Barnyard millet: A crop of promise elucidated through correlation and path analysis
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Abstract
With today's changing dietary demands and agricultural constraints, millets have become essential crops with significant agronomic and nutritional benefits. Among these, barnyard millet stands out for its resilience and nutritional richness. Despite its considerable nutritional and agronomic benefits, Barnyard millet suffers from a lack of recognition, relegating it to the status of a neglected and underutilized crop. The present study ventures into barnyard millet cultivation, utilizing correlation and path coefficient analysis to elucidate the complex interplay influencing its productivity and attributes. The study was conducted over two consecutive years and involved 172 genotypes with 23 yield-contributing traits under scrutiny. Panicle weight per plant (PWPP) (0.98), single panicle weight (0.81), biological yield per plant (0.79) and harvest index (0.71) exhibited strong positive correlations with grain yield per plant. While PWPP (0.82), PL (0.36), DSYPP (0.31) and HI (0.30) demonstrated high direct positive effects on grain yield per plant in the path coefficient analysis, emphasizing their significance in breeding programs. By improving these traits through selective breeding or genetic manipulation, researchers can potentially develop high-yielding varieties better adapted to varying environmental conditions. Conversely, days to maturity had a significant negative correlation with grain yield (-0.28) focusing on selecting early maturity genotypes. Panicle exertion (-0.30), biological yield per plant (-0.21) and flag leaf sheath length (-0.18) had the highest negative direct effects in the path analysis, suggesting their potential role as limiting factors in barnyard millet cultivation. Overall, these findings provide a roadmap for future research endeavours aimed at enhancing the productivity and resilience of barnyard millet, ultimately contributing to food security and agricultural sustainability in regions where this crop plays a vital role.
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Keywords
Barnyard millet, Correlation coefficient, Food security, Path coefficient, Yield
References
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Bangar, S. P., Balakrishnan, G., Navaf, M. & Sunooj, K. V. (2024). Recent advancements on barnyard millet starch: a sustainable alternative to conventional starch. Starch‐Stärke, 2300232.https://doi.org/10.1002/star.202300232
Bezbaruah, R. & Singh, A. K. (2024). Millets as nutricereal climate resilient smart crop: a review. Available at SSRN 4803931. DOI: 10.9734/JEAI/2024/v46i52434
Dewey, D. R. & Lu, K. (1959). A correlation and path‐coefficient analysis of components of crested wheatgrass seed production 1. Agronomy journal, 51(9), 515-518.https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1959.00021962 005100 090002x
Dhanalakshmi, R., Subramanian, A., Thirumurugan, T., Elangovan, M. & Kalaimagal, T. (2019). Genetic variability and association studies in barnyard millet (Echinochloa frumentacea (Roxb.) Link) germplasm under sodic soil condition. Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding, 10(2), 430-439. DOI: 10.5958/0975-928X.2019.00055.3
Eric, M. O., Pangirayi, T., Paul, S., Mwangi, G. & Abhishek, R. (2016). Correlations, path coefficient analysis and heritability for quantitative traits in finger millet landraces. Philippine Journal of Science, 145(02), 197-208.
Ganesamoorthi, M. (2012). Genetic variability in barnyard millet [Echnichloa frumentacea (Roxb.) Link.] over different environments (Doctoral dissertation, M. Sc Thesis, Agricultural College and Research Institute, TNAU, Madurai, India).
Gomashe, S. S. (2017). Proso millet, Panicum miliaceum (L.): genetic improvement and research needs. Millets and sorghum: biology and genetic improvement, 150-169. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119130765.ch5
Joshi, R. P., Jain, A. K., Chauhan, S. S. & Singh, G. (2015). Characterization of Barnyard millet (Echinochloa frumentacea (Roxb.) Link.) Landraces for Agro-morphological Traits and Disease Resistance. Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding, 6(4), 888-898.
Jyothsna, S., Patro, T. S. S. K., Sandhya Rani, Y., Ashok, S., Neeraja, B., & Triveni, U. (2016). Studies on genetic parameters, character association and path analysis of yield and its components in barnyard millet (Echinochloa frumentacea). International Journal of Agriculture Sciences, 8 (5), 1012-1014.
Kashyap, V., Singh, S. P., Dikshit, S., Dixit, P. S., Singh, N., Pandey, S. R., ... & Singh, D. V. (2024). Estimation of correlation coefficient analysis for yield and component traits in field pea (Pisum sativum L.). Plant cell biotechnology and molecular biology, 25(3-4), 13-16. DOI: 10.5655 7/pcbmb/2024/v25i3-48636
Krishnababu, M. E., Mandal, O., Begum, M., Saikanth, D. R. K., Nandy, R., Kaushal, K. & Mishra, P. (2024). Exploring millet genetic diversity for improved crop resilience: a review. International Journal of Environment and Climate Change, 14(1), 898-905. DOI: 10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i13908
Kulundžić, A. M., Josipović, A., Kočar, M. M., Vuletić, M. V., Dunić, J. A., Varga, I., ... & Lepeduš, H. (2022). Physiological insights on soybean response to drought. Agricultural water management, 268, 107620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2022.107620
Kuraloviya, M., Vanniarajan, C., Sudhagar, R. & Vetriventhan, M. (2022). Phenotypic diversity and stability of early maturing Barnyard Millet (Echinochloa sp.) germplasm for grain yield and its contributing traits. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology (IJEB), 60(12), 918-924. DOI: 10.56042/ijeb.v60i12.36064
Laryea, D., Mills, S. T. E., Dapuliga, C. C. & Zaukuu, J. L. Z. (2024). New horizons for millets: food and nutrition security. In Sustainable and Functional Foods from Plants (pp. 25-54). Apple Academic Press.
Mackay, T. F. & Anholt, R. R. (2024). Pleiotropy, epistasis and the genetic architecture of quantitative traits. Nature Reviews Genetics, 1-19.
Makino, A. (2011). Photosynthesis, grain yield, and nitrogen utilization in rice and wheat. Plant physiology, 155(1), 125-129. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.110.165076
Mohammadi, S. A. & Prasanna, B. M. (2003). Analysis of genetic diversity in crop plants—salient statistical tools and considerations. Crop science, 43(4), 1235-1248. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2003.1235
Mohanapriya, B., Shanmugam, A., Francis, N., Indhu, S. M. & Ravikesavan, R. (2024). Breeding barnyard millet for abiotic stress tolerance. In Genetic improvement of Small Millets (pp. 493-511). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.
Nagaraja, T. E., Parveen, S. G., Aruna, C., Hariprasanna, K., Singh, S. P., Singh, A. K., ... & Kumar, S. (2024). Millets and pseudocereals: A treasure for climate resilient agriculture ensuring food and nutrition security. Indian journal of genetics and plant breeding, 84(01), 1-37. https://doi.org/10.31742/ISGPB.84.1.1
Nandini, C., Bhat, S., Saritha, H. S., Pandey, C. D., Sushil Pandey, P., Bai, L. & Gowda, J. (2020). Characterization of barnyard millet (Echinocloa frumentaceae (Roxb.) Link) germplasm for quantitative traits to enhance its utilization. Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding, 11(04), 1066-1072. https://doi.org/10.37992/2020.1104.173
Nehru, G., Reddy, A. T., Reddy, C. C. M. & Sreenivasulu, K. N. (2024). Correlation and path analysis in indian barnyard millet (Echinochloa frumentacea (L.)) germplasm. Environment and Ecology, 42(1A), 277-284. DOI: 10.60151/envec/FEDS4148
Panda, D., Panda, A., Prajapati, H., Behera, P. K., Nayak, J. K., Lenka, K. C. & Parida, P. K. (2023). Genetic variability of panicle architecture and nutritional parameters in indigenous finger millet genotypes from Koraput, Eastern Ghats of India. Cereal Research Communications, 51(4), 1015-1029. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42976-022-00345-3
Prabu, R., Vanniarajan, C., Vetriventhan, M., Gnanamalar, R. P., Shanmughasundaram, R. & Ramalingam, J. (2020). Association studies in barnyard millet (Echinochloa frumentacea (Roxb.) Link) for early maturity and yield contributing traits at high altitude region. Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding, 11(1), 192-196. DOI -10.37992/2 020.1101.033
Prakash, R. & Vanniarajan, C. (2015). Path analysis for grain yield in barnyard millet (Echinochloa frumentacea (Roxb.) link). Bangladesh Journal of Botany, 44(1), 147-150. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v44i1.22739
R Core Team (2021). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria.URL https://www.R-project.org/.
Renganathan, V. G., Vanniarajan, C., Karthikeyan, A. & Ramalingam, J. (2020). Barnyard millet for food and nutritional security: Current status and future research direction. Frontiers in genetics, 11, 500. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2020.00500
Sahoo, R., Swain, S. K., Mahapatra, J., Mohanty, D. K., Mohapatra, P. M. & Dash, A. K. (2024). A study on moisture dependent properties of barnyard millet (Echinochloa frumentacea) grains. Journal of Experimental Agriculture International, 46(6), 69-79. DOI: 10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i6 2458
Singh, A. N. O. O. P., Sehrawat, K. D., Sehrawat, A. N. I. S. H., Singh, M., & Sehrawat, R. A. (2023). Assessing the genetic diversity of finger millet (Eleusine coracana) germplasm for agronomic traits. The Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 93(5), 489-494.
Sood, S., Khulbe, R. K., Gupta, A. K., Agrawal, P. K., Upadhyaya, H. D. & Bhatt, J. C. (2015). Barnyard millet–a potential food and feed crop of future. Plant breeding, 134(2), 135-147. https://doi.org/10.1111/pbr.12243
Sreenivasulu, N. & Schnurbusch, T. (2012). A genetic playground for enhancing grain number in cereals. Trends in plant science, 17(2), 91-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2011.11.003
Vanniarajan, C., Anand, G., Kanchana, S., Veeranan, V., Giridhari, A. & Renganathan, V. G. (2018). A short duration high yielding culture-Barnyard millet ACM 10145. Agricultural Science Digest-A Research Journal, 38(2), 123-126. 10.18805/ag.D-4574
Vikram, S., Sudhagar, R., Masilamani, P. & Vanniarajan, C. (2020). Genetic variability and association analysis in barnyard millet mutants. Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding, 11(01), 210-216. https://doi.org/10.37992/2020.1 101.036
Vishnuprabha, R. S. & Vanniarajan, C. (2018). Correlation and path analysis studies for parents and F1crosses in barnyard millet [Echinochloa frumentaceae (Roxb.) Link] for nutritional characters. Agricultural Science Digest-A Research Journal, 38(1), 52-54. DOI- 10.18805/ag.D-4689
Wright, S. (1921). Correlation and causation. Journal of agricultural research, 20(7), 557.
Zhang, Q., Tang, W., Peng, S. & Li, Y. (2022). Limiting factors for panicle photosynthesis at the anthesis and grain filling stages in rice (Oryza sativa L.). The Plant Journal, 109(1), 77-91. https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.15554
Zhi, H., He, Q., Tang, S., Yang, J., Zhang, W., Liu, H., ... & Diao, X. (2021). Genetic control and phenotypic characterization of panicle architecture and grain yield-related traits in foxtail millet (Setaria italica). Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 134(9), 3023-3036. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-021-03875-2
Arya, R., Bhatt, A., Kumar, V. & Singh, D. P. (2017). Correlation analysis of some growth, yield and quality parameters of barnyard millet (Echinochloa frumentacea (Roxb.) Link) Germplasm. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 6(5), 1426-1429.
Bangar, S. P., Balakrishnan, G., Navaf, M. & Sunooj, K. V. (2024). Recent advancements on barnyard millet starch: a sustainable alternative to conventional starch. Starch‐Stärke, 2300232.https://doi.org/10.1002/star.202300232
Bezbaruah, R. & Singh, A. K. (2024). Millets as nutricereal climate resilient smart crop: a review. Available at SSRN 4803931. DOI: 10.9734/JEAI/2024/v46i52434
Dewey, D. R. & Lu, K. (1959). A correlation and path‐coefficient analysis of components of crested wheatgrass seed production 1. Agronomy journal, 51(9), 515-518.https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1959.00021962 005100 090002x
Dhanalakshmi, R., Subramanian, A., Thirumurugan, T., Elangovan, M. & Kalaimagal, T. (2019). Genetic variability and association studies in barnyard millet (Echinochloa frumentacea (Roxb.) Link) germplasm under sodic soil condition. Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding, 10(2), 430-439. DOI: 10.5958/0975-928X.2019.00055.3
Eric, M. O., Pangirayi, T., Paul, S., Mwangi, G. & Abhishek, R. (2016). Correlations, path coefficient analysis and heritability for quantitative traits in finger millet landraces. Philippine Journal of Science, 145(02), 197-208.
Ganesamoorthi, M. (2012). Genetic variability in barnyard millet [Echnichloa frumentacea (Roxb.) Link.] over different environments (Doctoral dissertation, M. Sc Thesis, Agricultural College and Research Institute, TNAU, Madurai, India).
Gomashe, S. S. (2017). Proso millet, Panicum miliaceum (L.): genetic improvement and research needs. Millets and sorghum: biology and genetic improvement, 150-169. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119130765.ch5
Joshi, R. P., Jain, A. K., Chauhan, S. S. & Singh, G. (2015). Characterization of Barnyard millet (Echinochloa frumentacea (Roxb.) Link.) Landraces for Agro-morphological Traits and Disease Resistance. Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding, 6(4), 888-898.
Jyothsna, S., Patro, T. S. S. K., Sandhya Rani, Y., Ashok, S., Neeraja, B., & Triveni, U. (2016). Studies on genetic parameters, character association and path analysis of yield and its components in barnyard millet (Echinochloa frumentacea). International Journal of Agriculture Sciences, 8 (5), 1012-1014.
Kashyap, V., Singh, S. P., Dikshit, S., Dixit, P. S., Singh, N., Pandey, S. R., ... & Singh, D. V. (2024). Estimation of correlation coefficient analysis for yield and component traits in field pea (Pisum sativum L.). Plant cell biotechnology and molecular biology, 25(3-4), 13-16. DOI: 10.5655 7/pcbmb/2024/v25i3-48636
Krishnababu, M. E., Mandal, O., Begum, M., Saikanth, D. R. K., Nandy, R., Kaushal, K. & Mishra, P. (2024). Exploring millet genetic diversity for improved crop resilience: a review. International Journal of Environment and Climate Change, 14(1), 898-905. DOI: 10.9734/ijecc/2024/v14i13908
Kulundžić, A. M., Josipović, A., Kočar, M. M., Vuletić, M. V., Dunić, J. A., Varga, I., ... & Lepeduš, H. (2022). Physiological insights on soybean response to drought. Agricultural water management, 268, 107620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2022.107620
Kuraloviya, M., Vanniarajan, C., Sudhagar, R. & Vetriventhan, M. (2022). Phenotypic diversity and stability of early maturing Barnyard Millet (Echinochloa sp.) germplasm for grain yield and its contributing traits. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology (IJEB), 60(12), 918-924. DOI: 10.56042/ijeb.v60i12.36064
Laryea, D., Mills, S. T. E., Dapuliga, C. C. & Zaukuu, J. L. Z. (2024). New horizons for millets: food and nutrition security. In Sustainable and Functional Foods from Plants (pp. 25-54). Apple Academic Press.
Mackay, T. F. & Anholt, R. R. (2024). Pleiotropy, epistasis and the genetic architecture of quantitative traits. Nature Reviews Genetics, 1-19.
Makino, A. (2011). Photosynthesis, grain yield, and nitrogen utilization in rice and wheat. Plant physiology, 155(1), 125-129. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.110.165076
Mohammadi, S. A. & Prasanna, B. M. (2003). Analysis of genetic diversity in crop plants—salient statistical tools and considerations. Crop science, 43(4), 1235-1248. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2003.1235
Mohanapriya, B., Shanmugam, A., Francis, N., Indhu, S. M. & Ravikesavan, R. (2024). Breeding barnyard millet for abiotic stress tolerance. In Genetic improvement of Small Millets (pp. 493-511). Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore.
Nagaraja, T. E., Parveen, S. G., Aruna, C., Hariprasanna, K., Singh, S. P., Singh, A. K., ... & Kumar, S. (2024). Millets and pseudocereals: A treasure for climate resilient agriculture ensuring food and nutrition security. Indian journal of genetics and plant breeding, 84(01), 1-37. https://doi.org/10.31742/ISGPB.84.1.1
Nandini, C., Bhat, S., Saritha, H. S., Pandey, C. D., Sushil Pandey, P., Bai, L. & Gowda, J. (2020). Characterization of barnyard millet (Echinocloa frumentaceae (Roxb.) Link) germplasm for quantitative traits to enhance its utilization. Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding, 11(04), 1066-1072. https://doi.org/10.37992/2020.1104.173
Nehru, G., Reddy, A. T., Reddy, C. C. M. & Sreenivasulu, K. N. (2024). Correlation and path analysis in indian barnyard millet (Echinochloa frumentacea (L.)) germplasm. Environment and Ecology, 42(1A), 277-284. DOI: 10.60151/envec/FEDS4148
Panda, D., Panda, A., Prajapati, H., Behera, P. K., Nayak, J. K., Lenka, K. C. & Parida, P. K. (2023). Genetic variability of panicle architecture and nutritional parameters in indigenous finger millet genotypes from Koraput, Eastern Ghats of India. Cereal Research Communications, 51(4), 1015-1029. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42976-022-00345-3
Prabu, R., Vanniarajan, C., Vetriventhan, M., Gnanamalar, R. P., Shanmughasundaram, R. & Ramalingam, J. (2020). Association studies in barnyard millet (Echinochloa frumentacea (Roxb.) Link) for early maturity and yield contributing traits at high altitude region. Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding, 11(1), 192-196. DOI -10.37992/2 020.1101.033
Prakash, R. & Vanniarajan, C. (2015). Path analysis for grain yield in barnyard millet (Echinochloa frumentacea (Roxb.) link). Bangladesh Journal of Botany, 44(1), 147-150. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v44i1.22739
R Core Team (2021). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria.URL https://www.R-project.org/.
Renganathan, V. G., Vanniarajan, C., Karthikeyan, A. & Ramalingam, J. (2020). Barnyard millet for food and nutritional security: Current status and future research direction. Frontiers in genetics, 11, 500. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2020.00500
Sahoo, R., Swain, S. K., Mahapatra, J., Mohanty, D. K., Mohapatra, P. M. & Dash, A. K. (2024). A study on moisture dependent properties of barnyard millet (Echinochloa frumentacea) grains. Journal of Experimental Agriculture International, 46(6), 69-79. DOI: 10.9734/jeai/2024/v46i6 2458
Singh, A. N. O. O. P., Sehrawat, K. D., Sehrawat, A. N. I. S. H., Singh, M., & Sehrawat, R. A. (2023). Assessing the genetic diversity of finger millet (Eleusine coracana) germplasm for agronomic traits. The Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 93(5), 489-494.
Sood, S., Khulbe, R. K., Gupta, A. K., Agrawal, P. K., Upadhyaya, H. D. & Bhatt, J. C. (2015). Barnyard millet–a potential food and feed crop of future. Plant breeding, 134(2), 135-147. https://doi.org/10.1111/pbr.12243
Sreenivasulu, N. & Schnurbusch, T. (2012). A genetic playground for enhancing grain number in cereals. Trends in plant science, 17(2), 91-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2011.11.003
Vanniarajan, C., Anand, G., Kanchana, S., Veeranan, V., Giridhari, A. & Renganathan, V. G. (2018). A short duration high yielding culture-Barnyard millet ACM 10145. Agricultural Science Digest-A Research Journal, 38(2), 123-126. 10.18805/ag.D-4574
Vikram, S., Sudhagar, R., Masilamani, P. & Vanniarajan, C. (2020). Genetic variability and association analysis in barnyard millet mutants. Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding, 11(01), 210-216. https://doi.org/10.37992/2020.1 101.036
Vishnuprabha, R. S. & Vanniarajan, C. (2018). Correlation and path analysis studies for parents and F1crosses in barnyard millet [Echinochloa frumentaceae (Roxb.) Link] for nutritional characters. Agricultural Science Digest-A Research Journal, 38(1), 52-54. DOI- 10.18805/ag.D-4689
Wright, S. (1921). Correlation and causation. Journal of agricultural research, 20(7), 557.
Zhang, Q., Tang, W., Peng, S. & Li, Y. (2022). Limiting factors for panicle photosynthesis at the anthesis and grain filling stages in rice (Oryza sativa L.). The Plant Journal, 109(1), 77-91. https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.15554
Zhi, H., He, Q., Tang, S., Yang, J., Zhang, W., Liu, H., ... & Diao, X. (2021). Genetic control and phenotypic characterization of panicle architecture and grain yield-related traits in foxtail millet (Setaria italica). Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 134(9), 3023-3036. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-021-03875-2
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How to Cite
Barnyard millet: A crop of promise elucidated through correlation and path analysis. (2024). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 16(3), 1273-1281. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v16i3.5793
