Physicochemical evaluation of Olive (Olea europea) fruit, halophyte (Salicornia herbacea L) plant salts and bamboo (Bambos arundinaceae) silica salts based effervescent tablets with promoting edible organic acids and carbonates
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Abstract
Maintainance of extracellular volume and water balance is important in cellular metabolism and these properties confer to sodium profile, but overconsumption of sodium causes risk to health. The present study aimed to develop and evaluate fast-dissolving effervescent tablets using a novel two-step wet granulation method, incorporating Olive (Olea europaea), halophyte marsh plant (Salicornia herbacea L.) and bamboo silica salts natural ingredients and edible organic acids viz. citric acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, apple cider vinegar powder, fumaric acid and alkalizing agents like sodium bicarbonate, anhydrous potassium carbonate, anhydrous sodium carbonate, potassium sulphate dodecahydrate as active ingredients to enhance bioavailability and dissolution. During the process, all active ingredients were milled separately and sifted through a number 40 mesh sieve, followed by blending for 10 min to create uniform wet mass and further, sieved through number 20 mesh to produce granules. Finally, the dried granules of the composition according to formulations were compressed into tablets with 12 mm diameter using a single punch tablet punching machine. The formulations adhered to pharmacopoeial quality standards, displaying favorable mechanical and physical properties. The results revealed that the effervescent granules in all the formulations exhibited excellent flow properties with Angle of Repose, Hausner’s ratio and compressibility index in the ranges of 26.10°-29.52°, 1.07-1.12 and 6.12%-10.51% respectively. Formulations F1 and F3 emerged as the most effective, with friability <0.5%, water content <0.05%, effervescence time <2.5 min and excellent solubility on the Likert scale. The findings open avenues for further research into effervescent technology and its application in drug delivery systems.
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Keywords
Effervescent tablets, Flow properties, Natural ingredients, Solubility, Wet granulation method
References
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Agrawal, R., & Naveen, Y. (2011). Pharmaceutical Processing-A Review on Wet Granulation Technology. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Frontier Research, 1, 65–83.
Al-Ibraheemi, Z. A. M., Mahdi, A. B., Taip, F. S. & Anuar, M. S. (2019). Effect of the Applied Pressure on the Essential Characteristics of Sodium Starch Glycolate Tablets. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1279(1), 012028. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1279/1/012028
Aslani, A. & Eatesam, P. (2013). Design, Formulation and Physicochemical Evaluation of Acetaminophen Effervescent Tablets. Journal of Reports in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2(2), 140–149.
Aslani, A., & Fattahi, F. (2013). Formulation, characterization and physicochemical evaluation of potassium citrate effervescent tablets. Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 3(1), 217–225.
Aslani, A., & Sharifian, T. (2014). Formulation, characterization and physicochemical evaluation of amoxicillin effervescent tablets. Advanced Biomedical Research, 3(1), 209.
Bejugam, N. K., Parish, H. J., & Shankar, G. N. (2009). Influence of formulation factors on tablet formulations with liquid permeation enhancer using factorial design. AAPS PharmSciTech, 10(4), 1437–1443.
Chowhan, Z. T., Amaro, A. A., & Ong, J. T. H. (1992). Punch geometry and formulation considerations in reducing tablet friability and their effect on in vitro dissolution. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 81(3), 290–294.
Das, M. (2019). Bamboo: Inherent source of nutrition and medicine. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 8(2), 1338–1344.
Fayed, M. H., Abdel-Rahman, S. I., Alanazi, F. K., Ahmed, M O., Tawfeek, H. M., & Al-Shedfat, R. I. (2017). High-shear granulation process: Influence of processing parameters on critical quality attributes of acetaminophen granules and tablets using design of experiment approach. Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica - Drug Research, 74(1), 235–248.
Freitag M. Organic acids and salts promote performance and health in animal husbandry. In: Lückstädt C., editor. Acidifiers in Animal Nutrition: A Guide for Feed Preservation and Acidification to Promote Animal Performance. Nottinghan University Press; Nottingham, UK: 2009. pp. 1–12. [Google Scholar]
Gao, J., Karp, J. M., Langer, R., & Joshi, N. (2023). The Future of Drug Delivery. Chemistry of materials, 35(2), 359-363.
Gupta, J. (2022). Mouth Dissolving Tablets: An Insight into Challenges and Future Prospects of Technologies in Pharmaceutical Industries. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, 15(11), 5068–5077. https://doi.org/10.52711/0974-360X.2022.00852
Herlina, Kuswardhani, N., Belgis, M., & Tiara, A. (2020). Characterization of Physical and Chemical Properties of Effervescent Tablets Temulawak (Curcuma zanthorrhiza) in the Various Proportion of Sodium Bicarbonate and Tartaric Acid. E3S Web of Conferences, 142, 03006 https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202014203006
Janssen, P. H. M., Fathollahi, S., Bekaert, B., Vanderroost, D., Roelofs, T., Vanhoorne, V., Vervaet, C., & Dickhoff, B. H. J. (2023). Impact of material properties and process parameters on tablet quality in a continuous direct compression line. Powder Technology, 424, 118520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2023.118520
Johansson, B., & Alderborn, G. (2001). The effect of shape and porosity on the compression behaviour and tablet forming ability of granular materials formed from microcrystalline cellulose. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 52(3), 347–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0939-6411(01)00186-2
Jung, S., Park, K., Kim, J., & Park, C. (2009). Biological Activities of Crude Polysaccharides and Crude Saponins from Salicornia herbacea. Korean Journal of Food Preservation, 16(1), 109–114.
Kalman, H. (2021). Quantification of mechanisms governing the Angle of Repose, Angle of tilting, and Hausner ratio to estimate the flowability of particulate materials. Powder Technology, 382, 573–593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2021.01.012
Khan, A., Iqbal, Z., Rehman, Z., Nasir, F., Khan, A., Ismail, M., Roohullah, & Mohammad, A. (2014). Application of SeDeM Expert system in formulation development of effervescent tablets by direct compression. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, 22(5), 433–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2013.07.002
Khan, K. A., & Musikabhumma, P. (1981). Effect of slugging pressure on the properties of granules and tablets prepared from potassium phenethicillin. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 33(1), 627–631.
Kim, K. Y., Nam, S. Y., Shin, T. Y., Park, K. Y., Jeong, H. J., & Kim, H. M. (2012). Bamboo salt reduces allergic responses by modulating the caspase-1 activation in an OVA-induced allergic rhinitis mouse model. Food and chemical toxicology, 50(10), 3480-3488.
Kim, Y. S., Lee, E. H., & Kim, H. M. (2013). Surprisingly, traditional purple bamboo salt, unlike other salts does not induce hypertension in rats. CELLMED, 3(2), 16-1.
Late, S. G., Yu, Y. Y., & Banga, A. K. (2009). Effects of disintegration-promoting agent, lubricants and moisture treatment on optimized fast disintegrating tablets. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 365(1–2), 4–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.08.010
Lee, S. S., Seo, H., Ryu, S., & Kwon, T.-D. (2015). The effect of swimming exercise and powdered-Salicornia herbacea L. ingestion on glucose metabolism in STZ-induced diabetic rats. The Journal of Exercise Nutrition and Biochemistry, 6(1), 235–245.
Malik, M. K., Bhatt, P., Kumar, T., Singh, J., Kumar, V., Faruk, A., Fuloria, S., Fuloria, N. K., Subrimanyan, V., & Kumar, S. (2022). Significance of Chemically Derivatized Starch as Drug Carrier in Developing Novel Drug Delivery Devices. The natural products journal, 13(6), 40-53.
Martin, K.R. (2013). The health benefits of a metaloid in interrelation between essential metal oins and human diseases. Metal ions in life sciences, Springer, Netherland, 451-473
Monton, C., Saingam, W., Suksaeree, J., Sakunpak, A., & Kraisintu, K. (2014). Preformulation and physical properties study of fast disintegrating tablets from Thai traditional formula. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 6(4), 431–434. ETAA
On, J. Y., Kim, S. H., Kim, J. M., Park, S., Kim, K. H., Lee, C. H., & Kim, S. K. (2023). Effects of Fermented Artemisia annua L. and Salicornia herbacea L. on Inhibition of Obesity In Vitro and In Mice. Nutrients, 15(9), 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15092022
Osei-Yeboah, F., & Sun, C. C. (2015). Validation and applications of an expedited tablet friability method. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 484(1–2), 146–155.
Pagire, S. K., Seaton, C. C., & Paradkar, A. (2020). Improving Stability of Effervescent Products by Co-Crystal Formation: A Novel Application of Crystal Engineered Citric Acid. Crystal Growth and Design, 20(7), 4839–4844. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.cgd.0c00616
Pandey, P., Tao, J., Chaudhury, A., Ramachandran, R., Gao, J. Z. & Bindra, D. S. (2013). A combined experimental and modeling approach to study the effects of high-shear wet granulation process parameters on granule characteristics. Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 18(1), 210–224. https://doi.org/10.3109/10837450.2012.700933
Parveen, S., & Ramu, A. (2023). Revolutionary Advancements in Fast Dissolving Tablets : An In-Depth Exploration. International Journal in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1(9), 427–446. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8381942
Patel, H., Chauhan, P., Patel, K., Patel, B., & Patel, P. (2012). Formulation and Evaluation of Effervescent Tablet of Paracetamol and Ibuprofen. International Journal for Pharmaceutical Research Scholars, 1(2), 47–51. https://doi.org/10.22270/ajprd.v9i4.982
Rondanelli, M., Faliva, M.A., Peroni, G., Gasparri, C., Perna, S., Riva, A., Petrangolini, G. and Tartara, A., 2021. Silicon: A neglected micronutrient essential for bone health. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 246(13), 1500-1511.
Sharma, D. (2013). Formulation Development and Evaluation of Fast Disintegrating Tablets of Salbutamol Sulphate for Respiratory Disorders. ISRN Pharmaceutics, 2013, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/674507
Shabbir, N., Fatima, N., & Arif, A. (2021). Effect of Guar Gum on Dissolution and Sustained Release of Metronidazole Effervescent Tablets. International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, 6(8),289-303.
Streubel, A., Siepmann, J., Dashevsky, A., & Bodmeier, R. (2000). pH-independent release of a weakly basic drug from water-insoluble and soluble matrix tablets. Journal of Controlled Release, 67(1), 101–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-3659(00)00200-5
Sun, H., Wang, X., Wang, J., Shi, G., & Chen, L. (2020). Influence of the formula on the properties of a fast dispersible fruit tablet made from mango, Chlorella, and cactus powder. Food Science and Nutrition, 8(1), 479-488. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.1330.
USP31–NF26 (2008). Rockville, MD USA: United States Pharmacopeial Convention.
Uylaşer, V., & Yildiz, G. (2014). The Historical Development and Nutritional Importance of Olive and Olive Oil Constituted an Important Part of the Mediterranean Diet. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 54(8), 1092–1101. https://doi.org/10.1080/104083 98.2011.626874
Zheng, X., Wu, F., Hong, Y., Shen, L., Lin, X., & Feng, Y. (2019). Improvements in sticking, hygroscopicity, and compactibility of effervescent systems by fluid-bed coating. RSC Advances, 9(54), 31594–31608. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ra05884b
Xu, W.Y., Shen, Y., Zhu, H., Gao, J., Zhang, C., Tang, L., Lu, S.Y., Shen, C.L., Zhang, H.X., Li, Z. and Meng, P., 2019. 2-Aminoadipic acid protects against obesity and diabetes. Journal of Endocrinology, 243(2), 111-123.
Agrawal, R., & Naveen, Y. (2011). Pharmaceutical Processing-A Review on Wet Granulation Technology. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Frontier Research, 1, 65–83.
Al-Ibraheemi, Z. A. M., Mahdi, A. B., Taip, F. S. & Anuar, M. S. (2019). Effect of the Applied Pressure on the Essential Characteristics of Sodium Starch Glycolate Tablets. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1279(1), 012028. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1279/1/012028
Aslani, A. & Eatesam, P. (2013). Design, Formulation and Physicochemical Evaluation of Acetaminophen Effervescent Tablets. Journal of Reports in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2(2), 140–149.
Aslani, A., & Fattahi, F. (2013). Formulation, characterization and physicochemical evaluation of potassium citrate effervescent tablets. Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 3(1), 217–225.
Aslani, A., & Sharifian, T. (2014). Formulation, characterization and physicochemical evaluation of amoxicillin effervescent tablets. Advanced Biomedical Research, 3(1), 209.
Bejugam, N. K., Parish, H. J., & Shankar, G. N. (2009). Influence of formulation factors on tablet formulations with liquid permeation enhancer using factorial design. AAPS PharmSciTech, 10(4), 1437–1443.
Chowhan, Z. T., Amaro, A. A., & Ong, J. T. H. (1992). Punch geometry and formulation considerations in reducing tablet friability and their effect on in vitro dissolution. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 81(3), 290–294.
Das, M. (2019). Bamboo: Inherent source of nutrition and medicine. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 8(2), 1338–1344.
Fayed, M. H., Abdel-Rahman, S. I., Alanazi, F. K., Ahmed, M O., Tawfeek, H. M., & Al-Shedfat, R. I. (2017). High-shear granulation process: Influence of processing parameters on critical quality attributes of acetaminophen granules and tablets using design of experiment approach. Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica - Drug Research, 74(1), 235–248.
Freitag M. Organic acids and salts promote performance and health in animal husbandry. In: Lückstädt C., editor. Acidifiers in Animal Nutrition: A Guide for Feed Preservation and Acidification to Promote Animal Performance. Nottinghan University Press; Nottingham, UK: 2009. pp. 1–12. [Google Scholar]
Gao, J., Karp, J. M., Langer, R., & Joshi, N. (2023). The Future of Drug Delivery. Chemistry of materials, 35(2), 359-363.
Gupta, J. (2022). Mouth Dissolving Tablets: An Insight into Challenges and Future Prospects of Technologies in Pharmaceutical Industries. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology, 15(11), 5068–5077. https://doi.org/10.52711/0974-360X.2022.00852
Herlina, Kuswardhani, N., Belgis, M., & Tiara, A. (2020). Characterization of Physical and Chemical Properties of Effervescent Tablets Temulawak (Curcuma zanthorrhiza) in the Various Proportion of Sodium Bicarbonate and Tartaric Acid. E3S Web of Conferences, 142, 03006 https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202014203006
Janssen, P. H. M., Fathollahi, S., Bekaert, B., Vanderroost, D., Roelofs, T., Vanhoorne, V., Vervaet, C., & Dickhoff, B. H. J. (2023). Impact of material properties and process parameters on tablet quality in a continuous direct compression line. Powder Technology, 424, 118520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2023.118520
Johansson, B., & Alderborn, G. (2001). The effect of shape and porosity on the compression behaviour and tablet forming ability of granular materials formed from microcrystalline cellulose. European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, 52(3), 347–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0939-6411(01)00186-2
Jung, S., Park, K., Kim, J., & Park, C. (2009). Biological Activities of Crude Polysaccharides and Crude Saponins from Salicornia herbacea. Korean Journal of Food Preservation, 16(1), 109–114.
Kalman, H. (2021). Quantification of mechanisms governing the Angle of Repose, Angle of tilting, and Hausner ratio to estimate the flowability of particulate materials. Powder Technology, 382, 573–593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.powtec.2021.01.012
Khan, A., Iqbal, Z., Rehman, Z., Nasir, F., Khan, A., Ismail, M., Roohullah, & Mohammad, A. (2014). Application of SeDeM Expert system in formulation development of effervescent tablets by direct compression. Saudi Pharmaceutical Journal, 22(5), 433–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2013.07.002
Khan, K. A., & Musikabhumma, P. (1981). Effect of slugging pressure on the properties of granules and tablets prepared from potassium phenethicillin. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 33(1), 627–631.
Kim, K. Y., Nam, S. Y., Shin, T. Y., Park, K. Y., Jeong, H. J., & Kim, H. M. (2012). Bamboo salt reduces allergic responses by modulating the caspase-1 activation in an OVA-induced allergic rhinitis mouse model. Food and chemical toxicology, 50(10), 3480-3488.
Kim, Y. S., Lee, E. H., & Kim, H. M. (2013). Surprisingly, traditional purple bamboo salt, unlike other salts does not induce hypertension in rats. CELLMED, 3(2), 16-1.
Late, S. G., Yu, Y. Y., & Banga, A. K. (2009). Effects of disintegration-promoting agent, lubricants and moisture treatment on optimized fast disintegrating tablets. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 365(1–2), 4–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.08.010
Lee, S. S., Seo, H., Ryu, S., & Kwon, T.-D. (2015). The effect of swimming exercise and powdered-Salicornia herbacea L. ingestion on glucose metabolism in STZ-induced diabetic rats. The Journal of Exercise Nutrition and Biochemistry, 6(1), 235–245.
Malik, M. K., Bhatt, P., Kumar, T., Singh, J., Kumar, V., Faruk, A., Fuloria, S., Fuloria, N. K., Subrimanyan, V., & Kumar, S. (2022). Significance of Chemically Derivatized Starch as Drug Carrier in Developing Novel Drug Delivery Devices. The natural products journal, 13(6), 40-53.
Martin, K.R. (2013). The health benefits of a metaloid in interrelation between essential metal oins and human diseases. Metal ions in life sciences, Springer, Netherland, 451-473
Monton, C., Saingam, W., Suksaeree, J., Sakunpak, A., & Kraisintu, K. (2014). Preformulation and physical properties study of fast disintegrating tablets from Thai traditional formula. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 6(4), 431–434. ETAA
On, J. Y., Kim, S. H., Kim, J. M., Park, S., Kim, K. H., Lee, C. H., & Kim, S. K. (2023). Effects of Fermented Artemisia annua L. and Salicornia herbacea L. on Inhibition of Obesity In Vitro and In Mice. Nutrients, 15(9), 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15092022
Osei-Yeboah, F., & Sun, C. C. (2015). Validation and applications of an expedited tablet friability method. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, 484(1–2), 146–155.
Pagire, S. K., Seaton, C. C., & Paradkar, A. (2020). Improving Stability of Effervescent Products by Co-Crystal Formation: A Novel Application of Crystal Engineered Citric Acid. Crystal Growth and Design, 20(7), 4839–4844. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.cgd.0c00616
Pandey, P., Tao, J., Chaudhury, A., Ramachandran, R., Gao, J. Z. & Bindra, D. S. (2013). A combined experimental and modeling approach to study the effects of high-shear wet granulation process parameters on granule characteristics. Pharmaceutical Development and Technology, 18(1), 210–224. https://doi.org/10.3109/10837450.2012.700933
Parveen, S., & Ramu, A. (2023). Revolutionary Advancements in Fast Dissolving Tablets : An In-Depth Exploration. International Journal in Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1(9), 427–446. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8381942
Patel, H., Chauhan, P., Patel, K., Patel, B., & Patel, P. (2012). Formulation and Evaluation of Effervescent Tablet of Paracetamol and Ibuprofen. International Journal for Pharmaceutical Research Scholars, 1(2), 47–51. https://doi.org/10.22270/ajprd.v9i4.982
Rondanelli, M., Faliva, M.A., Peroni, G., Gasparri, C., Perna, S., Riva, A., Petrangolini, G. and Tartara, A., 2021. Silicon: A neglected micronutrient essential for bone health. Experimental Biology and Medicine, 246(13), 1500-1511.
Sharma, D. (2013). Formulation Development and Evaluation of Fast Disintegrating Tablets of Salbutamol Sulphate for Respiratory Disorders. ISRN Pharmaceutics, 2013, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/674507
Shabbir, N., Fatima, N., & Arif, A. (2021). Effect of Guar Gum on Dissolution and Sustained Release of Metronidazole Effervescent Tablets. International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, 6(8),289-303.
Streubel, A., Siepmann, J., Dashevsky, A., & Bodmeier, R. (2000). pH-independent release of a weakly basic drug from water-insoluble and soluble matrix tablets. Journal of Controlled Release, 67(1), 101–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-3659(00)00200-5
Sun, H., Wang, X., Wang, J., Shi, G., & Chen, L. (2020). Influence of the formula on the properties of a fast dispersible fruit tablet made from mango, Chlorella, and cactus powder. Food Science and Nutrition, 8(1), 479-488. https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.1330.
USP31–NF26 (2008). Rockville, MD USA: United States Pharmacopeial Convention.
Uylaşer, V., & Yildiz, G. (2014). The Historical Development and Nutritional Importance of Olive and Olive Oil Constituted an Important Part of the Mediterranean Diet. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 54(8), 1092–1101. https://doi.org/10.1080/104083 98.2011.626874
Zheng, X., Wu, F., Hong, Y., Shen, L., Lin, X., & Feng, Y. (2019). Improvements in sticking, hygroscopicity, and compactibility of effervescent systems by fluid-bed coating. RSC Advances, 9(54), 31594–31608. https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ra05884b
Xu, W.Y., Shen, Y., Zhu, H., Gao, J., Zhang, C., Tang, L., Lu, S.Y., Shen, C.L., Zhang, H.X., Li, Z. and Meng, P., 2019. 2-Aminoadipic acid protects against obesity and diabetes. Journal of Endocrinology, 243(2), 111-123.
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How to Cite
Physicochemical evaluation of Olive (Olea europea) fruit, halophyte (Salicornia herbacea L) plant salts and bamboo (Bambos arundinaceae) silica salts based effervescent tablets with promoting edible organic acids and carbonates. (2024). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 16(3), 1087-1095. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v16i3.5641
