Enhancing growth and yield of the wheat-chickpea intercropping system through a combination of different row ratios and biostimulants
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Abstract
Intercropping of wheat (Triticum aestivum) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum) invigorates a sustainable agricultural system with a desirable effect on crop productivity. This study investigates the potential of seaweed extracts, humic and fulvic acids and amino acids as biostimulants for certifying wheat and chickpea intercropping enhancements. Field experiments were conducted during the Rabi season of 2022–2023. A split plot design was employed, with main plot treatments of varying row ratios (M1: sole wheat, M2: sole chickpea, M3: wheat : chickpea ratio 2:1 and M4: wheat : chickpea ratio 4:1) and sub plot treatments with different biostimulants (S0: no biostimulant, S1: seaweed extract, S2: humic acid + fulvic acid and S3: amino acid). Results revealed significance of row ratios and biostimulants on growth and yield attributes. Notably, the 2:1 row ratio treatment (M3) magnified plant height with a maximum of 101.45 cm for wheat crop and 58.44 cm for chickpea at 120 DAS. The seaweed extract application treatment (S1) demonstrated maximum plant height of 104.18 cm and 61.00 cm for wheat and chickpea crops, respectively, at 120 DAS. The grain yield of wheat was established to be higher in the sole cropping system (M1: 7.59 kgha-1) with an accumulated harvest index of 41.23%. Seed yield of chickpea was also higher in the sole crop (M2: 2.09 kgha-1) with a harvest index of 49.00%. This research delves into the application of biostimulants to maximize the benefits of wheat and chickpea intercropping, potentially advancing sustainability for future food security.
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Keywords
Biostimulants, Sustainability, Productivity, Seaweed extract, Intercropping
References
Amanullah, K.S., Khalil, F., Elshikh, M. S., Alwahibi, M. S., Alkahtani, J. & Imran. (2021). Growth and dry matter partitioning response in cereal-legume intercropping under full and limited irrigation regimes. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 12585. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92022-4
Beghdady, M. S. (2016). Influence of foliar spray with seaweed extract on growth, yield and its quality, profile of protein pattern and anatomical structure of chickpea plant (Cicer arietinum L.). Middle East Journal of Applied Sciences.
Bhullar, M.S. & Salaria, A. (2024). Package and practices for crops in Punjab, Kharif 2024, PAU.
Bouyoucos, G. J. (1962). Hydrometer method improved for making particle size analyses of soils 1. Agronomy journal, 54(5), 464-465.
Chen, J., Engbersen, N., Stefan, L., Schmid, B., Sun, H. & Schöb, C. (2021). Diversity increases yield but reduces harvest index in crop mixtures. Nature Plants, 7(7), 893-898. doi: 10.1038/s41477-021-00948-4
Das, A. K., Khaliq, Q. A. & Haider, M. L. (2011). Effect of intercropping on growth and yield in wheat-lentil and wheat-chickpea intercropping system at different planting configurations. Int. J. Innovat. Reg.. strategy, 5, 125-137.
El Sheikha, A. F., Allam, A. Y., Taha, M. & Varzakas, T. (2022). How does the addition of biostimulants affect the growth, yield, and quality parameters of the snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)? How is this reflected in its nutritional value?. Applied Sciences, 12(2), 776. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12020776
Garbelini, L. G., Debiasi, H., Junior, A. A. B., Franchini, J. C., Coelho, A. E. & Telles, T. S. (2022). Diversified crop rotations increase the yield and economic efficiency of grain production systems. European Journal of Agronomy, 137, 126528.
Goyal, K., Singh, N., Jindal, S., Kaur, R., Goyal, A., & Awasthi, R. (2022). Kjeldahl method. Advanced Techniques of Analytical Chemistry, 1(1), 105.
Hauggaard-Nielsen, H., Ambus, P. & Jensen, E. S. (2001). Intercropping of Barley and Pea for Increased Productivity and Apparent Nitrogen Leaching Loss. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 59(3), 259-272.
Jackson, M. L. (2005). Soil chemical analysis: advanced course: a manual of methods useful for instruction and research in soil chemistry, physical chemistry of soils, soil fertility, and soil genesis. UW-Madison Libraries parallel press.
Jena, J., Maitra, S., Hossain, A., Pramanick, B., Gitari, H. I., Praharaj, S. & Jatav, H. S. (2022). Role of legumes in cropping system for soil ecosystem improvement. Ecosystem Services: Types, Management and Benefits. Nova Science Publishers, Inc, 415.
Kaushik, S. S., Singh, D. V., Rai, A. K., Sharma, A. K. & Negi, R. S. (2016). Response of intercropping and different row ratios on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum) under rain fed condition of kaymore plateau. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention, 5(9), 15-19.
Księżak, J., Staniak, M. & Stalenga, J. (2023). Restoring the importance of cereal-grain legume mixtures in low-input farming systems. Agriculture, 13(2), 341. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13020341
Kumar, T. S., Mithra, R. S. & Shiyal, V. N. (2023). Chapter-4 Biostimulants for Sustainable Crop Production. Chief Editor Dr. RK Naresh, 91, 39.
Kumari, R., Bhatnagar, S., Mehla, N. & Vashistha, A. (2022). Potential of organic amendments (AM fungi, PGPR, Vermicompost and Seaweeds) in combating salt stress. A review. Plant Stress, 6, 100111.
Kurakula, R. S. & Rai, P. K. (2021). Effect of seaweed extracts on growth, yield parameters in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L). International Journal of Plant and Soil Science, 33, 1-8. 10.9734/ijpss/2021/v33i2430746
Luo, C., Guo, Z., Xiao, J., Dong, K. & Dong, Y. (2021). Effects of applied ratio of nitrogen on the light environment in the canopy and growth, development and yield of wheat when intercropped. Frontiers in Plant Science, 12, 719850.
Maitra, S., Hossain, A., Brestic, M., Skalicky, M., Ondrisik, P., Gitari, H. & Sairam, M. (2021). Intercropping—A low input agricultural strategy for food and environmental security. Agronomy, 11(2), 343.
MEENA, S., MEENA, L., YADAV, S., JADON, C., DHAKAD, U., LAL, M. & SINGH, P. (2024). Chickpea (Cicer arietinum)-based intercropping systems in Rajasthan’s Hadoti region: Productivity and economic viability. Indian Journal of Agronomy, 69(1), 54-60.
Muruiki, R., Kimurto, P., Towett, B. & Rao, G. (2021). Yield performance of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes under supplemental irrigation regimes in semi-arid tropics. https://doi.org/10.5897/JPBCS2020.0890
Naseri, G. & Koffas, M. A. (2020). Application of combinatorial optimization strategies in synthetic biology. Nature communications, 11(1), 2446.
Prajapati, S. K., Verma, V. K., Khan, N., Singh, S., Singh, G. & Yadav, S. (2024). Impact of Organic and Inorganic Plant Growth Promoters on Growth Indices and Yield of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Varieties. Environment and Ecology, 42(1), 84-93.
Pramanick, B., Brahmachari, K., Ghosh, A. & Zodape, S. T. (2014). Effect of seaweed saps on growth and yield improvement of transplanted rice in old alluvial soil of West Bengal. Bangladesh J. Bot, 43(1), 53-58.
Rakkammal, K., Maharajan, T., Ceasar, S. A. & Ramesh, M. (2023). Biostimulants and their role in improving plant growth under drought and salinity. Cereal Research Communications, 51(1), 61-74.
Ramzan, F. & Younis, A. (2022). Use of biostimulants in tolerance of drought stress in agricultural crops. In Emerging Plant Growth Regulators in Agriculture (pp. 429-446). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-91005-7.00001-1
Raza, M. A., Zhiqi, W., Yasin, H. S., Gul, H., Qin, R., Rehman, S. U. & Zhongming, M. (2023). Effect of crop combination on yield performance, nutrient uptake, and land use advantage of cereal/legume intercropping systems. Field Crops Research, 304, 109144.
Rebouh, N. Y., Khugaev, C. V., Utkina, A. O., Isaev, K. V., Mohamed, E. S. & Kucher, D. E. (2023). Contribution of eco-friendly agricultural practices in improving and stabilizing wheat crop yield: A review. Agronomy, 13(9), 2400.
Rouphael, Y. & Colla, G. (2020). Biostimulants in agriculture. Frontiers in plant science, 11, 40. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00040
Sarita, S., Chaudhary, S. R., Raj, M. & Kumari, V. (2021). Seaweed extract can boon the yield performances and profitability of wheat (Triticum aestivum). In Biological Forum–An International Journal (Vol. 13, No. 3a, pp. 459-463).
Shivakumar, R., Sagar, G. C. V., Suresh, K., Sharma, S. H. K. & Naik, D. S. (2021). Influence of sequential intercropping systems and integrated nutrient management on growth parameters and seed yield of pigeonpea.
Singh, A., Kumar, R. & Kaur, M. (2019). Effect of lentil intercropping on growth, yield and quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum). Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 8(4S), 152-156.
Singh, B. & Aulakh, C. S. (2017). Effect on growth and yield of intercrops in wheat+ chickpea intercropping under limited nutrition and moisture. Indian J Ecol, 44(5), 507-511.
Singh, B., Aulakh, C. S. & Walia, S. S. (2019). Productivity and water use of organic wheat–chickpea intercropping system under limited moisture conditions in northwest India. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 34(2), 134-143.
Singh, C. S., Singh, M. O. H. I. T., Singh, S. K., Singh, A. K. & Singh, A. K. (2015). Growth and yield response of rice cultivars under system of rice intensification and conventional method of rice production system. Ecoscan, 9(3&4), 1077-81.
Ullah, M. E. (2007). Performance of chickpea and wheat under mixed and intercropping at variable seeding ratios and row ratios (Doctoral dissertation, Department of Agronomy).
Wheeting, L. C. (1930). A study of methods for the determination of the available potassium of soils. Soil Science, 29(1), 1-22.
Yang, H., Zhang, W. & Li, L. (2021). Intercropping: Feed more people and build more sustainable agroecosystems. Front. Agric. Sci. Eng, 8(3), 373-386.
Willey, R. W. (1985). Evaluation and presentation of intercropping advantages. Experimental Agriculture, 21(119- 133).
Beghdady, M. S. (2016). Influence of foliar spray with seaweed extract on growth, yield and its quality, profile of protein pattern and anatomical structure of chickpea plant (Cicer arietinum L.). Middle East Journal of Applied Sciences.
Bhullar, M.S. & Salaria, A. (2024). Package and practices for crops in Punjab, Kharif 2024, PAU.
Bouyoucos, G. J. (1962). Hydrometer method improved for making particle size analyses of soils 1. Agronomy journal, 54(5), 464-465.
Chen, J., Engbersen, N., Stefan, L., Schmid, B., Sun, H. & Schöb, C. (2021). Diversity increases yield but reduces harvest index in crop mixtures. Nature Plants, 7(7), 893-898. doi: 10.1038/s41477-021-00948-4
Das, A. K., Khaliq, Q. A. & Haider, M. L. (2011). Effect of intercropping on growth and yield in wheat-lentil and wheat-chickpea intercropping system at different planting configurations. Int. J. Innovat. Reg.. strategy, 5, 125-137.
El Sheikha, A. F., Allam, A. Y., Taha, M. & Varzakas, T. (2022). How does the addition of biostimulants affect the growth, yield, and quality parameters of the snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)? How is this reflected in its nutritional value?. Applied Sciences, 12(2), 776. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12020776
Garbelini, L. G., Debiasi, H., Junior, A. A. B., Franchini, J. C., Coelho, A. E. & Telles, T. S. (2022). Diversified crop rotations increase the yield and economic efficiency of grain production systems. European Journal of Agronomy, 137, 126528.
Goyal, K., Singh, N., Jindal, S., Kaur, R., Goyal, A., & Awasthi, R. (2022). Kjeldahl method. Advanced Techniques of Analytical Chemistry, 1(1), 105.
Hauggaard-Nielsen, H., Ambus, P. & Jensen, E. S. (2001). Intercropping of Barley and Pea for Increased Productivity and Apparent Nitrogen Leaching Loss. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 59(3), 259-272.
Jackson, M. L. (2005). Soil chemical analysis: advanced course: a manual of methods useful for instruction and research in soil chemistry, physical chemistry of soils, soil fertility, and soil genesis. UW-Madison Libraries parallel press.
Jena, J., Maitra, S., Hossain, A., Pramanick, B., Gitari, H. I., Praharaj, S. & Jatav, H. S. (2022). Role of legumes in cropping system for soil ecosystem improvement. Ecosystem Services: Types, Management and Benefits. Nova Science Publishers, Inc, 415.
Kaushik, S. S., Singh, D. V., Rai, A. K., Sharma, A. K. & Negi, R. S. (2016). Response of intercropping and different row ratios on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum) under rain fed condition of kaymore plateau. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention, 5(9), 15-19.
Księżak, J., Staniak, M. & Stalenga, J. (2023). Restoring the importance of cereal-grain legume mixtures in low-input farming systems. Agriculture, 13(2), 341. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13020341
Kumar, T. S., Mithra, R. S. & Shiyal, V. N. (2023). Chapter-4 Biostimulants for Sustainable Crop Production. Chief Editor Dr. RK Naresh, 91, 39.
Kumari, R., Bhatnagar, S., Mehla, N. & Vashistha, A. (2022). Potential of organic amendments (AM fungi, PGPR, Vermicompost and Seaweeds) in combating salt stress. A review. Plant Stress, 6, 100111.
Kurakula, R. S. & Rai, P. K. (2021). Effect of seaweed extracts on growth, yield parameters in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L). International Journal of Plant and Soil Science, 33, 1-8. 10.9734/ijpss/2021/v33i2430746
Luo, C., Guo, Z., Xiao, J., Dong, K. & Dong, Y. (2021). Effects of applied ratio of nitrogen on the light environment in the canopy and growth, development and yield of wheat when intercropped. Frontiers in Plant Science, 12, 719850.
Maitra, S., Hossain, A., Brestic, M., Skalicky, M., Ondrisik, P., Gitari, H. & Sairam, M. (2021). Intercropping—A low input agricultural strategy for food and environmental security. Agronomy, 11(2), 343.
MEENA, S., MEENA, L., YADAV, S., JADON, C., DHAKAD, U., LAL, M. & SINGH, P. (2024). Chickpea (Cicer arietinum)-based intercropping systems in Rajasthan’s Hadoti region: Productivity and economic viability. Indian Journal of Agronomy, 69(1), 54-60.
Muruiki, R., Kimurto, P., Towett, B. & Rao, G. (2021). Yield performance of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes under supplemental irrigation regimes in semi-arid tropics. https://doi.org/10.5897/JPBCS2020.0890
Naseri, G. & Koffas, M. A. (2020). Application of combinatorial optimization strategies in synthetic biology. Nature communications, 11(1), 2446.
Prajapati, S. K., Verma, V. K., Khan, N., Singh, S., Singh, G. & Yadav, S. (2024). Impact of Organic and Inorganic Plant Growth Promoters on Growth Indices and Yield of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Varieties. Environment and Ecology, 42(1), 84-93.
Pramanick, B., Brahmachari, K., Ghosh, A. & Zodape, S. T. (2014). Effect of seaweed saps on growth and yield improvement of transplanted rice in old alluvial soil of West Bengal. Bangladesh J. Bot, 43(1), 53-58.
Rakkammal, K., Maharajan, T., Ceasar, S. A. & Ramesh, M. (2023). Biostimulants and their role in improving plant growth under drought and salinity. Cereal Research Communications, 51(1), 61-74.
Ramzan, F. & Younis, A. (2022). Use of biostimulants in tolerance of drought stress in agricultural crops. In Emerging Plant Growth Regulators in Agriculture (pp. 429-446). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-91005-7.00001-1
Raza, M. A., Zhiqi, W., Yasin, H. S., Gul, H., Qin, R., Rehman, S. U. & Zhongming, M. (2023). Effect of crop combination on yield performance, nutrient uptake, and land use advantage of cereal/legume intercropping systems. Field Crops Research, 304, 109144.
Rebouh, N. Y., Khugaev, C. V., Utkina, A. O., Isaev, K. V., Mohamed, E. S. & Kucher, D. E. (2023). Contribution of eco-friendly agricultural practices in improving and stabilizing wheat crop yield: A review. Agronomy, 13(9), 2400.
Rouphael, Y. & Colla, G. (2020). Biostimulants in agriculture. Frontiers in plant science, 11, 40. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00040
Sarita, S., Chaudhary, S. R., Raj, M. & Kumari, V. (2021). Seaweed extract can boon the yield performances and profitability of wheat (Triticum aestivum). In Biological Forum–An International Journal (Vol. 13, No. 3a, pp. 459-463).
Shivakumar, R., Sagar, G. C. V., Suresh, K., Sharma, S. H. K. & Naik, D. S. (2021). Influence of sequential intercropping systems and integrated nutrient management on growth parameters and seed yield of pigeonpea.
Singh, A., Kumar, R. & Kaur, M. (2019). Effect of lentil intercropping on growth, yield and quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum). Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 8(4S), 152-156.
Singh, B. & Aulakh, C. S. (2017). Effect on growth and yield of intercrops in wheat+ chickpea intercropping under limited nutrition and moisture. Indian J Ecol, 44(5), 507-511.
Singh, B., Aulakh, C. S. & Walia, S. S. (2019). Productivity and water use of organic wheat–chickpea intercropping system under limited moisture conditions in northwest India. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 34(2), 134-143.
Singh, C. S., Singh, M. O. H. I. T., Singh, S. K., Singh, A. K. & Singh, A. K. (2015). Growth and yield response of rice cultivars under system of rice intensification and conventional method of rice production system. Ecoscan, 9(3&4), 1077-81.
Ullah, M. E. (2007). Performance of chickpea and wheat under mixed and intercropping at variable seeding ratios and row ratios (Doctoral dissertation, Department of Agronomy).
Wheeting, L. C. (1930). A study of methods for the determination of the available potassium of soils. Soil Science, 29(1), 1-22.
Yang, H., Zhang, W. & Li, L. (2021). Intercropping: Feed more people and build more sustainable agroecosystems. Front. Agric. Sci. Eng, 8(3), 373-386.
Willey, R. W. (1985). Evaluation and presentation of intercropping advantages. Experimental Agriculture, 21(119- 133).
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Enhancing growth and yield of the wheat-chickpea intercropping system through a combination of different row ratios and biostimulants. (2024). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 16(3), 1240-1249. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v16i3.5795
