A study on the vegetative survival of some blue-green algae in the soil of Baghdad city, Iraq
Article Main
Abstract
Algae, photosynthetic organisms, thrive in water or wet substrates and can be found in various habitats, including arid ground, moist soil, tree trunks, and architectural structures. In the present study, the algae that live in the garden soil of the Department of Biology, College of Education for Pure Sciences (Ibn Al-Haitham), University of Baghdad was collected and tested their ability to survive in natural environments, physical and physiological pressure of water, darkness with limited light, and surviving after UV light exposure. The results obtained in this study indicated that the algae Lyngbya major could live on soil in a wide range of temperatures and humidity. However, during winter, the survival rate dropped to 43-64%, while in summer, the survival rate dropped more. Throughout the rainy season, the viability of species (Leptolyngbya halophile, and Chroococcidiopsis cubana) exceeded whenever the soil moisture level was increased. The chance of surviving C. aponinum was raised in spring but reduced in winter, with reducing the soil moisture. Nevertheless, Myxosarcina burmensis exhibited exclusive survival throughout the rainy and spring months. L.major showed comparable survival rates during both immersed and air-exposed environments over 15 days. However, their survival rates decreased when submerged for extended periods compared to exposure to air on a moist soil surface. C.aponinum exhibited superior and prolonged survival when immersed in a liquid media as opposed to being exposed to air on a damp earth surface. This the first study to identify the ability of algae that live in Baghdad garden soil.
Article Details
Article Details
Keywords
Blue-Green Algae, UV exposure, water stress, Exposed to air
References
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Garg, R., Luckner, M., Berger, J., Hipp, K., Wanner, G., Forchhammer, K., & Maldener, I. (2022). Changes in Envelope Structure and Cell–Cell Communication during Akinete Differentiation and Germination in Filamentous Cyanobacterium Trichormus variabilis ATCC 29413. Life, 12(3), 429. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12030429
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Korbee, N., Figueroa, F. L., & Aguilera, J. (2005). Effect of light quality on the accumulation of photosynthetic pigments, proteins and mycosporine-like amino acids in the red alga Porphyra leucosticta (Bangiales, Rhodophyta). Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 80(2), 71-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2005.03.0 02
KovAcIK, L. (1988). Cell division in simple coccal cyanophytes. Archiv für Hydrobiologie, Suppl., 80, 1-4.
Le Loeuff, J., Boy, V., Morançais, P., Hardouin, K., Bourgougnon, N., & Lanoisellé, J.-L. (2023). Air drying of brown algae Sargassum: Modelling and recovery of valuable compounds. Journal of Applied Phycology, 35(4), 1879-1892.
Li, Y. X., Deng, K.-K., Lin, G.-J., Chen, B., Fang, F., & Guo, J.-S. (2023). Effects of physiologic activities of plankton on CO2 flux in the Three Gorges Reservoir after rainfall during algal blooms. Environmental Research, 216, 114649.
Moro, I., Rascio, N., La Rocca, N., Di Bella, M., & Andreoli, C. (2007). Cyanobacterium aponinum, a new Cyanoprokaryote from the microbial mat of Euganean thermal springs (Padua, Italy). Algological Studies, 123(1), 1-15.Doi: 1864-1318/07/0123-001.
Napoli, A., Iacovelli, F., Fagliarone, C., Pascarella, G., Falconi, M., & Billi, D. (2021). Genome-wide identification and bioinformatics characterization of superoxide dismutases in the desiccation-tolerant cyanobacterium Chroococcidiopsis sp. CCMEE 029. Frontiers in Mmicrobiology, 12, 660050. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.202 1.660050
Pessoa, M. F. (2012). Algae and aquatic macrophytes responses to cope to ultraviolet radiation–a Review. Emir. J. Food Agric, 24(6), 527-545.
Rai, A. K., Gogoi, B., & Gurung, R. (2023). Freshwater Blue–Green Algae: A Potential Candidate for Sustainable Agriculture and Environment for the Welfare of Future Planet Earth. In Current Status of Fresh Water Microbiology (pp. 409-424). Springer.
Scherer, S., & Potts, M. (1989). Novel water stress protein from a desiccation-tolerant cyanobacterium: purification and partial characterization. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 264(21), 12546-12553.
Schneider, G., Figueroa, F. L., Vega, J., Avilés, A., Horta, P. A., Korbee, N., & Bonomi-Barufi, J. (2022). Effects of UV–visible radiation on growth, photosynthesis, pigment accumulation and UV-absorbing compounds in the red macroalga Gracilaria cornea (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta). Algal Research, 64, 102702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.05.072
Singh, R. P., Yadav, P., Kujur, R., Pandey, K. D., & Gupta, R. K. (2022). Cyanobacteria and salinity stress tolerance. In Cyanobacterial lifestyle and its applications in biotechnology (pp. 253-280). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-90634-0.00003-2
Sommer, V., Karsten, U., & Glaser, K. (2020). Halophilic algal communities in biological soil crusts isolated from potash tailings pile areas. Frontiers in ecology and evolution, 8, 46. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2020.00046
Venugopal, V., Prasanna, R., Sood, A., Jaiswal, P., & Kaushik, B. (2006). Stimulation of pigment accumulation in Anabaena azollae strains: effect of light intensity and sugars. Folia Microbiologica, 51(1), 50-56. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02931450
Wiśniewska, K., Śliwińska-Wilczewska, S., Lewandowska, A., & Konik, M. (2021). The effect of abiotic factors on abundance and photosynthetic performance of airborne cyanobacteria and microalgae isolated from the southern Baltic Sea region. Cells, 10(1), 103. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10010103
Xu, H.-F., Raanan, H., Dai, G.-Z., Oren, N., Berkowicz, S., Murik, O., Kaplan, A., & Qiu, B.-S. (2021). Reading and surviving the harsh conditions in desert biological soil crust: the cyanobacterial viewpoint. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 45(6), fuab036. https://doi.org/10.1093/femsre/fuab036
Agrawal, S., & Pal, U. (2003). Viability of dried vegetative cells or filaments, survivability and/or reproduction under water and light stress, and following heat and UV exposure in some blue-green and green algae. Folia Microbiologica, 48, 501-509. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02931332
Agrawal, S., & Singh, V. (1999). Viability of dried vegetative trichomes, formation of akinetes and heterocysts and akinete germination in some blue-green algae under water stress. Folia Microbiologica, 44, 411-418. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02903715
Alalaf, A. (2020). The role of biofertilization in improving fruit productivity: a review. Int J Agricult Stat Sci, 16(1), 107-112.
Bhushan, S., Eshkabilov, S., Jayakrishnan, U., Prajapati, S. K., & Simsek, H. (2023). A comparative analysis of growth kinetics, image analysis, and biofuel potential of different algal strains. Chemosphere, 336, 139196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139196
Büdel, B. (2024). Cyanobacteria/Blue-Green Algae. In Biology of Algae, Lichens and Bryophytes (pp. 25-99). Springer.
Ceccarelli, D. M., Evans, R. D., Logan, M., Mantel, P., Puotinen, M., Petus, C., Russ, G. R., & Williamson, D. H. (2020). Long-term dynamics and drivers of coral and macroalgal cover on inshore reefs of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park. Ecological Applications, 30(1), e02008. https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.2008
Chen, X., Dolinova, I., Sevcu, A., Jurczak, T., Frankiewicz, P., Wojtal-Frankiewicz, A., Wan, L., Deng, Q., Song, C., & Zhou, Y. (2020). Strategies adopted by Aphanizomenon flos-aquae in response to phosphorus deficiency and their role on growth. Environmental Sciences Europe, 32, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12302-020-00328-3
Dąbrowski, P., Baczewska-Dąbrowska, A. H., Bussotti, F., Pollastrini, M., Piekut, K., Kowalik, W., Wróbel, J., & Kalaji, H. M. (2021). Photosynthetic efficiency of Microcystis ssp. under salt stress. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 186, 104459.
Dahms, H.-U., & Lee, J.-S. (2010). UV radiation in marine ectotherms: molecular effects and responses. Aquatic toxicology, 97(1), 3-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2009.12.002
Garg, R., Luckner, M., Berger, J., Hipp, K., Wanner, G., Forchhammer, K., & Maldener, I. (2022). Changes in Envelope Structure and Cell–Cell Communication during Akinete Differentiation and Germination in Filamentous Cyanobacterium Trichormus variabilis ATCC 29413. Life, 12(3), 429. https://doi.org/10.3390/life12030429
Gupta, S., & Agrawal, S. (2006). Survival of blue-green and green algae under stress conditions. Folia Microbiologica, 51, 121-128.
Halder, N. (2016). Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of Lyngbya major Menegh. ex Gomont. Applied Science Reports, 13(1), 4. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3201524.
Hatem, M. T., & Al-Sultan, E. Y. (2023). Morphological and Molecular Identification of Four Blue-Green Algae Isolated from Some Water Bodies in Basrah Governorate, Southern Iraq. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries, 27(5), 661-675. https://dx.doi.org/10.21608/ejabf.2023.321209
He, Y.-Y., & Häder, D.-P. (2002). UV-B-induced formation of reactive oxygen species and oxidative damage of the cyanobacterium Anabaena sp.: protective effects of ascorbic acid and N-acetyl-L-cysteine. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 66(2), 115-124. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1011-1344(02)00231-2
Huang, G., Wang, X., Chen, Y., Deng, L., & Xu, D. (2021). Survival strategies of phytoplankton functional groups to environmental factors in a drinking water reservoir, central China. Annales de Limnologie-International Journal of Limnology. https://doi.org/10.1051/limn/2021016
Hussein, R. M. H. (2016). Phyco-ecological study on two major parks water body in Erbil province (North Iraq) Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü].
Keshari, N., Das, S. K., & Adhikary, S. P. (2021). Colonization and survival of a stress tolerant cyanobacterium on a heritage monument of Santiniketan, India. International Biodeterioration &Bbiodegradation, 164, 105294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2021.105294
Keshri, J. P. (2024). Algal Diversity of the Eastern Himalaya. Biodiversity Hotspot of the Himalaya, 57-84.
Korbee, N., Figueroa, F. L., & Aguilera, J. (2005). Effect of light quality on the accumulation of photosynthetic pigments, proteins and mycosporine-like amino acids in the red alga Porphyra leucosticta (Bangiales, Rhodophyta). Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, 80(2), 71-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2005.03.0 02
KovAcIK, L. (1988). Cell division in simple coccal cyanophytes. Archiv für Hydrobiologie, Suppl., 80, 1-4.
Le Loeuff, J., Boy, V., Morançais, P., Hardouin, K., Bourgougnon, N., & Lanoisellé, J.-L. (2023). Air drying of brown algae Sargassum: Modelling and recovery of valuable compounds. Journal of Applied Phycology, 35(4), 1879-1892.
Li, Y. X., Deng, K.-K., Lin, G.-J., Chen, B., Fang, F., & Guo, J.-S. (2023). Effects of physiologic activities of plankton on CO2 flux in the Three Gorges Reservoir after rainfall during algal blooms. Environmental Research, 216, 114649.
Moro, I., Rascio, N., La Rocca, N., Di Bella, M., & Andreoli, C. (2007). Cyanobacterium aponinum, a new Cyanoprokaryote from the microbial mat of Euganean thermal springs (Padua, Italy). Algological Studies, 123(1), 1-15.Doi: 1864-1318/07/0123-001.
Napoli, A., Iacovelli, F., Fagliarone, C., Pascarella, G., Falconi, M., & Billi, D. (2021). Genome-wide identification and bioinformatics characterization of superoxide dismutases in the desiccation-tolerant cyanobacterium Chroococcidiopsis sp. CCMEE 029. Frontiers in Mmicrobiology, 12, 660050. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.202 1.660050
Pessoa, M. F. (2012). Algae and aquatic macrophytes responses to cope to ultraviolet radiation–a Review. Emir. J. Food Agric, 24(6), 527-545.
Rai, A. K., Gogoi, B., & Gurung, R. (2023). Freshwater Blue–Green Algae: A Potential Candidate for Sustainable Agriculture and Environment for the Welfare of Future Planet Earth. In Current Status of Fresh Water Microbiology (pp. 409-424). Springer.
Scherer, S., & Potts, M. (1989). Novel water stress protein from a desiccation-tolerant cyanobacterium: purification and partial characterization. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 264(21), 12546-12553.
Schneider, G., Figueroa, F. L., Vega, J., Avilés, A., Horta, P. A., Korbee, N., & Bonomi-Barufi, J. (2022). Effects of UV–visible radiation on growth, photosynthesis, pigment accumulation and UV-absorbing compounds in the red macroalga Gracilaria cornea (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta). Algal Research, 64, 102702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.05.072
Singh, R. P., Yadav, P., Kujur, R., Pandey, K. D., & Gupta, R. K. (2022). Cyanobacteria and salinity stress tolerance. In Cyanobacterial lifestyle and its applications in biotechnology (pp. 253-280). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-90634-0.00003-2
Sommer, V., Karsten, U., & Glaser, K. (2020). Halophilic algal communities in biological soil crusts isolated from potash tailings pile areas. Frontiers in ecology and evolution, 8, 46. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2020.00046
Venugopal, V., Prasanna, R., Sood, A., Jaiswal, P., & Kaushik, B. (2006). Stimulation of pigment accumulation in Anabaena azollae strains: effect of light intensity and sugars. Folia Microbiologica, 51(1), 50-56. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02931450
Wiśniewska, K., Śliwińska-Wilczewska, S., Lewandowska, A., & Konik, M. (2021). The effect of abiotic factors on abundance and photosynthetic performance of airborne cyanobacteria and microalgae isolated from the southern Baltic Sea region. Cells, 10(1), 103. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10010103
Xu, H.-F., Raanan, H., Dai, G.-Z., Oren, N., Berkowicz, S., Murik, O., Kaplan, A., & Qiu, B.-S. (2021). Reading and surviving the harsh conditions in desert biological soil crust: the cyanobacterial viewpoint. FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 45(6), fuab036. https://doi.org/10.1093/femsre/fuab036
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A study on the vegetative survival of some blue-green algae in the soil of Baghdad city, Iraq. (2025). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 17(1), 348-355. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v17i1.5814
