Evaluation of the anticancer potential of Iraqi Date Palma dactylifera L. seed extract on breast cancer MCF7 and prostate cancer PC3 cell lines
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Abstract
Date seeds are rich in many dietary elements, antioxidants, and anti-inflammatory and anticancer phytochemical compounds. The present study aimed to evaluate the anticancer potential of Iraqi Date Palma dactylifera L. seed extracts on breast cancer MCF7 and prostate cancer PC3 cell lines. The seeds were extracted with 70% ethanol and explored for the presence of many anticancer compounds by High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis . The cytotoxicity of date seed extracts on cell lines was studied using 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The cytotoxic assay of multi-parameters was carried out to detect the extract activity on valid cell count, total nuclear intensity, cell membrane permeability, mitochondrial membrane potential and cytochrome C release by using High-Content Screening (HCS) assay. The results of HPLC confirmed the presence of caffeic acid, sinapic acid and gallic acid. The results of MTT assay showed significantly reduced cell viability of MCF7, PC3 and control HdFn cell lines with IC50 of 269,325 and 1499 μg/ml, respectively. Analysis of HCS findings indicated significant changes in all tested parameters at concentrations of 100 μg/ml. Ethanolic extract of seeds was rich in many antioxidant compounds and the extract appeared to have strong cytotoxic activity against both MCF7 and PC3 cancer cell lines. The cells of MCF7 were more sensitive to extract than PC3. The viability of normal HDFn cells was not affected by the extract. The study showed the importance of date seeds as a very effective antioxidant and can contribute to reducing the risk of breast and prostate cancer.
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Keywords
Apoptosis, Breast cancer , Date seeds, Phoenix dactylifera, Prostate cancer
References
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Abraham,V., Towne,J., Waring, U. & Burns, D. (2008). Application of ahigh- content multi parameter cytotoxicity assay to prioritize compounds based on toxicity potential in human .J.Biomol.Screening.13, 527-537. doi: 10.4142/jvs.2019.20.1.34
Adeosun, A. , Oni ,S. , Ighodaro ,O. & Durosinlorun ,O. (2016). Phytochemical, minerals and free radical scavenging profiles of Phoenix dactilyfera L. seed extract. J Taibah Univ Med Sci .11:1-6. DOI:10.1016/j.jtumed.2015.11.006
Akowuah, G.A., Okechukwu, P.N. & Chiam, N.C. (2014). Evaluation of HPLC and spectrophotometric methods for analysis of bioactive constituent berberine in stem extracts of Coscinium fenestratum L. Acta Chromatographica . 26(2):243-254. DOI: 10.1556/AChrom.26.2014.2.4
Al Ghezi1, N. ; El-Basher, A. ; Al-Mossawi1, H. & Al-Rikabi1,A. (2020). Antioxidants Activity of Date Seed Extraction of Some Date Varieties. Medico-legal Update . 20( 1). DOI Number: 10.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194714
Al-Farsi, M . ; Alasalvar, C. & Al-Abid ,M . (2007). Compositional and functional characteristics of dates , syrups , and their products. Food Chem . 104:943-7. DOI:10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.12.051
Al-Farsi, MA . & Lee, CY.(2008). Nutritional and functional properties of dates : areview . Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition , 2008. 48(10):877-887. DOI: 10.1080/10408390701724264
Al-Saffar, A. ;. Al-Shanon, A. ; Al-Brazanchi, S. ; Sabry,F. ; Hassan, F. & Hadi, N. (2017).Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Potentials of Pelargonium graveolens Extract in Human Breast Adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) Cell Line. Asian J. Biochem.12(1): 16- 26. DOI: 10.3923/ajb.2017.16.26
Ardekani, M. ; Khanavi, M. & Hajimahmoodi, M . (2010). Comparison of antioxidant activity and total phenol contents of some date seed varieties from Iran .J. Pharm .Res . 9(2):141-146 . PMID: 24363720
Baldassari S, Balboni A, Drava G, Donghia D, Canepa P, Ailuno G, Caviglioli G. 2023.Phytochemicals and Cancer Treatment: Cell-Derived and Biomimetic Vesicles as Promising Carriers. Pharmaceutics.; 15(5):1445. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15051445.
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Habib, H. ; Platat, C. ; Meudec ,E. ; Cheynier, V. & Ibrahim W.(2014). Polyphenolic compounds in date fruit seed (Phoenix dactylifera): Characterisation and quantification by using UPLC‑DAD‑ESI‑MS. J Sci Food Agric . 94:1084‑9. DOI:10.1002/jsfa.6387
Hajimehdipoor, H.; Kondori, B.M.;Ameen,G.R.;Adib,N.;Rastegar,H. & Shekarchi ,M.(2012). Development of a validated HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of flavonoids in Cuscuta chinensis Lam. by ultra-violet detection.DARU Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences .20:57 . doi: 10.1186/2008-2231-20-57.
Huang, K . ; Chiang, S.; Yang, P. ; Ke, T. & Chao, K.. (2021). Immunogenic Cell Death by the Novel Topoisomerase I Inhibitor TLC388 Enhances the Therapeutic Efficacy of Radiotherapy. Cancers. 13(6). DOI:10.3390/cancers13061218
Hussein ,L. ; Gouda, M. & Buttar ,HS. (2021). Pomegranate, its components and modern deliverable formulations as potential botanicals in the prevention and treatment of various cancers. Curr Drug Deliv. 18:1–15. DOI: 10.2174/1567201818666210203180853
Inanc ,N. ; Sahin, H. ; Cicek, B. & Tascı, S. (2006). Use of herbs or vitamin/mineral supplements by patients with cancer in Kayseri, Turkey. Cancer Nurs. 29(1):17–20. DOI: 10.1097/00002820-200601000-00003
Jiang, R.; Lau, K.; Hon, P.; Mak, T.; Woo, K. & Fung, K.(2005). Chemistry and Biological Activities of Caffeic Acid Derivatives From Salvia Miltiorrhiza. Curr Med Chem . 12(2):237–46. DOI:10.2174/0929867053363397
Kale, J. ; Osterlund, E. & Andrews , D. (2018). BCL-2 family proteins: changing partners in the dance towards death . Cell Death and Differentiation . 25 (1): 65-80. DOI:10.1038/cdd.2017.186
Kamini, K. ; Mohan, A.; Gupta, K. ; Sharma, P. & Sharma, V. (2021). ERlPR Status and Apoptoic Index in Carcinoma Breast – A retroprospective study in tertiary teaching hospital in Western Up. India Journal of Pathology and Oncology.4(3).: 365-367. DOI: 10.18231/2394-6792.2017.0077
Kaur, M. ; Velmurugan, B. ; Rajamanickam ,S.; Agarwal ,R. & Agarwal, C. (2009). Gallic acid, an active constituent of grape seed extract, exhibits anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic and antitumorigenic effects against prostate carcinoma xenograft growth in nude mice. Pharm Res .26(9): 2133-2140. DOI: 10.1007/s11095-009-9926-y
Kawada, M. ; Ohno ,Y.; Ri, Y.; Ikoma, T.; Yuugetu, H.; Asai, T.; Watanabe ,M.; Yasuda, N.; Akao, S.; Takemura, G.; Minatoguchi, S.; Gotoh, K.; Fujiwara, H. & Fukuda, K. (2020). Anti-tumor effect of gallic acid on ll-2 lung cancer cells transplanted in mice. Anticancer Drugs .12(10): 847-852. DOI: 10.1097/00001813-200111000-00009.
Kerkhofs, M. ; LaRovere , R. ; Welkenhuysen, K. & Bultynck, G. (2021). BIRD-2 , a BH4-domain- targeting peptide of Bcl2, provokes Bax / Bak- independent cell death in B-cell cancers through mitochondrial Ca2+-dependent mPTP opening. National Library of Medicine / National Center for Biotechnology InformationI.94 (1). DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2020.102333
Kim, S. H.; Duk Jun, C.; Suk, K. ; Ju Choi, B. ; et al (2006). Gallic acid inhibits histamine release and pro-inflammatory cytokine production in mast cells. Toxicol Sci .91(1): 123-131. DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfj063
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Persson, M., Løye, A. F., Jacquet, M., Mow, N. S., Thougaard, A. V., Mow, T. & Hornberg, J. J. (2014). High‐content analysis/screening for predictive toxicology: application to hepatotoxicity and genotoxicity. Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology, 115(1), 18-23. DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12200
Pinto, G.; Canepa, P.; Canale, C.; Canepa, M.; Cavalleri, O. 2020. Morphological and mechanical characterization of DNA SAMs combining nanolithography with AFM and optical methods. Materials 2020, 13, 2888. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Pinto, G., Dante, S., Rotondi, S.M.C., Canepa, P., Cavalleri, O., Canepa, M. (2022). Spectroscopic Ellipsometry Investigation of a Sensing Functional Interface: DNA SAMs Hybridization. Adv. Mater. Interfaces 2022, 9, 2200364. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Pinto, G., Parisse, P., Solano, I., Canepa, P., Canepa, M., Casalis, L., Cavalleri, O. (2019). Functionalizing gold with single strand DNA: Novel insight into optical properties via combined spectroscopic ellipsometry and nanolithography measurements. Soft Matter, 15, 2463–2468. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Powell, C. & Brown, A. (2021). A classic experiment revisited: Membrane permeability changes during the action potential. Advances in Physiology Education .45(1): 178-181. DOI: 10.1152/advan.00188.2020
Reddy, L.; Odhav, B. & Bhoola, KD. (2003). Natural products for cancer prevention: a global perspective. Pharmacol Ther. 99, 1–13. DOI: 10.1016/s0163-7258(03)00042-1
Rizeq B, Gupta I, Ilesanmi J, AlSafran M, Rahman MM, Ouhtit A. 2020. The Power of Phytochemicals Combination in Cancer Chemoprevention. J Cancer. 11(15), 4521-4533. doi: 10.7150/jca.34374. PMID: 32489469; PMCID: PMC7255361.
Rockwell, S. ; Liu, Y. & Higgins ,S.A.(2005). Alteration of the effects of cancer therapy agents on breast cancer cells by the herbal medicine black cohosh. Breast Cancer Res Treat .90(3), 233–9. DOI: 10.1007/s10549-004-4260-x
Serhani, M. , Essaadi, H. , Kassara, K. & Boutoulout A. (2019) . Control by viability in a chemotherapy cancer model. Acta Biotheor. 67,177–200. DOI: 10.1007/s10441-019-09344-0
Siddiqui S., Ahmad R., Khan M. A., Upadhyay S., Husain I., Srivastava A. N. 2019.Cytostatic and anti-tumor potential of Ajwa date pulp against human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells. Scientific Reports . 9(1),1–12. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-36475-0.
Surh, Y-J.(2003). Cancer chemoprevention with dietary phytochemicals. Nat Rev Cancer. 37: 68–780. DOI: 10.1038/nrc1189
Ung H., Ferlay J., Siegel R. L., et al. Global Cancer Statistics 2020:2021 GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA: a Cancer Journal for Clinicians .,71(3),209–249.
Veluri, R.; Singh, R., Liu , Z., Thompson ,J., Agarwal , R . & Agarwal, C. (2006). Fractionation of grape seed extract and identification of gallic acid as one of the major active constituents causing growth inhibition and apoptotic death of du145 human prostate carcinoma cells. Carcinogenesis 27(7), 1445-1453. DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgi347
Wellington, K. (2015). Understanding cancer and the anticancer activities of naphthoquinones–a review. RSC Advances, 5(26), 20309-20338. DOI:10.1039/C4RA13547D
Zhang C., Hao Y., Sun Y. & Liu P. (2019) . Quercetin suppresses the tumorigenesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma by regulating microRNA-22/WNT1/β-catenin axis. Journal of Pharmacological Sciences,140(2),128–136.
Abraham,V., Towne,J., Waring, U. & Burns, D. (2008). Application of ahigh- content multi parameter cytotoxicity assay to prioritize compounds based on toxicity potential in human .J.Biomol.Screening.13, 527-537. doi: 10.4142/jvs.2019.20.1.34
Adeosun, A. , Oni ,S. , Ighodaro ,O. & Durosinlorun ,O. (2016). Phytochemical, minerals and free radical scavenging profiles of Phoenix dactilyfera L. seed extract. J Taibah Univ Med Sci .11:1-6. DOI:10.1016/j.jtumed.2015.11.006
Akowuah, G.A., Okechukwu, P.N. & Chiam, N.C. (2014). Evaluation of HPLC and spectrophotometric methods for analysis of bioactive constituent berberine in stem extracts of Coscinium fenestratum L. Acta Chromatographica . 26(2):243-254. DOI: 10.1556/AChrom.26.2014.2.4
Al Ghezi1, N. ; El-Basher, A. ; Al-Mossawi1, H. & Al-Rikabi1,A. (2020). Antioxidants Activity of Date Seed Extraction of Some Date Varieties. Medico-legal Update . 20( 1). DOI Number: 10.37506/v20/i1/2020/mlu/194714
Al-Farsi, M . ; Alasalvar, C. & Al-Abid ,M . (2007). Compositional and functional characteristics of dates , syrups , and their products. Food Chem . 104:943-7. DOI:10.1016/j.foodchem.2006.12.051
Al-Farsi, MA . & Lee, CY.(2008). Nutritional and functional properties of dates : areview . Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition , 2008. 48(10):877-887. DOI: 10.1080/10408390701724264
Al-Saffar, A. ;. Al-Shanon, A. ; Al-Brazanchi, S. ; Sabry,F. ; Hassan, F. & Hadi, N. (2017).Phytochemical Analysis, Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Potentials of Pelargonium graveolens Extract in Human Breast Adenocarcinoma (MCF-7) Cell Line. Asian J. Biochem.12(1): 16- 26. DOI: 10.3923/ajb.2017.16.26
Ardekani, M. ; Khanavi, M. & Hajimahmoodi, M . (2010). Comparison of antioxidant activity and total phenol contents of some date seed varieties from Iran .J. Pharm .Res . 9(2):141-146 . PMID: 24363720
Baldassari S, Balboni A, Drava G, Donghia D, Canepa P, Ailuno G, Caviglioli G. 2023.Phytochemicals and Cancer Treatment: Cell-Derived and Biomimetic Vesicles as Promising Carriers. Pharmaceutics.; 15(5):1445. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics15051445.
Bertheloot, D., Latz, E. & Franklin, B.S.( 2021). Necroptosis, pyroptosis and apoptosis: an intricate game of cell death. Cellular & Molecular Immunology, pp.1-16. DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-00630-3
Blankenberg, F. G., Tait, J., Ohtsuki, K., & Strauss, H. W. (2000). Apoptosis: the importance of nuclear medicine. Nuclear medicine communications, 21(3), 241-250. DOI: 10.1097/00006231-200003000-00008
Bouhlali ,E., Alem ,C. , Ennassir, J. , Benlyas, M., Mbark ,A. & Zegzouti, Y. ( 2015). Phytochemical compositions and antioxidant capacity of three date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) seeds varieties grown in the South East Morocco. J Saudi Soc Agric Sci .3:63-7. DOI:10.1016/j.jssas.2015.11.002
Garcia-Oliveira, P.; Otero, P.; Pereira, A.G.; Chamorro, F.; Carpena, M.; Echave, J.; Fraga-Corral, M.; Simal-Gandara, J.; Prieto, M.A. 2021. Status and Challenges of Plant-Anticancer Compounds in Cancer Treatment. Pharmaceuticals, 14, 157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Ghazzawy, H. ; Ghazzawy, M.; Gouda, S. ;Awad , N. & Al-Harbi, M. (2022). Potential bioactivity of Phoenix dactylifera fruits, leaves, and seeds against prostate and pancreatic cancer cells. Food Chemistry Frontiers in Nutrition. 10(33). DOI:10.3389/fnut.2022.998929
Habib, H. ; Platat, C. ; Meudec ,E. ; Cheynier, V. & Ibrahim W.(2014). Polyphenolic compounds in date fruit seed (Phoenix dactylifera): Characterisation and quantification by using UPLC‑DAD‑ESI‑MS. J Sci Food Agric . 94:1084‑9. DOI:10.1002/jsfa.6387
Hajimehdipoor, H.; Kondori, B.M.;Ameen,G.R.;Adib,N.;Rastegar,H. & Shekarchi ,M.(2012). Development of a validated HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of flavonoids in Cuscuta chinensis Lam. by ultra-violet detection.DARU Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences .20:57 . doi: 10.1186/2008-2231-20-57.
Huang, K . ; Chiang, S.; Yang, P. ; Ke, T. & Chao, K.. (2021). Immunogenic Cell Death by the Novel Topoisomerase I Inhibitor TLC388 Enhances the Therapeutic Efficacy of Radiotherapy. Cancers. 13(6). DOI:10.3390/cancers13061218
Hussein ,L. ; Gouda, M. & Buttar ,HS. (2021). Pomegranate, its components and modern deliverable formulations as potential botanicals in the prevention and treatment of various cancers. Curr Drug Deliv. 18:1–15. DOI: 10.2174/1567201818666210203180853
Inanc ,N. ; Sahin, H. ; Cicek, B. & Tascı, S. (2006). Use of herbs or vitamin/mineral supplements by patients with cancer in Kayseri, Turkey. Cancer Nurs. 29(1):17–20. DOI: 10.1097/00002820-200601000-00003
Jiang, R.; Lau, K.; Hon, P.; Mak, T.; Woo, K. & Fung, K.(2005). Chemistry and Biological Activities of Caffeic Acid Derivatives From Salvia Miltiorrhiza. Curr Med Chem . 12(2):237–46. DOI:10.2174/0929867053363397
Kale, J. ; Osterlund, E. & Andrews , D. (2018). BCL-2 family proteins: changing partners in the dance towards death . Cell Death and Differentiation . 25 (1): 65-80. DOI:10.1038/cdd.2017.186
Kamini, K. ; Mohan, A.; Gupta, K. ; Sharma, P. & Sharma, V. (2021). ERlPR Status and Apoptoic Index in Carcinoma Breast – A retroprospective study in tertiary teaching hospital in Western Up. India Journal of Pathology and Oncology.4(3).: 365-367. DOI: 10.18231/2394-6792.2017.0077
Kaur, M. ; Velmurugan, B. ; Rajamanickam ,S.; Agarwal ,R. & Agarwal, C. (2009). Gallic acid, an active constituent of grape seed extract, exhibits anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic and antitumorigenic effects against prostate carcinoma xenograft growth in nude mice. Pharm Res .26(9): 2133-2140. DOI: 10.1007/s11095-009-9926-y
Kawada, M. ; Ohno ,Y.; Ri, Y.; Ikoma, T.; Yuugetu, H.; Asai, T.; Watanabe ,M.; Yasuda, N.; Akao, S.; Takemura, G.; Minatoguchi, S.; Gotoh, K.; Fujiwara, H. & Fukuda, K. (2020). Anti-tumor effect of gallic acid on ll-2 lung cancer cells transplanted in mice. Anticancer Drugs .12(10): 847-852. DOI: 10.1097/00001813-200111000-00009.
Kerkhofs, M. ; LaRovere , R. ; Welkenhuysen, K. & Bultynck, G. (2021). BIRD-2 , a BH4-domain- targeting peptide of Bcl2, provokes Bax / Bak- independent cell death in B-cell cancers through mitochondrial Ca2+-dependent mPTP opening. National Library of Medicine / National Center for Biotechnology InformationI.94 (1). DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2020.102333
Kim, S. H.; Duk Jun, C.; Suk, K. ; Ju Choi, B. ; et al (2006). Gallic acid inhibits histamine release and pro-inflammatory cytokine production in mast cells. Toxicol Sci .91(1): 123-131. DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfj063
Molassiotis ,A. ; Fernadez-Ortega, P.; Pud, D. ; Ozden, G.; Scott , J. A. & Panteli, V.(2005). Use of complementary and alternative medicine in cancer patients. Ann Oncol .16(4):655–63. DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdi110
Persson, M., Løye, A. F., Jacquet, M., Mow, N. S., Thougaard, A. V., Mow, T. & Hornberg, J. J. (2014). High‐content analysis/screening for predictive toxicology: application to hepatotoxicity and genotoxicity. Basic & clinical pharmacology & toxicology, 115(1), 18-23. DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12200
Pinto, G.; Canepa, P.; Canale, C.; Canepa, M.; Cavalleri, O. 2020. Morphological and mechanical characterization of DNA SAMs combining nanolithography with AFM and optical methods. Materials 2020, 13, 2888. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Pinto, G., Dante, S., Rotondi, S.M.C., Canepa, P., Cavalleri, O., Canepa, M. (2022). Spectroscopic Ellipsometry Investigation of a Sensing Functional Interface: DNA SAMs Hybridization. Adv. Mater. Interfaces 2022, 9, 2200364. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Pinto, G., Parisse, P., Solano, I., Canepa, P., Canepa, M., Casalis, L., Cavalleri, O. (2019). Functionalizing gold with single strand DNA: Novel insight into optical properties via combined spectroscopic ellipsometry and nanolithography measurements. Soft Matter, 15, 2463–2468. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Powell, C. & Brown, A. (2021). A classic experiment revisited: Membrane permeability changes during the action potential. Advances in Physiology Education .45(1): 178-181. DOI: 10.1152/advan.00188.2020
Reddy, L.; Odhav, B. & Bhoola, KD. (2003). Natural products for cancer prevention: a global perspective. Pharmacol Ther. 99, 1–13. DOI: 10.1016/s0163-7258(03)00042-1
Rizeq B, Gupta I, Ilesanmi J, AlSafran M, Rahman MM, Ouhtit A. 2020. The Power of Phytochemicals Combination in Cancer Chemoprevention. J Cancer. 11(15), 4521-4533. doi: 10.7150/jca.34374. PMID: 32489469; PMCID: PMC7255361.
Rockwell, S. ; Liu, Y. & Higgins ,S.A.(2005). Alteration of the effects of cancer therapy agents on breast cancer cells by the herbal medicine black cohosh. Breast Cancer Res Treat .90(3), 233–9. DOI: 10.1007/s10549-004-4260-x
Serhani, M. , Essaadi, H. , Kassara, K. & Boutoulout A. (2019) . Control by viability in a chemotherapy cancer model. Acta Biotheor. 67,177–200. DOI: 10.1007/s10441-019-09344-0
Siddiqui S., Ahmad R., Khan M. A., Upadhyay S., Husain I., Srivastava A. N. 2019.Cytostatic and anti-tumor potential of Ajwa date pulp against human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells. Scientific Reports . 9(1),1–12. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-36475-0.
Surh, Y-J.(2003). Cancer chemoprevention with dietary phytochemicals. Nat Rev Cancer. 37: 68–780. DOI: 10.1038/nrc1189
Ung H., Ferlay J., Siegel R. L., et al. Global Cancer Statistics 2020:2021 GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA: a Cancer Journal for Clinicians .,71(3),209–249.
Veluri, R.; Singh, R., Liu , Z., Thompson ,J., Agarwal , R . & Agarwal, C. (2006). Fractionation of grape seed extract and identification of gallic acid as one of the major active constituents causing growth inhibition and apoptotic death of du145 human prostate carcinoma cells. Carcinogenesis 27(7), 1445-1453. DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgi347
Wellington, K. (2015). Understanding cancer and the anticancer activities of naphthoquinones–a review. RSC Advances, 5(26), 20309-20338. DOI:10.1039/C4RA13547D
Zhang C., Hao Y., Sun Y. & Liu P. (2019) . Quercetin suppresses the tumorigenesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma by regulating microRNA-22/WNT1/β-catenin axis. Journal of Pharmacological Sciences,140(2),128–136.
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Evaluation of the anticancer potential of Iraqi Date Palma dactylifera L. seed extract on breast cancer MCF7 and prostate cancer PC3 cell lines. (2024). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 16(3), 1308-1316. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v16i3.5822
