Dose optimization, frequency and spectrum of Gamma-ray induced chlorophyll mutations in acid lime (Citrus aurantifolia) cv. Agamalai
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Abstract
Citrus, one of the most popular fruit crops grown worldwide, has high nutritional, medicinal and commercial value. This experiment aimed to investigate the effects of gamma radiation with various doses, including 0 Gy, 5Gy, 10 Gy, 15 Gy, 20 Gy, 25Gy, 30 Gy, 35 Gy, 40 Gy and 45 Gy of cobalt 60 sources on acid lime variety Agamalai citrus, (Citrus aurantifolia). The study was carried out at the Horticulture College and Research Institute in Periyakulam.The mutagenic efficiency and effectiveness were evaluated using the frequency of chlorophyll mutations and the biological damage in M1 plants. The stomatal index reduces (19.62 %– 13.99%) with increasing treatment dose, compared to control (20.39%), although guard cell dimensions, such as length (6.09 µm) in 15 Gy and breadth (4.56 µm) in 5 Gy increase with higher dose treatment than untreated (3.71 µm,3.54 µm). Identifying the mutagenic efficiency and effectiveness of the mutagen and maximising the lethal dosage is the first stage in any mutagenesis research. This work will serve as a foundation for subsequent gamma-irradiation studies in acidlime to generate desirable mutants.
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Keywords
Agamalai, Cobalt 60, Citrus aurantifolia, Effectiveness, Frequency, Mutagen
References
Abhilash, K., Kerutagi, M.G., Rashmi K., Satish, D. & Nagesh Naik. (2018). Evaluation of the Elite Strains of Acid Lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle L.) for the Growth and Yield Parameters. Int .J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci., 7(7), 666 - 677.
Agisimanto, D., Noor, N.M., Ibrahim, R. & Mohamad,A. (2016). Gamma Irradiation Effect on Embryogenic Callus Growth of Citrus reticulata cv. Limau Madu. Sains Malaysiana., 45(3), 329 – 337.
Ahmed, H.S, Ahmed, M.F & Shoala, T. (2018). Impact of Single or Fractionated Radiation and Selenium Nanoparticles on Acid Lime (Citrus aurantifolia L.) Seed Germination Ability and Seedlings Growth. Adv Agr Environ Sci., 1(2),91−100. DOI: 10.30881/aaeoa.00016.
Akhtar, S., Ahmed, R., Begum, K., Das, A., Saikia ,S., Laskar, R. A. & Banu, S. (2024). Evaluation of morphological traits, biochemical parameters and seeding availability pattern among Citrus limon ‘Assam lemon’ accessions across Assam. Scientifc Reports., 14,3886. doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-54392-3.
Brunner.H. (1995). Radiation Induced Mutations for Plant Selection. Appl Radiat. Isot., 6(7), 589-594
Coban, H., Kara, S. & Iiter, E. (2002). Investigation of radiosensitivity of some grape varieties. Pak J Biol Sci., (5)5 ,601-603.
Cullen and Rudall, (2016). The remarkable stomata of horsetails (Equisetum): patterning, ultrastructure and development. Ann.Bot ., 118, 207–218, doi:10.1093/aob/mcw094.
Dabhi, D.M., Patel, M.V. & Gurjar, T.D. (2023). Influence of micronutrients on quality of acid lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) cv. Kagzi Lime. J. Pharma. Innov., 12(6), 4758-4761.
Deshmukh, G.N., Alekar, A.N. & Hirve, P.S. (2015). Performance of Acid Lime Varieties for Hasta Bahar under Akola Conditions. J. Hortic.., 2:2 DOI: 10.4172/2376-0354.1000131.
Devi, D.M., Kumar, S.R.C., Rajangam, J., Santha, S. & Sankar, C. (2021). Determination of lethal dose (LD50) and effect of physical and chemical mutagenesis in acid lime var. PKM 1. J. Pharma. Innov ., 10(11), 583-588.
Ghasemi-Soloklui, A.A., Kordrostami, M & Karim.R. (2023).Determination of optimum dose based of biological responses of lethal dose (LD25, 50, 75) and growth reduction (GR25, 50, 75) in ‘Yaghouti’ grape due to gamma radiation. Scientifc Reports, 13,2713.
Gidoni, D and Carmi, N. (2007). Mutagenesis for seedlessness in Citrus. Israel Journal of Plant Sciences., 55(2), 133-135.
Holme IB, Gregersen PL, Brinch-Pedersen H. (2019).Induced Genetic Variation in Crop Plants by Random or Targeted Mutagenesis: Convergence and Differences. Front Plant Sci,10,1468. Doi.10.3389/fpls.2019.01468
Hong, M. J., Kim, D. Y., Jo, Y. D., Choi, H. I., Ahn, J. W., Kwon, S. J.& Kim, J. B. (2022). Biological effect of gamma rays according to exposure time on germination and plant growth in wheat. Applied Sciences., 12(6), 3208. Doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpr131.
IIFPT (2021) Detailed Project Report, Lime Squash Manufacturing Unit. Indian Institute of Food Processing, Technology, Ministry of Food Processing Industries, Govt. of India, p. 6.
Jain M.S. (2002). A Review of Induction of Mutations in Fruits of Tropical and Subtropical Regions. A Review of Induction of Mutations In Fruits of Tropical and Subtropical Regions. Acta Hortic., 575,295-302. DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2002.575.33.
Jency J, Poornima R, Ravikesavan P, Sumathi, & Raveendran M. (2016). Determination of lethal dose and effect of physical mutagen on germination percentage and seedling parameters in kodo millet variety CO 3, Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding., 7(4),1122-1126. DOI: 10.5958/0975-928X.2016.00155.1.
Kodym A, Afza R. (2003). Physical and chemical mutagenesis. Methods Mol Biol., 236,189-204. doi: 10.1385/1-59259-413-1:189.
Kumar, A., Paul, S., Sood, V. K., Thakur, G. & Thakur, R. (2021). Effectiveness and efficiency of gamma rays and EMS (Ethyl methane sulphonate) in linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.). Himachal Journal of Agricultural Research., 47(2), 163-168.
Kumari, S.; Sharma, A.; Salgotra, R.; Sharma, M.& Singh, P. (2021). Morphological Studies of Acid Lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) Genotypes of North Western Regions of India. Biological Forum – An International Journal, 13(4), 1020-10.
Ladaniya, M.S, Marathe, R.A,Das, A.K, Rao, C.N, Huchche, A.D, Shirgure, P.S, Murkute, A.A. (2020).High density planting studies in acid lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle).Scientia Horticulturae.,261,108935, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2019.108935
Lamo J, Tongoona P, Sie M, Semon M, Onaga G,& Okori P. (2017) .Upland Rice Breeding in Uganda: Initiatives and Progress. Advances in international Rice Research., 214-246.
Ma, S., Raf,A.N.M., Rosli,M.A ., Zain ,N.A.M., Ibrahim,M.H.,Karsani,S & Yaacob.J.S.(2023).Scientifc Reports., 13,182. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-26745-3.
Maana S.S and Brar, J.S.(2021). Mutagenic sensitivity analysis in guava (Psidium guajava L.)., Fruits, 76(4), 181–190. DOI: 10.17660/th2021/76.4.3.
Maurya, P., Sagore,B., Jain,S., Saini,S., Ingole,A., Meena.R & Kumar.V. (2022). Mutational breeding in fruit crops: A review. The Pharma Innovation, 11(6), 1631-1637.
Mba, C., Afza, R., Bado, S. Jain, & S. M. (2010). Induced mutagenesis in plants using physical and chemical agents. Plant cell culture: Essential methods, 20, 111-130.
Nyainleta, G., Pesik, A., & Hiariej, A. (2022). Epidermal Structure and Leaf Stomata of Several Accessions of Banana Plants (Musa spp.). Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 8(6), 2974–2979. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v8i6.2194.
Orsini, F., Alnayef, M., Bona, S., Maggio, A & Gianquinto, G. (2012). Low stomatal density and reduced transpiration facilitate strawberry adaptation to salinity. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 81, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2012.02.005.
Parry, M.A.J., Madgwick, P.J., Bayon, C., Tearall, K., Hernandez-Lopez, A., Baudo, M., Rakszegi, M., Hamada,W., Al-Yassin,A., Hassan Ouabbou, H., Labhilili, M & Phillips, A.L.(2009). Mutation discovery for crop improvement-A review. Journal of Experimental Botany, 60(10), 2817–2825.
Puripunyavanich, Vichai & Maikaeo, Lamai & Limtiyayothin, Mayuree & Orpong, Piyanuch. (2022). New Frontier of Plant Breeding Using Gamma Irradiation and Biotechnology., 10.5772/intechopen.104667. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.104667
Pramanik, B., Debnath, S., Rahimi, M., Helal, M.M.U, & Hasan ,R. (2023).Morphometric frequency and spectrum of gamma-ray-induced chlorophyll mutants identified by phenotype and development of novel variants in lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.). PLoS ONE., 18(6), e0286975.
Prasanna, VSSV., Madhavi, M., Lakshmi, M.L., Rajasekharam, T., Amaravathi, Y & Krishna. U.K. (2023). Assessment of variability in qualitative and quantitative morphological characters of acid lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) germplasm. The Pharma Innovation Journal,; 12(5), 2751-2757.
Ramesh, H. L., Murthy, Y.V. N. & Munirajappa. (2012). Effect of different doses of gamma radiation on growth parameters of Mulberry (Morus) variety Kosen. Journal of Applied and Natural Science.,4 (1), 10-15. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v4i1.214. Rangaraj, T., Rajamanickam, C., Sundharaiya, K., Sankar. C & Shanmugasundaram.T. (2022). Effect of foliar application of micronutrients on growth, yield and fruit quality of acid lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) var. PKM-1. The Pharma Innovation Journal.,11(12), 5609-5612.
Ravi, A., Rani, A.M.S., Auxcilia, J., Thiruvengadam, V & Karthikeyan,G. (2022). Mutagenic effectiveness, efficiency and dose optimization of gamma rays in papaya (Carica papaya L.) varieties. Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding, 13(4),1270-1281. https://doi.org/10.37992/2022.1304.158
Rogiers, S.Y., Greer, D.H., Hatfield, J.M., Hutton, R.J., Clarke, S.J, Hutchinson, H.J., & Somers, A. (2012). Stomatal response of an anisohydric grapevine cultivar to evaporative demand, available soil moisture and abscisic acid, Tree Physiology, 32 (3),249–261. doi: 10.1093/treephys/tpr131.
Sanchez. C., Fischer. G & Sanjuanelo, D.W. (2013). Stomatal behavior in fruits and leaves of the purple passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims) and fruits and cladodes of the yellow pitaya [Hylocereus megalanthus (K. Schum. ex Vaupel) Ralf Bauer]. Agronomía Colombiana, 31(1), 38-47.
Sathiya,R, Naveenkumar, M. Senthilnathan, S. Grunathan S, Nirmaladevi, M &Banumathy, V.(2022). Growth Analysis and Instability in Fruits Area, Production, Productivity and Exports in India. Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology., 40(9), 416 – 424. DOI: 10.9734/AJAEES/2022/v40i931022.
Sekhar, R.S and Kundu, S. (2021). Studies on Diversity of Acid Lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swing.) based on Important Fruit Characters under West Bengal Conditions. Indian J. Plant Genet. Resour, 34(3), 471–474. https://doi.org/10.5958/0976-1926.2021.00041.3.
Swarup, S, Cargill, E.J, Crosby, K, Flagel, L, Kniskern, J, Glenn, K.C (2021). Genetic diversity is indispensable for plant breeding to improve crops. Crop Science., 61,839–852. https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.20377
Yali, W. and Mitiku, T. (2022). Mutation Breeding and Its Importance in Modern Plant Breeding. Journal of
Plant Sciences, 10(2), 64-70. doi: 10.11648/j.jps.20221002.13.
Agisimanto, D., Noor, N.M., Ibrahim, R. & Mohamad,A. (2016). Gamma Irradiation Effect on Embryogenic Callus Growth of Citrus reticulata cv. Limau Madu. Sains Malaysiana., 45(3), 329 – 337.
Ahmed, H.S, Ahmed, M.F & Shoala, T. (2018). Impact of Single or Fractionated Radiation and Selenium Nanoparticles on Acid Lime (Citrus aurantifolia L.) Seed Germination Ability and Seedlings Growth. Adv Agr Environ Sci., 1(2),91−100. DOI: 10.30881/aaeoa.00016.
Akhtar, S., Ahmed, R., Begum, K., Das, A., Saikia ,S., Laskar, R. A. & Banu, S. (2024). Evaluation of morphological traits, biochemical parameters and seeding availability pattern among Citrus limon ‘Assam lemon’ accessions across Assam. Scientifc Reports., 14,3886. doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-54392-3.
Brunner.H. (1995). Radiation Induced Mutations for Plant Selection. Appl Radiat. Isot., 6(7), 589-594
Coban, H., Kara, S. & Iiter, E. (2002). Investigation of radiosensitivity of some grape varieties. Pak J Biol Sci., (5)5 ,601-603.
Cullen and Rudall, (2016). The remarkable stomata of horsetails (Equisetum): patterning, ultrastructure and development. Ann.Bot ., 118, 207–218, doi:10.1093/aob/mcw094.
Dabhi, D.M., Patel, M.V. & Gurjar, T.D. (2023). Influence of micronutrients on quality of acid lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) cv. Kagzi Lime. J. Pharma. Innov., 12(6), 4758-4761.
Deshmukh, G.N., Alekar, A.N. & Hirve, P.S. (2015). Performance of Acid Lime Varieties for Hasta Bahar under Akola Conditions. J. Hortic.., 2:2 DOI: 10.4172/2376-0354.1000131.
Devi, D.M., Kumar, S.R.C., Rajangam, J., Santha, S. & Sankar, C. (2021). Determination of lethal dose (LD50) and effect of physical and chemical mutagenesis in acid lime var. PKM 1. J. Pharma. Innov ., 10(11), 583-588.
Ghasemi-Soloklui, A.A., Kordrostami, M & Karim.R. (2023).Determination of optimum dose based of biological responses of lethal dose (LD25, 50, 75) and growth reduction (GR25, 50, 75) in ‘Yaghouti’ grape due to gamma radiation. Scientifc Reports, 13,2713.
Gidoni, D and Carmi, N. (2007). Mutagenesis for seedlessness in Citrus. Israel Journal of Plant Sciences., 55(2), 133-135.
Holme IB, Gregersen PL, Brinch-Pedersen H. (2019).Induced Genetic Variation in Crop Plants by Random or Targeted Mutagenesis: Convergence and Differences. Front Plant Sci,10,1468. Doi.10.3389/fpls.2019.01468
Hong, M. J., Kim, D. Y., Jo, Y. D., Choi, H. I., Ahn, J. W., Kwon, S. J.& Kim, J. B. (2022). Biological effect of gamma rays according to exposure time on germination and plant growth in wheat. Applied Sciences., 12(6), 3208. Doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpr131.
IIFPT (2021) Detailed Project Report, Lime Squash Manufacturing Unit. Indian Institute of Food Processing, Technology, Ministry of Food Processing Industries, Govt. of India, p. 6.
Jain M.S. (2002). A Review of Induction of Mutations in Fruits of Tropical and Subtropical Regions. A Review of Induction of Mutations In Fruits of Tropical and Subtropical Regions. Acta Hortic., 575,295-302. DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.2002.575.33.
Jency J, Poornima R, Ravikesavan P, Sumathi, & Raveendran M. (2016). Determination of lethal dose and effect of physical mutagen on germination percentage and seedling parameters in kodo millet variety CO 3, Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding., 7(4),1122-1126. DOI: 10.5958/0975-928X.2016.00155.1.
Kodym A, Afza R. (2003). Physical and chemical mutagenesis. Methods Mol Biol., 236,189-204. doi: 10.1385/1-59259-413-1:189.
Kumar, A., Paul, S., Sood, V. K., Thakur, G. & Thakur, R. (2021). Effectiveness and efficiency of gamma rays and EMS (Ethyl methane sulphonate) in linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.). Himachal Journal of Agricultural Research., 47(2), 163-168.
Kumari, S.; Sharma, A.; Salgotra, R.; Sharma, M.& Singh, P. (2021). Morphological Studies of Acid Lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) Genotypes of North Western Regions of India. Biological Forum – An International Journal, 13(4), 1020-10.
Ladaniya, M.S, Marathe, R.A,Das, A.K, Rao, C.N, Huchche, A.D, Shirgure, P.S, Murkute, A.A. (2020).High density planting studies in acid lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle).Scientia Horticulturae.,261,108935, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2019.108935
Lamo J, Tongoona P, Sie M, Semon M, Onaga G,& Okori P. (2017) .Upland Rice Breeding in Uganda: Initiatives and Progress. Advances in international Rice Research., 214-246.
Ma, S., Raf,A.N.M., Rosli,M.A ., Zain ,N.A.M., Ibrahim,M.H.,Karsani,S & Yaacob.J.S.(2023).Scientifc Reports., 13,182. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-26745-3.
Maana S.S and Brar, J.S.(2021). Mutagenic sensitivity analysis in guava (Psidium guajava L.)., Fruits, 76(4), 181–190. DOI: 10.17660/th2021/76.4.3.
Maurya, P., Sagore,B., Jain,S., Saini,S., Ingole,A., Meena.R & Kumar.V. (2022). Mutational breeding in fruit crops: A review. The Pharma Innovation, 11(6), 1631-1637.
Mba, C., Afza, R., Bado, S. Jain, & S. M. (2010). Induced mutagenesis in plants using physical and chemical agents. Plant cell culture: Essential methods, 20, 111-130.
Nyainleta, G., Pesik, A., & Hiariej, A. (2022). Epidermal Structure and Leaf Stomata of Several Accessions of Banana Plants (Musa spp.). Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan IPA, 8(6), 2974–2979. https://doi.org/10.29303/jppipa.v8i6.2194.
Orsini, F., Alnayef, M., Bona, S., Maggio, A & Gianquinto, G. (2012). Low stomatal density and reduced transpiration facilitate strawberry adaptation to salinity. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 81, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2012.02.005.
Parry, M.A.J., Madgwick, P.J., Bayon, C., Tearall, K., Hernandez-Lopez, A., Baudo, M., Rakszegi, M., Hamada,W., Al-Yassin,A., Hassan Ouabbou, H., Labhilili, M & Phillips, A.L.(2009). Mutation discovery for crop improvement-A review. Journal of Experimental Botany, 60(10), 2817–2825.
Puripunyavanich, Vichai & Maikaeo, Lamai & Limtiyayothin, Mayuree & Orpong, Piyanuch. (2022). New Frontier of Plant Breeding Using Gamma Irradiation and Biotechnology., 10.5772/intechopen.104667. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.104667
Pramanik, B., Debnath, S., Rahimi, M., Helal, M.M.U, & Hasan ,R. (2023).Morphometric frequency and spectrum of gamma-ray-induced chlorophyll mutants identified by phenotype and development of novel variants in lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.). PLoS ONE., 18(6), e0286975.
Prasanna, VSSV., Madhavi, M., Lakshmi, M.L., Rajasekharam, T., Amaravathi, Y & Krishna. U.K. (2023). Assessment of variability in qualitative and quantitative morphological characters of acid lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) germplasm. The Pharma Innovation Journal,; 12(5), 2751-2757.
Ramesh, H. L., Murthy, Y.V. N. & Munirajappa. (2012). Effect of different doses of gamma radiation on growth parameters of Mulberry (Morus) variety Kosen. Journal of Applied and Natural Science.,4 (1), 10-15. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v4i1.214. Rangaraj, T., Rajamanickam, C., Sundharaiya, K., Sankar. C & Shanmugasundaram.T. (2022). Effect of foliar application of micronutrients on growth, yield and fruit quality of acid lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swingle) var. PKM-1. The Pharma Innovation Journal.,11(12), 5609-5612.
Ravi, A., Rani, A.M.S., Auxcilia, J., Thiruvengadam, V & Karthikeyan,G. (2022). Mutagenic effectiveness, efficiency and dose optimization of gamma rays in papaya (Carica papaya L.) varieties. Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding, 13(4),1270-1281. https://doi.org/10.37992/2022.1304.158
Rogiers, S.Y., Greer, D.H., Hatfield, J.M., Hutton, R.J., Clarke, S.J, Hutchinson, H.J., & Somers, A. (2012). Stomatal response of an anisohydric grapevine cultivar to evaporative demand, available soil moisture and abscisic acid, Tree Physiology, 32 (3),249–261. doi: 10.1093/treephys/tpr131.
Sanchez. C., Fischer. G & Sanjuanelo, D.W. (2013). Stomatal behavior in fruits and leaves of the purple passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims) and fruits and cladodes of the yellow pitaya [Hylocereus megalanthus (K. Schum. ex Vaupel) Ralf Bauer]. Agronomía Colombiana, 31(1), 38-47.
Sathiya,R, Naveenkumar, M. Senthilnathan, S. Grunathan S, Nirmaladevi, M &Banumathy, V.(2022). Growth Analysis and Instability in Fruits Area, Production, Productivity and Exports in India. Asian Journal of Agricultural Extension, Economics & Sociology., 40(9), 416 – 424. DOI: 10.9734/AJAEES/2022/v40i931022.
Sekhar, R.S and Kundu, S. (2021). Studies on Diversity of Acid Lime (Citrus aurantifolia Swing.) based on Important Fruit Characters under West Bengal Conditions. Indian J. Plant Genet. Resour, 34(3), 471–474. https://doi.org/10.5958/0976-1926.2021.00041.3.
Swarup, S, Cargill, E.J, Crosby, K, Flagel, L, Kniskern, J, Glenn, K.C (2021). Genetic diversity is indispensable for plant breeding to improve crops. Crop Science., 61,839–852. https://doi.org/10.1002/csc2.20377
Yali, W. and Mitiku, T. (2022). Mutation Breeding and Its Importance in Modern Plant Breeding. Journal of
Plant Sciences, 10(2), 64-70. doi: 10.11648/j.jps.20221002.13.
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Dose optimization, frequency and spectrum of Gamma-ray induced chlorophyll mutations in acid lime (Citrus aurantifolia) cv. Agamalai. (2024). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 16(3), 1025-1032. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v16i3.5668
