Isolation and identification of pathogenic bacteria from drinking tap water and Tigris River water sources in Baghdad
Article Main
Abstract
Water is a resource and a crucial aspect of living and surviving. In Iraq, the Tigris River is one of the most critical water sources. The present study aimed to provide an insight analysis of some water quality parameters including the microbial content of drinkable tap water and river water. Ten Water samples (T1- T10) in triplicate were collected from sampling sites -Site I (Tap water) from home water taps, supplied by the Water Filtration Station/ Al Karama Project/ Al-Karkh> 10 from Site II (R1- R10)River water from Tigris River (around or near the Water Filtration Station/ Al Karama Project) every week (from September to half of November 2022), then were immediately placed in sterile bottles and transported to Microbiology lab for the analysis. Site I, turbidity was (0.7- 6) NTU. Free Chlorine availability was 0.5- 3.5 mg/L>CFU/ mL ranged from 0 to 40 in Total Plate Count (TPC);membrane filtration method (MFM) was unsatisfactory (T1, T8,T9), other samples were satisfactory. Site II, coliform result was 5200- 9200 CFU/ 100mL;Lauryl Tryptose broth (11000–49000) MPN/100mL,;Brilliant Green Bile broth (6900–17000 MPN/100mL); EC-MUG (E. coli medium with 4-methylumbelliferyl-β-D-glucuronide) was4900- 22000 MPN/100mL and EC-Broth was 4900- 22000 MPN/100mL. m-Endo Agar LES was +ve for all samples. All Tigris River water samples , were contaminated with coliform bacteria: E. coli, C. freundii, and Sphingomonas paucimobilis (sample R2) as non-coliform. Site I were drinkable and reliable, corresponding to Iraqi and WHO typical parameters, while Site II was under standardization.
Article Details
Article Details
Keywords
Coliform, Non-coliform, Tap water analysis, Tigris River, Water contamination
References
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Al-Mayah, W. T., & Rabee, A. M. (2018). Application of Overall Index of Pollution (OIP) for the Evaluating of the Water Quality in Al-Gharraf River southern of Iraq. Iraqi Journal of Science, 59(2A), 660–669. https://ijs.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/eijs/article/view/319
Arifan, F., Winarni, S., Wahyuningsih, W., Pudjihastuti, I., & Broto, R. T. D. (2019). Total Plate Count (TPC) Analysis of Processed Ginger on Tlogowungu Village. International Conference on Maritime and Archipelago (ICoMA 2018) (pp. 377-379). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/icoma-18.2019.80
Bai, V. R., Kit, A. C., Kangadharan, G., Gopinath, R., Varadarajan, P., & Hao, A. J. (2022). Experimental study on total coliform violations in the complied NH2CL, O3, and UV treated municipal water supply system. The European Physical Journal Plus, 137(6), 689. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-022-02891-5
Balogun, S. A., Ayangbenro, A. S., Ogunsanya, G. L., Azeez, A. A., Muonaka, C. O., & Ihongbe, M. (2017). Bacteriological pollution indicators in Ogun River flowing through Abeokuta Metropolis. Journal of Science and Technology (Ghana), 36(3), 54–63. https://doi.org/10.4314/just.v36i3.6
Cayabo, G. B., Omar J., D. M., Mabuhay-Omar, J. A. & Bacosa, H. P. (2021). Bacteriological assessment of the recreational water of Bacuit Bay, El Nido, Palawan, Philippines. The Palawan Scientist, 13(1): 44-58.
Cheong, H. (2017). Changes of Clinical Manifestations of Sphingomonas paucimobilis Bacteremia. Open Forum Infectious Diseases, 4(1), S559. https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofx163.1459
Cho, S., Hiott, L. M., Woodley, T. A., Frye, J. G., & Jackson, C. R. (2020). Evaluation of a new chromogenic agar for the detection of environmental Enterococcus. Journal of Microbiological Methods, 178, 106082. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2020.106082
De Vries, H. J., Marshall, I. P. G., Schreiber, L., & Plugge, C. M. (2017). Draft Genome Sequence of Sphingomonas sp. Strain Sph1(2015), Isolated from a Fouled Membrane Filter Used to Produce Drinking Water. Genome Announcements, 5(24). https://doi.org/10.1128/genomea.00517-17
Denchak, M. (2023). Water Pollution Definition - Types, Causes, Effects. https://www.nrdc.org/stories/water-pollution-everything-you-need-know#whatis
Dhafin, A., Putri, E., Muslikh, F., & Prasetyawan, F. (2023). Total Plate Count Test for Bacteria in Home industry Baby Porridge in the Malang City Area. Contemporary Journal of Applied Sciences (CJAS), 1 (1), 25–32. https://doi.org/10.55927/cjas.v1i1.7036
Fallon, D., Andrews, N., Frodsham, D., Gee, B., Howe, S., Iliffe, A., Nye, K. J., & Warren, R. E. (2002). A comparison of the performance of cystine lactose electrolyte deficient (CLED) agar with Oxoid chromogenic urinary tract infection (CUTI) medium for the isolation and presumptive identification of organisms from urine. Journal of clinical pathology, 55(7), 524–529. https://doi.org/10.1136/jcp.55.7.524
Halkman, H. B. D., & Halkman, A. K. (2014). Indicator Organisms. In C. A. Batt & M. lou Tortorello (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology (Second Edition) (pp. 358–363). Academic Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-384730-0.00396-7
Hammadi, A. H., Khamas, K. M., & Ali, Z. H. (2021). Bacteriological study of water tributary Zab down and its impact on the environment the waters of the Tigris River. Baghdad Science Journal, 2(4), 585–592. https://bsj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BSJ/article/view/653
Hasan, S. A. R., Al-Jubori, S., S., & Salman, J A. S. (2021). Molecular analysis of fima operon genes among UPEC local isolates in Baghdad city. Archives of Razi Institute, 76(4), 829–840. https://doi.org/10.22092/ari.2021.355465.1689
Humudat, Y. R., Al‐Naseri, S. K., & Al‐Fatlawy, Y. F. (2020). Assessment of microbial contamination levels of water in hemodialysis centers in Baghdad, Iraq. Water Environment Research, 92(9), 1325–1333. DOI: 10.1002/wer.1329
Iraqi Criteria and Standard of Waters Chemical Limits, ICS/13.060.20 number 417/2009, second update.2009.
Iraqi Criteria and Standard of Waters Microbial Limits, ICS/7.100.20/2011 number 2270/14, first update.2015.
Islam, M. S., Pramanik, P. K., Rana, M. L., Ramasamy, S., Schreinemachers, P., Oliva, R., & Rahman, M. T. (2024). Draft genome sequence of multidrug-resistant Citrobacter freundii MTR_GS_V1777 strain isolated from a spinach (Spinacia oleracea) sample in Gazipur, Bangladesh. Microbiology Resource Announcements, 13(2). https://doi.org/10.1128/mra.01082-23
Jabeen, I., Islam, S., Hassan, A. K., Tasnim, Z., & Shuvo, S. R. (2023). A brief insight into Citrobacter species - a growing threat to public health. Frontiers in Antibiotics, 2, 1276982. https://doi.org/10.3389/frabi.2023.1276982
Karah, N., Rafei, R., Elamin, W., Ghazy, A., Abbara, A., Hamzé, M., & Uhlin, B. E. (2020). Guideline for Urine Culture and Biochemical identification of Bacterial Urinary Pathogens in Low-Resource Settings. Diagnostics, 10(10), 832. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics10100832
Kristanti, R. A., Hadibarata, T., Syafrudin, M., Yılmaz, M., & Abdullah, S. (2022). Microbiological contaminants in drinking water: Current status and challenges. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 233(8). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-022-05698-3
Kumar, R., Qureshi, M., Vishwakarma, D. K., Al-Ansari, N., Kuriqi, A., Elbeltagi, A., & Saraswat, A. (2022). A review on emerging water contaminants and the application of sustainable removal technologies. Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering, 6, 100219. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CSCEE.2022.100219
LeChevallier, M. W., Evans, T. M., & Seidler, R. J. (1981). Effect of turbidity on chlorination efficiency and bacterial persistence in drinking water. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 42(1), 159–167. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.42.1.159-167.1981
Li, Z., Ding, Z., Yang, J., Liu, et al. (2021). Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in Southwest China: Molecular Characteristics and Risk Factors Caused by KPC and NDM Producers. Infection and drug resistance, 14, 3145–3158. https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S324244
Lisafitri, Y., Kardena, E., & Helmy, Q. (2024). Potential, isolation, and characterization of bacteria isolates from a coal ash dumpsite for recovery of nickel from coal fly ash. E3S Web of Conferences, 485, 05001. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202448505001
Maalah, W., & ALAzzawi, M. (2023). Pollutionary effect of the Medical city waste water on the Tigris river bacterial indicators on Baghdad city. Iraqi Journal of Science, 55(1), 106–112. https://ijs.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/eijs/article/view/11933
Mackey, J. P., & Sandys, G. (1966). Diagnosis of urinary infections. The BMJ, 1(5496), 1173. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.1.5496.1173
Mollasalehi, H., & Esmaili, F. (2023). Development and evaluation of a colorimetric LAMP-based biosensor for rapid detection of a nosocomial infection agent, Citrobacter freundii. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-49329-1
Monte, D. F., Cao, G., Pedrosa, G. T., Saraiva, M. M., Balkey, M., et al. (2024). Genomic analysis of a cAmpC (CMY-41)-producing Citrobacter freundii ST64 isolated from patient. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 77(2). https://doi.org/10.1093/lambio/ovae010
Nsief, R. M., Abdullah, A., & Al Azawy, A. A. (2012). Study of Water Quality of Diyala River in some regions of Middle-Lower Basin. Scientific Journal of Karbla University, 10(2), 221-234.
Pan, L., Yang, Y., Peng, Y., Li, D., Khan, T. A., Chen, P., Yan, L., Hu, S., Ding, X., Sun, Y., Xia, L., & Yi, G. (2021). The novel pathogenic Citrobacter freundii (CFC202) isolated from diseased crucian carp (Carassius auratus) and its ghost vaccine as a new prophylactic strategy against infection. Aquaculture, 533, 736190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.736190
Rice, E. W., Bridgewater, L., & Association, A. P. H. (2012). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater (Vol. 10). American public health association.
Rinawati, W., & Kumalawati, J. (2022). Sphingomonas paucimobilis infection in subcutaneous abdominal preservation of bone flap after craniotomy. Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 16(02), 388–391. https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.15369
Rodriguez-Narvaez, O. M., Peralta-Hernandez, J. M., Goonetilleke, A., & Bandala, E. R. (2017). Treatment technologies for emerging contaminants in water: A review. Chemical Engineering Journal, 323, 361–380. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CEJ.2017.04.106
Rompré, A., Servais, P., Baudart, J., De-Roubin, M., & Laurent, P. (2002). Detection and enumeration of coliforms in drinking water: Current methods and emerging approaches. Journal of Microbiological Methods, 49(1), 31-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-7012(01)00351-7
Sagar, D. (2024). Community Acquired Sphingomonas paucimobilis: Instigator or an Innocent Bystander. Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology, 48, 100524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmmb.2023.100524
Sarni, A., Malaka, R., Hajrawati, H., & Tamal, M. (2023). Total plate count, Staphylococcus aureus, and pH of commercial beef meatball in Makassar. In AIP Conference Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0144064
Sharma, P. D., & Sharma, P. D. (2012). Ecology and environment. Rastogi Publications. Google Books. (n.d.). Retrieved June 19, 2024, from https://books.google.iq/books
Singh, R. K., Iqbal, S. A., & Seth, P. C. (2021). Bacteriological pollution in a stretch of river Narmada at Hoshangabad, Madhya Pradesh. POLLUTION RESEARCH, 20(2), 211–213.ResearchGate.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290228649_Bacteriological_pollution_in_a_stretch_of_river_Narmada_at_Hoshangabad_Madhya_Pradesh
Some, S., Mondal, R., Mitra, D., Jain, D., Verma, D., & Das, S. (2021). Microbial pollution of water with special reference to coliform bacteria and their nexus with environment. Energy Nexus, 1, 100008. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nexus.2021.100008
Tominaga, T., & Ishii, M. (2020). Detection of microorganisms with lateral flow test strips. Methods in Microbiology (Vol. 47). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/BS.MIM.2019.11.007
WHO, World Health Organization (2012). Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality" 4th ED Geneva 27, Switzerland. 2012.
Zhou, W., Chen, Q., Qian, C., Shen, K., Zhu, X., et al. (2019). In Vitro Susceptibility and Florfenicol Resistance in Citrobacter Isolates and Whole-Genome Analysis of Multidrug-Resistant Citrobacter freundii. International Journal of Genomics, 2019, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/7191935
Al Fatlawy, Y. F. K., Kadhim, F., & Mahdii, B. A. (2023). Evaluation of the Drinking water in some Hospitals in Baghdad. Bionatura (Ibarra - Impresa), 8(4), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.21931/rb/2023.08.04.52
Al-Dulaimi, G., & Younes, M. (2017). Assessment of Potable Water Quality in Baghdad City, Iraq. Air, Soil and Water Research, 10 (1). https://doi.org/10.1177/1178622117733441
Al-Mayah, W. T., & Rabee, A. M. (2018). Application of Overall Index of Pollution (OIP) for the Evaluating of the Water Quality in Al-Gharraf River southern of Iraq. Iraqi Journal of Science, 59(2A), 660–669. https://ijs.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/eijs/article/view/319
Arifan, F., Winarni, S., Wahyuningsih, W., Pudjihastuti, I., & Broto, R. T. D. (2019). Total Plate Count (TPC) Analysis of Processed Ginger on Tlogowungu Village. International Conference on Maritime and Archipelago (ICoMA 2018) (pp. 377-379). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/icoma-18.2019.80
Bai, V. R., Kit, A. C., Kangadharan, G., Gopinath, R., Varadarajan, P., & Hao, A. J. (2022). Experimental study on total coliform violations in the complied NH2CL, O3, and UV treated municipal water supply system. The European Physical Journal Plus, 137(6), 689. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjp/s13360-022-02891-5
Balogun, S. A., Ayangbenro, A. S., Ogunsanya, G. L., Azeez, A. A., Muonaka, C. O., & Ihongbe, M. (2017). Bacteriological pollution indicators in Ogun River flowing through Abeokuta Metropolis. Journal of Science and Technology (Ghana), 36(3), 54–63. https://doi.org/10.4314/just.v36i3.6
Cayabo, G. B., Omar J., D. M., Mabuhay-Omar, J. A. & Bacosa, H. P. (2021). Bacteriological assessment of the recreational water of Bacuit Bay, El Nido, Palawan, Philippines. The Palawan Scientist, 13(1): 44-58.
Cheong, H. (2017). Changes of Clinical Manifestations of Sphingomonas paucimobilis Bacteremia. Open Forum Infectious Diseases, 4(1), S559. https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofx163.1459
Cho, S., Hiott, L. M., Woodley, T. A., Frye, J. G., & Jackson, C. R. (2020). Evaluation of a new chromogenic agar for the detection of environmental Enterococcus. Journal of Microbiological Methods, 178, 106082. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mimet.2020.106082
De Vries, H. J., Marshall, I. P. G., Schreiber, L., & Plugge, C. M. (2017). Draft Genome Sequence of Sphingomonas sp. Strain Sph1(2015), Isolated from a Fouled Membrane Filter Used to Produce Drinking Water. Genome Announcements, 5(24). https://doi.org/10.1128/genomea.00517-17
Denchak, M. (2023). Water Pollution Definition - Types, Causes, Effects. https://www.nrdc.org/stories/water-pollution-everything-you-need-know#whatis
Dhafin, A., Putri, E., Muslikh, F., & Prasetyawan, F. (2023). Total Plate Count Test for Bacteria in Home industry Baby Porridge in the Malang City Area. Contemporary Journal of Applied Sciences (CJAS), 1 (1), 25–32. https://doi.org/10.55927/cjas.v1i1.7036
Fallon, D., Andrews, N., Frodsham, D., Gee, B., Howe, S., Iliffe, A., Nye, K. J., & Warren, R. E. (2002). A comparison of the performance of cystine lactose electrolyte deficient (CLED) agar with Oxoid chromogenic urinary tract infection (CUTI) medium for the isolation and presumptive identification of organisms from urine. Journal of clinical pathology, 55(7), 524–529. https://doi.org/10.1136/jcp.55.7.524
Halkman, H. B. D., & Halkman, A. K. (2014). Indicator Organisms. In C. A. Batt & M. lou Tortorello (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Food Microbiology (Second Edition) (pp. 358–363). Academic Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-384730-0.00396-7
Hammadi, A. H., Khamas, K. M., & Ali, Z. H. (2021). Bacteriological study of water tributary Zab down and its impact on the environment the waters of the Tigris River. Baghdad Science Journal, 2(4), 585–592. https://bsj.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/BSJ/article/view/653
Hasan, S. A. R., Al-Jubori, S., S., & Salman, J A. S. (2021). Molecular analysis of fima operon genes among UPEC local isolates in Baghdad city. Archives of Razi Institute, 76(4), 829–840. https://doi.org/10.22092/ari.2021.355465.1689
Humudat, Y. R., Al‐Naseri, S. K., & Al‐Fatlawy, Y. F. (2020). Assessment of microbial contamination levels of water in hemodialysis centers in Baghdad, Iraq. Water Environment Research, 92(9), 1325–1333. DOI: 10.1002/wer.1329
Iraqi Criteria and Standard of Waters Chemical Limits, ICS/13.060.20 number 417/2009, second update.2009.
Iraqi Criteria and Standard of Waters Microbial Limits, ICS/7.100.20/2011 number 2270/14, first update.2015.
Islam, M. S., Pramanik, P. K., Rana, M. L., Ramasamy, S., Schreinemachers, P., Oliva, R., & Rahman, M. T. (2024). Draft genome sequence of multidrug-resistant Citrobacter freundii MTR_GS_V1777 strain isolated from a spinach (Spinacia oleracea) sample in Gazipur, Bangladesh. Microbiology Resource Announcements, 13(2). https://doi.org/10.1128/mra.01082-23
Jabeen, I., Islam, S., Hassan, A. K., Tasnim, Z., & Shuvo, S. R. (2023). A brief insight into Citrobacter species - a growing threat to public health. Frontiers in Antibiotics, 2, 1276982. https://doi.org/10.3389/frabi.2023.1276982
Karah, N., Rafei, R., Elamin, W., Ghazy, A., Abbara, A., Hamzé, M., & Uhlin, B. E. (2020). Guideline for Urine Culture and Biochemical identification of Bacterial Urinary Pathogens in Low-Resource Settings. Diagnostics, 10(10), 832. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics10100832
Kristanti, R. A., Hadibarata, T., Syafrudin, M., Yılmaz, M., & Abdullah, S. (2022). Microbiological contaminants in drinking water: Current status and challenges. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 233(8). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-022-05698-3
Kumar, R., Qureshi, M., Vishwakarma, D. K., Al-Ansari, N., Kuriqi, A., Elbeltagi, A., & Saraswat, A. (2022). A review on emerging water contaminants and the application of sustainable removal technologies. Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering, 6, 100219. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CSCEE.2022.100219
LeChevallier, M. W., Evans, T. M., & Seidler, R. J. (1981). Effect of turbidity on chlorination efficiency and bacterial persistence in drinking water. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 42(1), 159–167. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.42.1.159-167.1981
Li, Z., Ding, Z., Yang, J., Liu, et al. (2021). Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in Southwest China: Molecular Characteristics and Risk Factors Caused by KPC and NDM Producers. Infection and drug resistance, 14, 3145–3158. https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S324244
Lisafitri, Y., Kardena, E., & Helmy, Q. (2024). Potential, isolation, and characterization of bacteria isolates from a coal ash dumpsite for recovery of nickel from coal fly ash. E3S Web of Conferences, 485, 05001. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202448505001
Maalah, W., & ALAzzawi, M. (2023). Pollutionary effect of the Medical city waste water on the Tigris river bacterial indicators on Baghdad city. Iraqi Journal of Science, 55(1), 106–112. https://ijs.uobaghdad.edu.iq/index.php/eijs/article/view/11933
Mackey, J. P., & Sandys, G. (1966). Diagnosis of urinary infections. The BMJ, 1(5496), 1173. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.1.5496.1173
Mollasalehi, H., & Esmaili, F. (2023). Development and evaluation of a colorimetric LAMP-based biosensor for rapid detection of a nosocomial infection agent, Citrobacter freundii. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-49329-1
Monte, D. F., Cao, G., Pedrosa, G. T., Saraiva, M. M., Balkey, M., et al. (2024). Genomic analysis of a cAmpC (CMY-41)-producing Citrobacter freundii ST64 isolated from patient. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 77(2). https://doi.org/10.1093/lambio/ovae010
Nsief, R. M., Abdullah, A., & Al Azawy, A. A. (2012). Study of Water Quality of Diyala River in some regions of Middle-Lower Basin. Scientific Journal of Karbla University, 10(2), 221-234.
Pan, L., Yang, Y., Peng, Y., Li, D., Khan, T. A., Chen, P., Yan, L., Hu, S., Ding, X., Sun, Y., Xia, L., & Yi, G. (2021). The novel pathogenic Citrobacter freundii (CFC202) isolated from diseased crucian carp (Carassius auratus) and its ghost vaccine as a new prophylactic strategy against infection. Aquaculture, 533, 736190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.736190
Rice, E. W., Bridgewater, L., & Association, A. P. H. (2012). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater (Vol. 10). American public health association.
Rinawati, W., & Kumalawati, J. (2022). Sphingomonas paucimobilis infection in subcutaneous abdominal preservation of bone flap after craniotomy. Journal of Infection in Developing Countries, 16(02), 388–391. https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.15369
Rodriguez-Narvaez, O. M., Peralta-Hernandez, J. M., Goonetilleke, A., & Bandala, E. R. (2017). Treatment technologies for emerging contaminants in water: A review. Chemical Engineering Journal, 323, 361–380. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CEJ.2017.04.106
Rompré, A., Servais, P., Baudart, J., De-Roubin, M., & Laurent, P. (2002). Detection and enumeration of coliforms in drinking water: Current methods and emerging approaches. Journal of Microbiological Methods, 49(1), 31-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-7012(01)00351-7
Sagar, D. (2024). Community Acquired Sphingomonas paucimobilis: Instigator or an Innocent Bystander. Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology, 48, 100524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijmmb.2023.100524
Sarni, A., Malaka, R., Hajrawati, H., & Tamal, M. (2023). Total plate count, Staphylococcus aureus, and pH of commercial beef meatball in Makassar. In AIP Conference Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0144064
Sharma, P. D., & Sharma, P. D. (2012). Ecology and environment. Rastogi Publications. Google Books. (n.d.). Retrieved June 19, 2024, from https://books.google.iq/books
Singh, R. K., Iqbal, S. A., & Seth, P. C. (2021). Bacteriological pollution in a stretch of river Narmada at Hoshangabad, Madhya Pradesh. POLLUTION RESEARCH, 20(2), 211–213.ResearchGate.https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290228649_Bacteriological_pollution_in_a_stretch_of_river_Narmada_at_Hoshangabad_Madhya_Pradesh
Some, S., Mondal, R., Mitra, D., Jain, D., Verma, D., & Das, S. (2021). Microbial pollution of water with special reference to coliform bacteria and their nexus with environment. Energy Nexus, 1, 100008. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nexus.2021.100008
Tominaga, T., & Ishii, M. (2020). Detection of microorganisms with lateral flow test strips. Methods in Microbiology (Vol. 47). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/BS.MIM.2019.11.007
WHO, World Health Organization (2012). Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality" 4th ED Geneva 27, Switzerland. 2012.
Zhou, W., Chen, Q., Qian, C., Shen, K., Zhu, X., et al. (2019). In Vitro Susceptibility and Florfenicol Resistance in Citrobacter Isolates and Whole-Genome Analysis of Multidrug-Resistant Citrobacter freundii. International Journal of Genomics, 2019, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/7191935
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How to Cite
Isolation and identification of pathogenic bacteria from drinking tap water and Tigris River water sources in Baghdad. (2025). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 17(1), 96-104. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v17i1.5963
