Larval growth, silk production and economic traits of Bombyx mori under the influence of honey-enriched mulberry diet
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Abstract
The impact of honey on the silkworm, Bombyx mori was demonstrated with reference to the larval growth, silk gland proteins and economic parameters of sericulture. The honey works well at a concentration of 2% in distilled water. At this concentration it promotes growth rates in the silkworm larvae during fifth instar development. It positively reinforces the day-to-day larval growth rate by 4.75 additional percentile points, silk gland growth rate by 4.45 additional percentile points and the gland-body ratio by additional 6.64 percentile points. It stimulates silk protein synthesis in all the three segments of the silk gland, viz., the anterior, middle and posterior parts. Under its influence, the silk gland protein profiles grew significantly by 14.85 additional percentile points in the anterior silk gland (ASG), minimally by 8.68 additional percentile points in the middle silk gland (MSG) and maximally by 15.17 additional percentile points in the posterior silk gland (MSG), compared to their control values. It also stimulates the core shell protein synthesis by 18% and retards floss protein synthesis by ~25% in the three segments of silk gland. In doing so, it contributes to sericulture industry by causing improvements in profit making economic traits such as gland-body ratio, cocoon weight, shell weight, raw silk weight, denier and renditta and by reducing the production of floss, which contributes to loss in the sericulture industry. Honey is suggested as a profitable supplementary diet for
silkworm.
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Keywords
Bombyx mori, Larval growth, Honey, Silk proteins, Economic traits
References
Annonymous (2003). Honey Research: Honey- Health and Therapeutic Qualities. The National Honey Board. Retrieved May, 15 2014 from http://www. Nhb.org/down-load/ factsht/ Compendium.Pdf.
Bhattacharya, A. and Kaliwal, B.B. (2004). Influence of mineral potassium permanganate on the biochemical constituents in the fat body and haemolymph of the silkworm, B. mori L. Int. J. Indust. Entomol., 9 (1): 131- 135.
Bhattacharya, A. and Kaliwal, B.B. (2005a). The biochemical effects of potassium chloride on the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. Insect. Science, 12:95-100.
Bhattacharya, A. and Kaliwal, B.B. (2005b). Synergetic effects of potassium and magnesium chloride on biochemical contents of the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. Caspian. J. Env. Sci., 3(1): 1-7.
Bhattacharya, A. and Kaliwal, B.B. (2005c). Fortification of mulberry leaves with mineral Magnesium chloride (MgCl2) on Biochemical contents of the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. The Philippine Agricultural Scientist, 38(3): 337-340.
Bohidar, K., Sahoo, B.S. and Singh, D.K. (2007).Effect of different varieties of mulberry leaves on economic parameters of the silkworm Bombyx mori L. under Orissa climate. Bull. Ind. Acad. Seric., 11: 60-64.
Chakrabarty, S. and Kaliwal, B.B. (2011). Supplementation with Potassium carbonate, magnesium carbonate and their synergetic effects on the economic traits of the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. World Journal of Science and Technology, 1 (5): 10-23.
Cooper, R.A., Molan P.C. and Harding, K.G (2002). The sensitivity to honey of gram- positive cocci of clinical significance isolated from wounds. J. Appl. Microbiol., 93 (5): 857-863.
Council of European Union (2002). Council Directive 2001/110/Ec of 20 December 2001 relating to honey. Offic. J. the. Europ. Comm., LIO.47-52.
David Ball, W. (2007).The Chemical composition of honey. Chem. Educ., 84 (10): p. 1643.
Eileen De Mars (2003).The importance of honey. National Honey Board.No. 650: 123- 135.
Etebari, K. and Matindoost, L. (2005). Application of multi- vitamins as nutrients on biological and economical characteristics of silkworm Bombyx mori L. J. Asia- Pacific Entomol., 8:1-6.
Falco, G., Gomez-Catalan, C., Llobet, J.M. and Domingo, J.L. (2003). Contribution of medicinal plants to the dietary intake of various toxic elements in Catalonia, Spain. Trace Elem. Electrolyte, 20: 120-124.
Garcia, J.C.R., Garcia, J.B., Latorre, C.H., Martin, S.G. and Crecent, R.M.P. (2005). Comparison of Palladium- magnesium nitrate and ammonium di hydrogen phosphate modifiers for lead determination in honey by electro thermal atomic absorption modifiers spectrometry. Food Chem., 91: 435-439.
Hou, Y., Xia, Q., Zhao, P., Zou, Y., Liu, H., Guan, J., Gong, J. and Xiang, Z. (2007). Studies on middle and posterior silk glands of silkworm (Bombyx mori) using two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol.,37:486-496.
Hussain, M. and Javed, H. (2002). Effect of 0.2% of N with various combination of ascorbic acid on growth and silk production of silkworm Bombyx mori L. Asian J. Plant Sci., 1: 650-651.
Iglesias, M.T., De Lorenzo, C., Polo, M. D-C., Martin- Avarez and Pueyo, E. (2004). Usefulness honey dew and floral honey. Application to honeys from a small geographic area. J. Agric. Food. Chem., 52: 84-89.
Jin, Y.X., Chen, Y.Y., Xu, M.K. and Y.H. Jiang (2004). Studies on middle silk gland portions of cocoon colour sex-limited silkworm (Bombyx mori) using two dimen-sional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. J. Bio-Sci.,29:45-49.
Kanafi, R.R., Ebadi, R., Mirhosseini, S.Z., Seindavi, AR., Zolfaghari, M. and Eteban, K. (2007). A review on nutritive effect of mulberry leaves enrichment with vitamins on economic parameters traits and biological parameters of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. Indian Sericulture Journal, 4: 86-91.
Kavitha, S., Sivaprasad, S., Bano Saidulla and Yellamma, K. (2012). Effect of zinc chloride and zinc sulphate on the silkworm, Bombyx mori growth, tissue proteins and economic parameters of sericulture. The Bioscan, 7(2):189-195.
Krishnaswami, S. (1986). New Technology of silkworm rearing. Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore, India.
Kyung, H.S., Su, J.J., Yong, R.S., Seok, W.K. and Sung, S.H. (2006). Identification of up-regulated proteins in the haemolymph of immunized. Bombyx mori larvae. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., Dl: 260-266.
Laskar, N. and Datta, M. (2000). Effect of alfalfa tonic and its organic in gradients on growth and development of silkworm Bombyx mori L. race instar. Environ. Ecol., 18:591-596.
Lowry, O.H., Rosenbrough, N.J., Farra, L. and Randall, R.J. (1951). Protein measurement with folin phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem.,33:19-27.
Nirmala, X., Mitta, K., Vanisree, V., Zurovec, M. and Sehnal, F. (2001). Identification of four small molecular mass proteins in the silk of Bombyx mori. Insect Mol., 10: 437-445.
Rahmathulla, V.K., Priyabrata Das, Ramesh, M. and Rajan, R.K. (2007). Growth rate pattern and economic traits of silkworm, Bombyx mori, L. under the influence of folic acid administration. J. Appl. Sci.Environ.Manage.,11: 81-84.
Rajabi, R., Ebadi, R., Fazilati, M., and Mirhoseini, S.Z. (2006a). Nutritive effects of mulberry leaves enrichment with riboflavin vitamin on bio-economic characters of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. 9th Arab Congress of plant Protection, 19-23, November, Damascus, Syria.
Ramirez, C.M.A., Gonzales Novel, S.A. and Sauri Duch, E. (2000).Effect of the temporary thermic treatment of honey on variation of the quality of the same during storage. Apiacta, 35: 162-170.
Sailaja, B. and Sivaprasad, S. (2010). Photoperiodic modulation of circadian rhythms in the silk gland protein profiles of Bombyx mori and its influence on the silk productivity and quality. J. Appl. & Nat. Sci., 2: 48-56.
Sanappa, B., Ramaiah, M. J. and Chandrappa, D. (2002). Influence of castor genotype on consumption indices of eri silkworm sumia Cynthia ricini. Bioduval. Environ. Ecol., 20: 960-964.
Sivaprasad, S. (2012). Simple method for calculation periodical growth rates in animals and plants. J. Bio. Innov., (5):114-119.
Sivaprasad, S. and Thulasi, N.(2014). Determination of mini-mum effective concentration of honey for optimal growth, metabolism and silk production in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Ind. J.Appl. Res., 4 (12): 542-545.
Shimura, K. (1993). Physiology and biology of spinning in Bombyx mori. Experientia ,39: 44- 450.
Takasu, Y., Yamada, H., Saito, H. and Tsubouchi, K. (2005). Characterization of Bombyx mori sericins by the partial amino acid sequences. J. Insect Biotechnology and Sericology, 74:103-109.
Taormina, P. J., Niemira, A. B. and Beuchat, L.R. (2001). Inhibitory activity of honey against food borne pathogens as influenced by the presence of hydrogen peroxide and level of antioxidant power. Int. J. Food Microbiology, 69 (3): 217-225.
Thilsath Fathima Quraiza, M., Raja Rathi, C., Tamil Muthu, P., Sam Manohar Das, S. and Ramani Bai, M. (2008). A study on the effect of ascorbic acid in modifying tissue protein content and economic traits of Bombyx mori. L. Journal of Basic and Applied Biology, 2 (3&4): 32-35.
Thulasi, N. and Sivaprasad, S. (2013). Synergetic effect of ascorbic acid and lemon juice on the growth and protein synthesis in the silkworm, Bombyx mori and its influence on economic traits of sericulture. J. Bio. Innov., 2(4): 168-183.
Thulasi, N. and Sivaprasad, S. (2014). Impact of feeding of lemon juice- enriched mulberry leaves on the larval growth, protein profiles and economic traits in the silk worm, Bombyx mori. Ind. J. Appl. Res., 4 (2):36-44.
Yamaoka, K., Hoshino, M. and Hirai, T. (1971). Role of sensory hairs on the anal papillae inoviposition behaviour of Bombyx mori. L. J. Insect Physiol., 47: 2327-2336.
Zhang, P.B., Aso, Y.K., Yamamoto, B.Y., Wang, Y.Q., Tsuchida, K.Y., Kawagnchi, H. and Fujii.(2006). Proteome analysis of silk gland proteins from the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Proteomics, 6:2586-2599.
Bhattacharya, A. and Kaliwal, B.B. (2004). Influence of mineral potassium permanganate on the biochemical constituents in the fat body and haemolymph of the silkworm, B. mori L. Int. J. Indust. Entomol., 9 (1): 131- 135.
Bhattacharya, A. and Kaliwal, B.B. (2005a). The biochemical effects of potassium chloride on the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. Insect. Science, 12:95-100.
Bhattacharya, A. and Kaliwal, B.B. (2005b). Synergetic effects of potassium and magnesium chloride on biochemical contents of the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. Caspian. J. Env. Sci., 3(1): 1-7.
Bhattacharya, A. and Kaliwal, B.B. (2005c). Fortification of mulberry leaves with mineral Magnesium chloride (MgCl2) on Biochemical contents of the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. The Philippine Agricultural Scientist, 38(3): 337-340.
Bohidar, K., Sahoo, B.S. and Singh, D.K. (2007).Effect of different varieties of mulberry leaves on economic parameters of the silkworm Bombyx mori L. under Orissa climate. Bull. Ind. Acad. Seric., 11: 60-64.
Chakrabarty, S. and Kaliwal, B.B. (2011). Supplementation with Potassium carbonate, magnesium carbonate and their synergetic effects on the economic traits of the silkworm, Bombyx mori L. World Journal of Science and Technology, 1 (5): 10-23.
Cooper, R.A., Molan P.C. and Harding, K.G (2002). The sensitivity to honey of gram- positive cocci of clinical significance isolated from wounds. J. Appl. Microbiol., 93 (5): 857-863.
Council of European Union (2002). Council Directive 2001/110/Ec of 20 December 2001 relating to honey. Offic. J. the. Europ. Comm., LIO.47-52.
David Ball, W. (2007).The Chemical composition of honey. Chem. Educ., 84 (10): p. 1643.
Eileen De Mars (2003).The importance of honey. National Honey Board.No. 650: 123- 135.
Etebari, K. and Matindoost, L. (2005). Application of multi- vitamins as nutrients on biological and economical characteristics of silkworm Bombyx mori L. J. Asia- Pacific Entomol., 8:1-6.
Falco, G., Gomez-Catalan, C., Llobet, J.M. and Domingo, J.L. (2003). Contribution of medicinal plants to the dietary intake of various toxic elements in Catalonia, Spain. Trace Elem. Electrolyte, 20: 120-124.
Garcia, J.C.R., Garcia, J.B., Latorre, C.H., Martin, S.G. and Crecent, R.M.P. (2005). Comparison of Palladium- magnesium nitrate and ammonium di hydrogen phosphate modifiers for lead determination in honey by electro thermal atomic absorption modifiers spectrometry. Food Chem., 91: 435-439.
Hou, Y., Xia, Q., Zhao, P., Zou, Y., Liu, H., Guan, J., Gong, J. and Xiang, Z. (2007). Studies on middle and posterior silk glands of silkworm (Bombyx mori) using two-dimensional electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol.,37:486-496.
Hussain, M. and Javed, H. (2002). Effect of 0.2% of N with various combination of ascorbic acid on growth and silk production of silkworm Bombyx mori L. Asian J. Plant Sci., 1: 650-651.
Iglesias, M.T., De Lorenzo, C., Polo, M. D-C., Martin- Avarez and Pueyo, E. (2004). Usefulness honey dew and floral honey. Application to honeys from a small geographic area. J. Agric. Food. Chem., 52: 84-89.
Jin, Y.X., Chen, Y.Y., Xu, M.K. and Y.H. Jiang (2004). Studies on middle silk gland portions of cocoon colour sex-limited silkworm (Bombyx mori) using two dimen-sional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. J. Bio-Sci.,29:45-49.
Kanafi, R.R., Ebadi, R., Mirhosseini, S.Z., Seindavi, AR., Zolfaghari, M. and Eteban, K. (2007). A review on nutritive effect of mulberry leaves enrichment with vitamins on economic parameters traits and biological parameters of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. Indian Sericulture Journal, 4: 86-91.
Kavitha, S., Sivaprasad, S., Bano Saidulla and Yellamma, K. (2012). Effect of zinc chloride and zinc sulphate on the silkworm, Bombyx mori growth, tissue proteins and economic parameters of sericulture. The Bioscan, 7(2):189-195.
Krishnaswami, S. (1986). New Technology of silkworm rearing. Central Sericultural Research and Training Institute, Mysore, India.
Kyung, H.S., Su, J.J., Yong, R.S., Seok, W.K. and Sung, S.H. (2006). Identification of up-regulated proteins in the haemolymph of immunized. Bombyx mori larvae. Comp. Biochem. Physiol., Dl: 260-266.
Laskar, N. and Datta, M. (2000). Effect of alfalfa tonic and its organic in gradients on growth and development of silkworm Bombyx mori L. race instar. Environ. Ecol., 18:591-596.
Lowry, O.H., Rosenbrough, N.J., Farra, L. and Randall, R.J. (1951). Protein measurement with folin phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem.,33:19-27.
Nirmala, X., Mitta, K., Vanisree, V., Zurovec, M. and Sehnal, F. (2001). Identification of four small molecular mass proteins in the silk of Bombyx mori. Insect Mol., 10: 437-445.
Rahmathulla, V.K., Priyabrata Das, Ramesh, M. and Rajan, R.K. (2007). Growth rate pattern and economic traits of silkworm, Bombyx mori, L. under the influence of folic acid administration. J. Appl. Sci.Environ.Manage.,11: 81-84.
Rajabi, R., Ebadi, R., Fazilati, M., and Mirhoseini, S.Z. (2006a). Nutritive effects of mulberry leaves enrichment with riboflavin vitamin on bio-economic characters of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. 9th Arab Congress of plant Protection, 19-23, November, Damascus, Syria.
Ramirez, C.M.A., Gonzales Novel, S.A. and Sauri Duch, E. (2000).Effect of the temporary thermic treatment of honey on variation of the quality of the same during storage. Apiacta, 35: 162-170.
Sailaja, B. and Sivaprasad, S. (2010). Photoperiodic modulation of circadian rhythms in the silk gland protein profiles of Bombyx mori and its influence on the silk productivity and quality. J. Appl. & Nat. Sci., 2: 48-56.
Sanappa, B., Ramaiah, M. J. and Chandrappa, D. (2002). Influence of castor genotype on consumption indices of eri silkworm sumia Cynthia ricini. Bioduval. Environ. Ecol., 20: 960-964.
Sivaprasad, S. (2012). Simple method for calculation periodical growth rates in animals and plants. J. Bio. Innov., (5):114-119.
Sivaprasad, S. and Thulasi, N.(2014). Determination of mini-mum effective concentration of honey for optimal growth, metabolism and silk production in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Ind. J.Appl. Res., 4 (12): 542-545.
Shimura, K. (1993). Physiology and biology of spinning in Bombyx mori. Experientia ,39: 44- 450.
Takasu, Y., Yamada, H., Saito, H. and Tsubouchi, K. (2005). Characterization of Bombyx mori sericins by the partial amino acid sequences. J. Insect Biotechnology and Sericology, 74:103-109.
Taormina, P. J., Niemira, A. B. and Beuchat, L.R. (2001). Inhibitory activity of honey against food borne pathogens as influenced by the presence of hydrogen peroxide and level of antioxidant power. Int. J. Food Microbiology, 69 (3): 217-225.
Thilsath Fathima Quraiza, M., Raja Rathi, C., Tamil Muthu, P., Sam Manohar Das, S. and Ramani Bai, M. (2008). A study on the effect of ascorbic acid in modifying tissue protein content and economic traits of Bombyx mori. L. Journal of Basic and Applied Biology, 2 (3&4): 32-35.
Thulasi, N. and Sivaprasad, S. (2013). Synergetic effect of ascorbic acid and lemon juice on the growth and protein synthesis in the silkworm, Bombyx mori and its influence on economic traits of sericulture. J. Bio. Innov., 2(4): 168-183.
Thulasi, N. and Sivaprasad, S. (2014). Impact of feeding of lemon juice- enriched mulberry leaves on the larval growth, protein profiles and economic traits in the silk worm, Bombyx mori. Ind. J. Appl. Res., 4 (2):36-44.
Yamaoka, K., Hoshino, M. and Hirai, T. (1971). Role of sensory hairs on the anal papillae inoviposition behaviour of Bombyx mori. L. J. Insect Physiol., 47: 2327-2336.
Zhang, P.B., Aso, Y.K., Yamamoto, B.Y., Wang, Y.Q., Tsuchida, K.Y., Kawagnchi, H. and Fujii.(2006). Proteome analysis of silk gland proteins from the silkworm, Bombyx mori. Proteomics, 6:2586-2599.
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Larval growth, silk production and economic traits of Bombyx mori under the influence of honey-enriched mulberry diet. (2015). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 7(1), 286-292. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v7i1.603
