, V. & Kannan, N. (2011). Preparation and characterization of zero valent iron nanoparticles. Digest journal of nanomaterials and biostructures, 6(4), 1771-1776.
Zaid, A., Ahmad, B., Jaleel, H., Wani, S. H. & Hasanuzzaman, M. (2020). A critical review on iron toxicity and tolerance in plants: role of exogenous phytoprotectants. Plant micronutrients: Deficiency and toxicity management, 83-99. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49856-6_4
Zand, A. D. & Tabrizi, A. M. (2021). Effect of zero-valent iron nanoparticles on the phytoextraction ability of Kochia scoparia and its response in Pb contaminated soil. Environmental Engineering Research, 26(4). DOI: https://doi.org/10.4491/eer.2020.227
Zeledón-Toruño, Z. C., Lao-Luque, C., de Las Heras, F. X. C., & Sole-Sardans, M. (2007). Removal of PAHs from water using an immature coal (leonardite). Chemosphere, 67(3), 505–512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemos phere.20 06.09.047
Zhang, B., Guo, Y., Huo, J., Xie, H., Xu, C., & Liang, S. (2020). Combining chemical oxidation and bioremediation for petroleum polluted soil remediation by BC-nZVI activated persulfate. Chemical Engineering Journal, 382, 123055. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.20 06.09.0 47
Atsdr, U. (2005). Toxicological profile for lead (Draft for public comment). US Department of health and human services. Public Health Service. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (pp 43–59), Atlanta, USA.
Alazaiza, M. Y., Albahnasawi, A., Copty, N. K., Bashir, M. J., Nassani, D. E., Al Maskari, T., ... & Abujazar, M. S. S. (2022). Nanoscale zero-valent iron application for the treatment of soil, wastewater and groundwater contaminated with heavy metals: a review. Desalination and Water Treatment, 253(2021), 194-210. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2022.28302
Ansari, A., Siddiqui, V. U., Akram, M. K., Siddiqi, W. A., Khan, A., Al-Romaizan, A. N., ... & Puttegowda, M. (2021). Synthesis of atmospherically stable zero-valent iron nanoparticles (nZVI) for the efficient catalytic treatment of high-strength domestic wastewater. Catalysts, 12(1), 26. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal12010026
Arnon, D. I. (1949). Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts. Polyphenoloxidase in Beta vulgaris. Plant physiology, 24(1), 1.
Arora, D., Arora, A., Panghal, V., Singh, A., Bala, R., Kumari, S. & Kumar, S. (2024). Unleashing the feasibility of nanotechnology in phytoremediation of heavy metal–contaminated soil: a critical review towards sustainable approach. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 235(1), 57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-023-06874-9
Ashraf, M. F. M. R. & Foolad, M. R. (2007). Roles of glycine betaine and proline in improving plant abiotic stress resistance. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 59(2), 206-216. https://doi.org/10.1016/J. ENVEXPBOT.2005.12.006
Baragaño, D., Forján, R., Welte, L. & Gallego, J. L. R. (2020). Nanoremediation of As and metals polluted soils by means of graphene oxide nanoparticles. Scientific reports, 10(1), 1896.
Bates, L. S., Waldren, R. A. & Teare, I. D. (1973). Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant soil, 39, 205-207. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00018060
Chaoua, S., Boussaa, S., El Gharmali, A. & Boumezzough, A. (2019). Impact of irrigation with wastewater on accumulation of heavy metals in soil and crops in the region of Marrakech in Morocco. Journal of the Saudi Society of Agricultural Sciences, 18(4), 429-436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssas.2018.02.003
Chen, G., Huang, X., Chen, P., Gong, X., Wang, X., Liu, S., ... & Tan, X. (2024). Polystyrene influence on Pb bioavailability and rhizosphere toxicity: Challenges for ramie (Boehmeria nivea L.) in soil phytoremediation. Science of The Total Environment, 176322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.176322
Deb, V. K., Rabbani, A., Upadhyay, S., Bharti, P., Sharma, H., Rawat, D. S. & Saxena, G. (2020). Microbe-assisted phytoremediation in reinstating heavy metal-contaminated sites: concepts, mechanisms, challenges, and future perspectives. Microbial technology for health and environment, 161-189. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2679-4_6
Dewis, J. & Freitas, F. (1970). Physical and chemical methods of soil and water analysis. FAO soils Bulletin, 10. FAO, Rome
Guha, T., Barman, S., Mukherjee, A. & Kundu, R. (2020). Nanoscale zero valent iron modulates Fe/Cd transporters and immobilizes soil Cd for production of Cd free rice. Chemosphere, 260, 127533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127533
Huang, D., Yang, Y., Deng, R., Gong, X., Zhou, W., Chen, S., ... & Wang, G. (2021). Remediation of Cd-contaminated soil by modified nanoscale zero-valent iron: role of plant root exudates and inner mechanisms. International journal of Environment and Public Health, 18(11), 5887. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18115887
Irshad, S., Xie, Z., Wang, J., Nawaz, A., Luo, Y., Wang, Y. & Mehmood, S. (2020). Indigenous strain Bacillus XZM assisted phytoremediation and detoxification of arsenic in Vallisneria denseserrulata. Journal of hazardous materials, 381, 120903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.20 19.120903
Kapoor, D. & Singh, M. P. (2021). Heavy metal contamination in water and its possible sources. In Heavy metals in the environment (pp. 179-189). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821656-9.00010-9
Kjeldahl, J. (1883). New method for the determination of nitrogen. Chemistry News, 48(1240), 101-102
Lefevre, E., Bossa, N., Wiesner, M. R. & Gunsch, C. K. (2016). A review of the environmental implications of in situ remediation by nanoscale zero valent iron (nZVI): behavior, transport and impacts on microbial communities. Science of the Total Environment, 565, 889-901. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.003
Liu, H., Zhang, C., Wang, J., Li, C. & Zhai, J. (2019). Effects of CeO2 nanoparticles on the photosynthetic performance and chloroplast ultrastructure of Arabidopsis thaliana. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 26(18), 18309-18316.
Lowry, O. H. (1951). Measurement with the folin phenol reagent. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 193, 265-275.
Madanan, M. T., Shah, I. K., Varghese, G. K. & Kaushal, R. K. (2021). Application of Aztec Marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) for phytoremediation of heavy metal polluted lateritic soil. Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, 3, 17-22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enceco.2020.10.007
Miller, W. P. & Miller, D. M. (1987). A micro‐pipette method for soil mechanical analysis. Communications in soil science and plant analysis, 18(1), 1-15.
Mokarram-Kashtiban, S., Hosseini, S. M., Tabari Kouchaksaraei, M. & Younesi, H. (2019). The impact of nanoparticles zero-valent iron (nZVI) and rhizosphere microorganisms on the phytoremediation ability of white willow and its response. Environmental science and pollution research, 26, 10776-10789. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-04411-y
Olsen, S. R. & Sommers, L. E. (1982). Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2 In: Chemical and Microbiological Properties (pp 159-165). Agronomy Mongraphs, American Society of Agronomy, NewYork.
Rahmatizadeh, R., Arvin, S. M. J., Jamei, R., Mozaffari, H., & Reza Nejhad, F. (2019). Response of tomato plants to interaction effects of magnetic (Fe3O4) nanoparticles and cadmium stress. Journal of Plant Interactions, 14(1), 474-481.
Song, B., Xu, P., Chen, M., Tang, W., Zeng, G., Gong, J., ... & Ye, S. (2019). Using nanomaterials to facilitate the phytoremediation of contaminated soil. Critical reviews in environmental science and technology, 49(9), 791-824. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389.2018.1558891
Soni, S., Jha, A. B., Dubey, R. S. & Sharma, P. (2023). Mitigating cadmium accumulation and toxicity in plants: the promising role of nanoparticles. Science of the Total Environment, 168826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168826
Sperdouli, I. (2022). Heavy metal toxicity effects on plants. Toxics, 10(12), 715. https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics1 0120715
Srivastav, A., Ganjewala, D., Singhal, R. K., Rajput, V. D., Minkina, T., Voloshina, M. & Shrivastava, M. (2021). Effect of ZnO nanoparticles on growth and biochemical responses of wheat and maize. Plants, 10(12), 2556. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10122556
Walkley, A. & Black, I. A. (1934). An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil science, 37(1), 29-38.
Wu, S., Feng, X. & Wittmeier, A. (1997). Microwave digestion of plant and grain reference materials in nitric acid or a mixture of nitric acid or a mixture of nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide for the determination of multi-elements by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 12(8), 797-806.
Xu, Y., Cao, S., Chen, X., Li, J., Liu, H., Gao, Y., ... & Xue, W. (2024). Enhanced immobilization of cadmium in contaminated paddy soil by biochar-supported sulfidized nanoscale zero-valent iron. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 24(1), 259-274. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11368-023-03
618-4
Yuvakkumar, R., Elango, V., Rajendran, V. & Kannan, N. (2011). Preparation and characterization of zero valent iron nanoparticles. Digest journal of nanomaterials and biostructures, 6(4), 1771-1776.
Zaid, A., Ahmad, B., Jaleel, H., Wani, S. H. & Hasanuzzaman, M. (2020). A critical review on iron toxicity and tolerance in plants: role of exogenous phytoprotectants. Plant micronutrients: Deficiency and toxicity management, 83-99. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-49856-6_4
Zand, A. D. & Tabrizi, A. M. (2021). Effect of zero-valent iron nanoparticles on the phytoextraction ability of Kochia scoparia and its response in Pb contaminated soil. Environmental Engineering Research, 26(4). DOI: https://doi.org/10.4491/eer.2020.227
Zeledón-Toruño, Z. C., Lao-Luque, C., de Las Heras, F. X. C., & Sole-Sardans, M. (2007). Removal of PAHs from water using an immature coal (leonardite). Chemosphere, 67(3), 505–512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemos phere.20 06.09.047
Zhang, B., Guo, Y., Huo, J., Xie, H., Xu, C., & Liang, S. (2020). Combining chemical oxidation and bioremediation for petroleum polluted soil remediation by BC-nZVI activated persulfate. Chemical Engineering Journal, 382, 123055. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.20 06.09.0 47
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Synergistic impacts of synthesized zero-valent iron nanoparticles (nZVI) on phytoremediation of lead (Pb) contaminated soil using Tagetus erecta L. (2024). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 16(4), 1618-1626. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v16i4.6050
