Efficacy of insecticides spinosad and imidacloprid as baiting stations to control termite Microcerotermes diversus (Silvestri) (Isoptera: Termitidae)
Article Main
Abstract
The control of termite infestations, particularly Microcerotermes diversus, poses substantial challenges in agricultural settings, such as olive orchards, necessitating effective pest management strategies. This study investigates the efficacy of two insecticides, imidacloprid, and spinosad, at varying concentrations for controlling termite infestations in an olive orchard in Baghdad. The experiment utilized bait stations consisting of plastic containers buried within the soil of infested olive trees. Each bait station contained palm frond bundles treated with either imidacloprid (200, 400, 600 ppm) or spinosad (200, 400, 600 ppm) and the control group with no treatment. Palms were previously dried and placed in the bait stations, then inspected bi-monthly for termite infestation and weight loss over six months. After one month, the treatment with 200 ppm imidacloprid produced a 75% infection rate, with 3120 worker termites and a 55% reduction in palm frond weight. By six months, the infestation rates for imidacloprid and spinosad 600 ppm decreased to 0%, corresponding to 40% and 38% weight losses. The control group had 100% infestation and a peak of 5820 workers. Spinosad at 600 ppm proved most effective, achieving a total reduction in infestation by month four, demonstrating a significant difference in efficacy between the insecticides. The findings highlight the effectiveness of using bait stations with imidacloprid and spinosad to manage termite populations, providing a crucial method for safeguarding crops against severe pest threats. This study contributes valuable data on optimal pesticide application for sustainable agricultural practices.
Article Details
Article Details
Keywords
Imidacloprid, Microcerotermes diversus, spinosad, Tunnel, Worker
References
Abbas, Z. R., Hassan, Z. N. & Shafeeq, M. A. A. (2021). Evaluation of the efficacy of Insecticides Spinosad and Imidacloprid in olive trees infested by termite Microcerotermes diversus (Silvestri) (Isoptera: Termitidae). Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, 14(11), 6073-6077. DOI: 10.52711/0974360X.2021.01055.
Abd-Ella, A. A. (2020). Toxicity and Field Efficiency of Certain Insecticides Against the Subterranean Termite, Psammotermes hypostoma Desneux (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, F. Toxicology & Pest Control, 12(2), 257-267. DOI: 10.21608/eajbsf.2020.133369.
Ahmed, M. A. I., Eraky, S. A., Fakeer, M. & Soliman, A. S. (2014). Toxicity assessment of selected neonicotinoid pesticides against the sand termite, Psammotermes hypostoma Desneux workers (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) under laboratory conditions. ISNN: 1991-8178
Ahmed, M. A. I., Eraky, E. S., Mohamed, M. F. & Soliman, A. A. (2015). Potential toxicity assessment ofnovel selected pesticides against sand termite, Psammotermes hypostoma Desneux workers (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) under field conditions in Egypt. Journal of Plant Protection Research, 55(2). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/jppr-2015-0026.
Akbar, M. S., Majeed, M. Z. & Afzal, M. (2019). Comparative toxicity of selected new-chemistry insecticides against subterranean termites Odontotermes obesus Ramb. (Isoptera: Termitidae). DOI | http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.sja/2019/35.1.20.26.
6. Al-jebury, W. A. & Al-mullah, N. M. (2023). Studying the Seasonal Activity of Termites Microcerotermes diversus Silv. using Bait Stations in Nineveh Governorate. Sciences, 14(1), 175-183. https://doi.org/10.25130/tjas.19.3.10.
7. Aljedani, D. M. (2023). Evaluation of Some Plant Extracts Effectiveness on the Termite's Reticulitermes spp. (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 32(4). DOI: https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/162305.
8. Chand, R. R., Jokhan, A. D., Charan, H., Raj, K. & Singh, P. (2018). Threats posed by Asian subterranean termites in the Fiji Islands and their potential controls: a review. New Zealand Plant Protection, 71, 129-139. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2018.71.111
9. Cheraghi, A., Habibpour, B.,& Mossadegh, M. S. (2013). Application of bait treated with the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorokin for the control of Microcerotermes diversus Silv. Psyche: A Journal of Entomology, 2013.http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/865102.
Ekhtelat, M., Habibpour, B., Ziaee, M. & Poursartip, L. (2018). The effects of bait shape and composition on acceptance and consumption of bait by Microcerotermes diversus (Isoptera: Termitidae) under laboratory and field conditions. Journal of Crop Protection, 7(4), 403-414. http://jcp.modares.ac.ir/article-3-21259-en.html.
11. Henderson, G., Gautam, B. K., & Wang, C. (2016). Impact of ground-applied termiticides on the above-- ground foraging behavior of the Formosan subterranean termite. Insects, 7(3), 43. DOI: 10.3390/insects7030043
12. Iqbal, N. & Saeed, S. (2013). Toxicity of six new chemical insecticides against the termite, Microtermes mycophagus D. (Isoptera: Termitidae: Macrotermitinae). Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 45(3).DOI: 0030-9923/2013/0003-0709.
13. Iqbal, N. & Evans, T. A. (2018). Evaluation of fipronil and imidacloprid as bait active ingredients against fungus-growing termites (Blattodea: Termitidae: Macrotermitinae). Bulletin of Entomological Research 108(1), 14-22. DOI: 10.1017/S000748531700044X.
Iqbal, N., Alvı, A. M., Saeed, S., Rashıed, A., Saeed, Q., Jaleel, W., ... & Ghramh, H. A. (2019). Toxicity and repellency of different insecticides to Odontotermes obesus (Rambur, 1842) (Blattodea: Termitidae: Macrotermitinae). Turkish Journal of Entomology, 43(3), 241- 251. https://doi.org/10.16970/entoted.519906. ISSN: 2695-2556 (Online) ISSN: 2651-5679(Print). ISSN:1991-8178.
15. Kumar, M. (2017). Bio-efficacy of chemical insecticides and organic pesticide for management of termites in wheat. Seed, 11(10.28), T3. ISSN 2278-6783.
Manzoor, F. & Pervez, M. (2014a). Efficacy of Biflex and Fipronil in controlling subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in different soil types in Pakistan. In Proceedings of the 10th Pacific-Termite Research Group Conference, Forschler, BT (ed.). DOI 10.13140/2.1.5091.4567.
Manzoor, F., Saleem, S. & Abbas, M. (2014b). Laboratory evaluation of imidacloprid against Microtermes obesi (Holmgren) (Isoptera: Macrotermitinae). Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences, 51(1), 43-48. ISSN: 0377 - 2969 (print), 2306 - 1448 (online).
Misbah-Ul-Haq, M., Khan, I. A., Farid, A., Ullah, M., Gouge, D. H. & Baker, P. B. (2016). Efficacy of indoxacarb and chlorfenapyr against Subterranean termite Heterotermes indicia (Wasmann) (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in the laboratory. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 40(3). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.16970/ted.89871.
Mishra, P., Verma, M., Jha, S., Tripathi, A., Pandey, A., Dikshit, A. & Sharma, S. (2021). Biological approaches of termite management: A review. Curr. Bot, 12, 121-131. DOI: 10.25081/cb. 2021.v12.7021.
Nisar, M. S., Bashir, M. A., Naz, H. & Ahmed, S. (2020). 24. Comparative effect of termiticides and plant extracts on mortality and tunnel formation of Odontotermes obesus. Pure and Applied Biology (PAB), 9(3), 1903-1910.http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2020.90203.
Nisar, M. S., Rashid, A., Mujtaba, M. M., Ramzan, H. & Malik, S. (2023). Assessing the Efficacy of New Chemistry Insecticides against Subterranean Termite. Plant Protection, 7(1), 65-75.DOI: https://doi.org/10.33804/pp.007.01.4448.
Oi, F. (2022). A review of the evolution of termite control: A continuum of alternatives to termiticides in the United States with emphasis on efficacy testing requirements for product registration. Insects, 13(1), 50. DOI: 10.3390/insects13010050.
Quarcoo, F. Y., Hu, X. P. & Appel, A. G. (2012). Effects of non‐repellent termiticides on the tunneling and walking ability of the eastern subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Pest management science, 68(10), 1352-1359.https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.3302.
Ranjith, M., Ramya, R. S., Boopathi, T., Kumar, P., Prabhakaran, N., Raja, M. & Bajya, D. R. (2021). Firstreport of the fungus Actinomucor elegans Benjamin & Hesseltine belonging to Odontotermes obesus (Rambur) (Isoptera: Termitidae) in India. Crop Protection, 145, 105622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2021.105622.
Ravanshadi, E., Yarahmadi, F., Jalalabadi, A. L. & Mirza, F. K. (2023). Study on the resistance to chlorpyrifos in Microcerotermes diversus (Isoptera: Termitidae). Iran Agricultural Research, 41(2). DOI: 10.22099/IAR.2023.46735.1527
Salem, M. Z., Ali, M. F., Mansour, M. M., Ali, H. M., Abdel Moneim, E. M., & Abdel-Megeed, A. (2020).The anti-termitic activity of three plant extracts, chlorpyrifos, and a bioagent compound (protecto) against termite Microcerotermes eugnathus silvestri (Blattodea: Termitidae) in Egypt. Insects, 11(11), 756. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11110756.
Saljoqi, A. U. R., Muhammad, N., Khan, I. A., Nadeem, M., & Salim, M. (2014). Effect of different insecticides against termites, Heterotermes indicola L. (Isoptera: Termitidae) as slow-acting toxicants. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 30(3).
Saran, R. K., & Rust, M. K. (2014). Toxicity, uptake, and transfer efficiency of fipronil in western subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 100(2), 495-508. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/100.2.495.
SAS (2012). Statistical Analysis System, Utilizer's Guide. Statistical. Version 9.1th ed. SAS. Inst. Inc. Cary. N.C. The USA.
Shafiei Alavije, E., Habibpour, B., Moharramipour, S., & Rasekh, A. (2014). Bioactivity of Eucalyptus camaldulensis essential oil against Microcerotermes diversus (Isoptera:Termitidae). Journal of Crop Protection, 3(1), 1-11. http://jcp.modares.ac.ir/article-3-2213-en.html.
Udousung, I. J., Umoh, C. E., & Umoh, I. U. (2022). Termites Control/Management Techniques Used Among Farmers in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. AKSU Journal of Agriculture and Food Science, 6(2), 68. ISSN: 2695-2556. (Online) ISSN: 2651-5679(Print)
Wright, M. S., & Cornelius, M. L. (2012). Mortality and repellent effects of microbial pathogens onCoptotermes formosanus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). BMC Microbiology, 12, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-12-291.
Abd-Ella, A. A. (2020). Toxicity and Field Efficiency of Certain Insecticides Against the Subterranean Termite, Psammotermes hypostoma Desneux (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences, F. Toxicology & Pest Control, 12(2), 257-267. DOI: 10.21608/eajbsf.2020.133369.
Ahmed, M. A. I., Eraky, S. A., Fakeer, M. & Soliman, A. S. (2014). Toxicity assessment of selected neonicotinoid pesticides against the sand termite, Psammotermes hypostoma Desneux workers (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) under laboratory conditions. ISNN: 1991-8178
Ahmed, M. A. I., Eraky, E. S., Mohamed, M. F. & Soliman, A. A. (2015). Potential toxicity assessment ofnovel selected pesticides against sand termite, Psammotermes hypostoma Desneux workers (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) under field conditions in Egypt. Journal of Plant Protection Research, 55(2). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/jppr-2015-0026.
Akbar, M. S., Majeed, M. Z. & Afzal, M. (2019). Comparative toxicity of selected new-chemistry insecticides against subterranean termites Odontotermes obesus Ramb. (Isoptera: Termitidae). DOI | http://dx.doi.org/10.17582/journal.sja/2019/35.1.20.26.
6. Al-jebury, W. A. & Al-mullah, N. M. (2023). Studying the Seasonal Activity of Termites Microcerotermes diversus Silv. using Bait Stations in Nineveh Governorate. Sciences, 14(1), 175-183. https://doi.org/10.25130/tjas.19.3.10.
7. Aljedani, D. M. (2023). Evaluation of Some Plant Extracts Effectiveness on the Termite's Reticulitermes spp. (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 32(4). DOI: https://doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/162305.
8. Chand, R. R., Jokhan, A. D., Charan, H., Raj, K. & Singh, P. (2018). Threats posed by Asian subterranean termites in the Fiji Islands and their potential controls: a review. New Zealand Plant Protection, 71, 129-139. DOI: https://doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2018.71.111
9. Cheraghi, A., Habibpour, B.,& Mossadegh, M. S. (2013). Application of bait treated with the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorokin for the control of Microcerotermes diversus Silv. Psyche: A Journal of Entomology, 2013.http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/865102.
Ekhtelat, M., Habibpour, B., Ziaee, M. & Poursartip, L. (2018). The effects of bait shape and composition on acceptance and consumption of bait by Microcerotermes diversus (Isoptera: Termitidae) under laboratory and field conditions. Journal of Crop Protection, 7(4), 403-414. http://jcp.modares.ac.ir/article-3-21259-en.html.
11. Henderson, G., Gautam, B. K., & Wang, C. (2016). Impact of ground-applied termiticides on the above-- ground foraging behavior of the Formosan subterranean termite. Insects, 7(3), 43. DOI: 10.3390/insects7030043
12. Iqbal, N. & Saeed, S. (2013). Toxicity of six new chemical insecticides against the termite, Microtermes mycophagus D. (Isoptera: Termitidae: Macrotermitinae). Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 45(3).DOI: 0030-9923/2013/0003-0709.
13. Iqbal, N. & Evans, T. A. (2018). Evaluation of fipronil and imidacloprid as bait active ingredients against fungus-growing termites (Blattodea: Termitidae: Macrotermitinae). Bulletin of Entomological Research 108(1), 14-22. DOI: 10.1017/S000748531700044X.
Iqbal, N., Alvı, A. M., Saeed, S., Rashıed, A., Saeed, Q., Jaleel, W., ... & Ghramh, H. A. (2019). Toxicity and repellency of different insecticides to Odontotermes obesus (Rambur, 1842) (Blattodea: Termitidae: Macrotermitinae). Turkish Journal of Entomology, 43(3), 241- 251. https://doi.org/10.16970/entoted.519906. ISSN: 2695-2556 (Online) ISSN: 2651-5679(Print). ISSN:1991-8178.
15. Kumar, M. (2017). Bio-efficacy of chemical insecticides and organic pesticide for management of termites in wheat. Seed, 11(10.28), T3. ISSN 2278-6783.
Manzoor, F. & Pervez, M. (2014a). Efficacy of Biflex and Fipronil in controlling subterranean termites (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in different soil types in Pakistan. In Proceedings of the 10th Pacific-Termite Research Group Conference, Forschler, BT (ed.). DOI 10.13140/2.1.5091.4567.
Manzoor, F., Saleem, S. & Abbas, M. (2014b). Laboratory evaluation of imidacloprid against Microtermes obesi (Holmgren) (Isoptera: Macrotermitinae). Proceedings of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences, 51(1), 43-48. ISSN: 0377 - 2969 (print), 2306 - 1448 (online).
Misbah-Ul-Haq, M., Khan, I. A., Farid, A., Ullah, M., Gouge, D. H. & Baker, P. B. (2016). Efficacy of indoxacarb and chlorfenapyr against Subterranean termite Heterotermes indicia (Wasmann) (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae) in the laboratory. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 40(3). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.16970/ted.89871.
Mishra, P., Verma, M., Jha, S., Tripathi, A., Pandey, A., Dikshit, A. & Sharma, S. (2021). Biological approaches of termite management: A review. Curr. Bot, 12, 121-131. DOI: 10.25081/cb. 2021.v12.7021.
Nisar, M. S., Bashir, M. A., Naz, H. & Ahmed, S. (2020). 24. Comparative effect of termiticides and plant extracts on mortality and tunnel formation of Odontotermes obesus. Pure and Applied Biology (PAB), 9(3), 1903-1910.http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2020.90203.
Nisar, M. S., Rashid, A., Mujtaba, M. M., Ramzan, H. & Malik, S. (2023). Assessing the Efficacy of New Chemistry Insecticides against Subterranean Termite. Plant Protection, 7(1), 65-75.DOI: https://doi.org/10.33804/pp.007.01.4448.
Oi, F. (2022). A review of the evolution of termite control: A continuum of alternatives to termiticides in the United States with emphasis on efficacy testing requirements for product registration. Insects, 13(1), 50. DOI: 10.3390/insects13010050.
Quarcoo, F. Y., Hu, X. P. & Appel, A. G. (2012). Effects of non‐repellent termiticides on the tunneling and walking ability of the eastern subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Pest management science, 68(10), 1352-1359.https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.3302.
Ranjith, M., Ramya, R. S., Boopathi, T., Kumar, P., Prabhakaran, N., Raja, M. & Bajya, D. R. (2021). Firstreport of the fungus Actinomucor elegans Benjamin & Hesseltine belonging to Odontotermes obesus (Rambur) (Isoptera: Termitidae) in India. Crop Protection, 145, 105622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2021.105622.
Ravanshadi, E., Yarahmadi, F., Jalalabadi, A. L. & Mirza, F. K. (2023). Study on the resistance to chlorpyrifos in Microcerotermes diversus (Isoptera: Termitidae). Iran Agricultural Research, 41(2). DOI: 10.22099/IAR.2023.46735.1527
Salem, M. Z., Ali, M. F., Mansour, M. M., Ali, H. M., Abdel Moneim, E. M., & Abdel-Megeed, A. (2020).The anti-termitic activity of three plant extracts, chlorpyrifos, and a bioagent compound (protecto) against termite Microcerotermes eugnathus silvestri (Blattodea: Termitidae) in Egypt. Insects, 11(11), 756. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects11110756.
Saljoqi, A. U. R., Muhammad, N., Khan, I. A., Nadeem, M., & Salim, M. (2014). Effect of different insecticides against termites, Heterotermes indicola L. (Isoptera: Termitidae) as slow-acting toxicants. Sarhad Journal of Agriculture, 30(3).
Saran, R. K., & Rust, M. K. (2014). Toxicity, uptake, and transfer efficiency of fipronil in western subterranean termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 100(2), 495-508. https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/100.2.495.
SAS (2012). Statistical Analysis System, Utilizer's Guide. Statistical. Version 9.1th ed. SAS. Inst. Inc. Cary. N.C. The USA.
Shafiei Alavije, E., Habibpour, B., Moharramipour, S., & Rasekh, A. (2014). Bioactivity of Eucalyptus camaldulensis essential oil against Microcerotermes diversus (Isoptera:Termitidae). Journal of Crop Protection, 3(1), 1-11. http://jcp.modares.ac.ir/article-3-2213-en.html.
Udousung, I. J., Umoh, C. E., & Umoh, I. U. (2022). Termites Control/Management Techniques Used Among Farmers in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. AKSU Journal of Agriculture and Food Science, 6(2), 68. ISSN: 2695-2556. (Online) ISSN: 2651-5679(Print)
Wright, M. S., & Cornelius, M. L. (2012). Mortality and repellent effects of microbial pathogens onCoptotermes formosanus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). BMC Microbiology, 12, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-12-291.
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Efficacy of insecticides spinosad and imidacloprid as baiting stations to control termite Microcerotermes diversus (Silvestri) (Isoptera: Termitidae). (2024). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 16(4), 1402-1408. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v16i4.5788
