Biogas production from water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) harvested from River Wouri, Douala, Cameroon
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Abstract
Over the past three decades, growing global interest has been in replacing fossil fuels with clean energy from renewable resources. As a result, biogas generation from biodegradable organic waste has become increasingly popular, and water hyacinth is a menace wherever it exists. This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) from River Wouri as a biogas substrate. Equal volumes (700 mL) of water hyacinth and poultry-based inoculum were prepared, each with a duplicate. The 8 substrates were placed in 1-liter plastic and incubated in a water bath at 37± 2 °C for 106 days. The substrates were subsampled before and after incubation to analyse the dry matter, moisture, volatile solids, ash contents, and pH. The volume of biogas produced from each digester was collected in plastic bags and measured every three days; hence, the methane produced was calculated. Results indicated an increase in the moisture contents of the substrates, while pH levels remained unchanged after incubation. The rate of destruction of volatile solids increased with the level of added inoculum. Biogas production started almost immediately for all the samples and largely followed a dome shape over the incubation period. Cumulative methane produced were 10.23, 11.84, 5.88, and 0.71 LCH4/kgVS, respectively, for 100% water hyacinth, 90% water hyacinth, 80% water hyacinth and 0% water hyacinth. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of the weed in biogas production, which could be an important method to manage River Wouri while generating renewable energy.
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Keywords
Anaerobic biodigester, Biogas, Inoculum, Methane, Water hyacinth
References
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Adeleye, B. A., Adetunji, A. & Bamgboye, I. (2013). Towards deriving renewable energy from aquatic macrophytes polluting water bodies in niger delta region of Nigeria. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology, 5(2), 387–391. https://doi.org/10.19026/rjaset.5.4963
Adelodun, A. (2022). Appraising the Control and Benefits of Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes [Mart.] Solms). Letters in Applied NanoBioScience, 12(1), 29. https://doi.org/10.33263/lianbs121.029
Ayana, B. (2021). Economic Importance, Impacts and Possible Mitigation Measures of Aquatic Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes Martius) in Ethiopia. Journal of Environment and Earth Science. https://doi.org/10.7176/jees/11-3-01
Ayanda, O. I., Ajayi, T. & Asuwaju, F. P. (2020). Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms: Uses, Challenges, Threats, and Prospects. In: Scientific World Journal (Vol. 2020). Hindawi Limited. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3452172
Bamgboye, A. I. (2010). The potential of producing fuel from biomass in Nigeria. Building a non-oil export-based economy for Nigeria: The potential of value-added products from agricultural residues (edited by Professor Simeon O. Jekayinfa). Pg 35-41.
Bamgboye, A. I. (1994). Pretreatment measures to accelerate and maximize water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) biodigestibility for biogas production. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis of the University of Ibadan. Nigeria.
Barua, V. B., Goud, V. V. & Kalamdhad, A. S. (2018). Microbial pretreatment of water hyacinth for enhanced hydrolysis followed by biogas production. Renewable Energy, 126, 21–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.03.028
Basaula, R., Sharma, H. P., Belant, J. L. & Sapkota, K. (2021). Invasive water hyacinth limits globally threatened waterbird abundance and diversity at lake cluster of Pokhara valley, Nepal. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(24). https://doi.org/10.3390/su132413700
Carlini, M., Castellucci, S. & Mennuni, A. (2018). Water hyacinth biomass: Chemical and thermal pre-treatment for energetic utilization in anaerobic digestion process. Energy Procedia, 148, 431–438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2018.08.106
Dechassa, N. & Abate, B. (2020). Current Status of Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) in Ethiopia: Achievements, Challenges and Prospects: A Review. Journal of Environment and Earth Science. https://doi.org/10.7176/jees/10-12-03
Güereña, D., Neufeldt, H., Berazneva, J. & Duby, S. (2015). Water hyacinth control in Lake Victoria: Transforming an ecological catastrophe into economic, social, and environmental benefits. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 3, 59–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2015.06.003
Hijdra, A., Arts, J. & Woltjer, J. (2014). Do We Need to Rethink Our Waterways? Values of Ageing Waterways in Current and Future Society. Water Resources Management, 28(9), 2599–2613. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-014-0629-8
Karouach, F., Ben Bakrim, W., Ezzariai, A., Sobeh, M., Kibret, M., Yasri, A., Hafidi, M. & Kouisni, L. (2022). A Comprehensive Evaluation of the Existing Approaches for Controlling and Managing the Proliferation of Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes): Review. In: Frontiers in Environmental Science (Vol. 9). Frontiers Media SA https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2021.767871
Kenfack, V. S. N., Weyl, P., Hill, M. P. & Chi, N. (2019). The attitudes of riparian communities to the presence of water hyacinth in the Wouri River Basin, Douala, Cameroon. African Journal of Aquatic Science, 44(1), 7–13. https://doi.org/10.2989/16085914.2018.1538868
Kumar, A. (2018). Brief Introduction of Environment, Ecology And Environmental Pollution. In Inspira-Journal of Modern Management & Entrepreneurship (JMME) (Vol. 314, Issue 01).
Li, F., He, X., Srishti, A., Song, S., Tan, H. T. W., Sweeney, D. J., Ghosh, S. & Wang, C. H. (2021). Water hyacinth for energy and environmental applications: A review. In: Bioresource Technology (Vol. 327). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2021.124809
Lucas E. B. & Bamgboye. A. I. (1998). Anaerobic digestion of chopped water hyacinth. Nigeria Journal of Renewable Energy. 6(1), 62-66.
Lucas E. B. & Bamgboye. A. I. (1999). Anaerobic digestion of blanched water hyacinth. Nigerian Journal of Tropical Engineering. 1, 11-15.
Lucas E. B. & Bamgboye. A. I. (2001). Pretreatment of water hyacinth to accelerate its biodigestivity into biogas. Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 191,43-49.
Manigandan, S., Praveenkumar, T. R., Anderson, A., Maryam, A. M. & Mahmoud, E. (2023). Benefits of pretreated water hyacinth for enhanced anaerobic digestion and biogas production. International Journal of Thermofluids, 19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijft.2023.100369
Maradin, D. (2021). Advantages and disadvantages of renewable energy sources utilization. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 11(3), 176–183. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.11027
Ngwabie, M., Vanderzaag, A., Nji, P., Tembong, G. & Chenwi, T. (2019). Assessment of Gaseous Emissions from Cattle Abattoir Wastes in Cameroon. AgriEngineering, 1(2), 145–152. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering1020011
Nwamo, R. D., Ajonina, G.N., Ngwasiri, P. N., Besack, F. & Moudingo, E. J-H. (2022). Problems of Invasive Species of Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia Crassipes [Mart.] Solms) in Cameroon with Special Reference to Its Eradication and Valorization: A Bibliographical Review. Energy and Environment Research, 12(1), 56. https://doi.org/10.5539/eer.v12n1p56
Oduor, W. W., Wandera, S. M., Murunga, S. I. & Raude, J. M. (2022). Enhancement of anaerobic digestion by co-digesting food waste and water hyacinth in improving treatment of organic waste and bio-methane recovery. Heliyon, 8(9). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e 10580
Okewale, A. O. & Adesina, O. A. (2019). Evaluation of biogas production from co-digestion of pig dung, water hyacinth and poultry droppings. Waste Disposal and Sustainable Energy, 1(4), 271–277. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42768-019-00018-8
Patel, A., Lotia, H., Malik, A. A., Mundt, M. D., Lee, H. & Rafiq, M. A. (2021). Gendered Impacts of Environmental Degradation in Informal Settlements: A Comparative Analysis and Policy Implications for India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice, 23(4), 468–484. https://doi.org/10.1080/13876988.2020.1829454
Pawanjeet, K. (2021). Wisdom of the Scientific Research. In Wisdom of the Scientific Research. Rubicon Publications. https://doi.org/10.33545/rp.book.31
Rashama, C., Simbayi, T. M., Christian, R. & Matambo, T. S. (2023). Investigating Anaerobic Digestion of Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) Sourced from Hartbeesport Dam in South Africa. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202305.1618.v1
Rezania, S., Ponraj, M., Din, M. F. M., Songip, A. R., Sairan, F. M. & Chelliapan, S. (2015). The diverse applications of water hyacinth with main focus on sustainable energy and production for new era: An overview. In: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (Vol. 41, pp. 943–954). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.09.006
Rezania, S., Alizadeh, H., Cho, J., Darajeh, N., Park, J., Hashemi, B., Din, M. F. M., Krishnan, S., Yadav, K. K., Gupta, N. & Kumar, S. (2019). Changes in composition and structure of water hyacinth based on various pretreatment methods. BioResources, 14(3), 6088–6099. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.14.3.6088-6099
Sarkodie, S. A. (2018). The invisible hand and EKC hypothesis: what are the drivers of environmental degradation and pollution in Africa? Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(22), 21993–22022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2347-x
Sadiku, M. N. O., Ashaolu, T. J., Ajayi-Majebi, A. & Musa, S. M. (2020). Environmental Studies: An Introduction. International Journal of Scientific Advances, 1(3). https://doi.org/10.51542/ijscia.v1i3.6
Sawyerr, N., Trois, C., Workneh, T. S., Oyebode, O. & Babatunde, O. M. (2020). Design of a household biogas digester using co-digested cassava, vegetable and fruit waste. Energy Reports, 6, 1476–1482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2020.10.067
Su, W., Sun, Q., Xia, M., Wen, Z. & Yao, Z. (2018). The resource utilization of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes [Mart.] Solms) and its challenges. In: Resources (Vol. 7, Issue 3). MDPI AG. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources7030046
Telliard, W. A. (2001). METHOD 1684: Total, fixed, and volatile solids in water, solids, and biosolids. US Environmental Protection Agency. https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-10/documents/method_1684_draft_2001.pdf
Tyagi, S., Garg, N., &, Paudel, R. (2014). Environmental Degradation: Causes and Consequences. European Researcher, 81(8–2), 1491. https://doi.org/10.13187/er.2014.81.1491
VanderZaag, A. C., Baldé, H., Crolla, A., Gordon, R. J., Ngwabie, N. M., Wagner-Riddle, C., Desjardins, R. & MacDonald, J. D. (2018). Potential methane emission reductions for two manure treatment technologies. Environmental Technology (United Kingdom), 39(7), 851–858. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2017.1313317
Villamagna, A. M. & Murphy, B. R. (2010). Ecological and socio-economic impacts of invasive water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes): A review. In: Freshwater Biology 55 (2), 282–298). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02294.x
Waithaka, E. (2013). Impacts of Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) on the Fishing Communities of Lake Naivasha, Kenya. https://doi.org/10.4172/2332-2543.1000108
Wang, J. & Dong, K. (2019). What drives environmental degradation? Evidence from 14 Sub-Saharan African countries. Science of the Total Environment, 656, 165–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.354
WHO. (2023). World Health Statistics 2023 Monitoring health for the SDGs Sustainable Development Goals Health for All. https://www.who.int/publications/book-orders
Adeleye, B. A., Adetunji, A. & Bamgboye, I. (2013). Towards deriving renewable energy from aquatic macrophytes polluting water bodies in niger delta region of Nigeria. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology, 5(2), 387–391. https://doi.org/10.19026/rjaset.5.4963
Adelodun, A. (2022). Appraising the Control and Benefits of Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes [Mart.] Solms). Letters in Applied NanoBioScience, 12(1), 29. https://doi.org/10.33263/lianbs121.029
Ayana, B. (2021). Economic Importance, Impacts and Possible Mitigation Measures of Aquatic Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes Martius) in Ethiopia. Journal of Environment and Earth Science. https://doi.org/10.7176/jees/11-3-01
Ayanda, O. I., Ajayi, T. & Asuwaju, F. P. (2020). Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms: Uses, Challenges, Threats, and Prospects. In: Scientific World Journal (Vol. 2020). Hindawi Limited. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/3452172
Bamgboye, A. I. (2010). The potential of producing fuel from biomass in Nigeria. Building a non-oil export-based economy for Nigeria: The potential of value-added products from agricultural residues (edited by Professor Simeon O. Jekayinfa). Pg 35-41.
Bamgboye, A. I. (1994). Pretreatment measures to accelerate and maximize water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) biodigestibility for biogas production. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis of the University of Ibadan. Nigeria.
Barua, V. B., Goud, V. V. & Kalamdhad, A. S. (2018). Microbial pretreatment of water hyacinth for enhanced hydrolysis followed by biogas production. Renewable Energy, 126, 21–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.03.028
Basaula, R., Sharma, H. P., Belant, J. L. & Sapkota, K. (2021). Invasive water hyacinth limits globally threatened waterbird abundance and diversity at lake cluster of Pokhara valley, Nepal. Sustainability (Switzerland), 13(24). https://doi.org/10.3390/su132413700
Carlini, M., Castellucci, S. & Mennuni, A. (2018). Water hyacinth biomass: Chemical and thermal pre-treatment for energetic utilization in anaerobic digestion process. Energy Procedia, 148, 431–438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2018.08.106
Dechassa, N. & Abate, B. (2020). Current Status of Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) in Ethiopia: Achievements, Challenges and Prospects: A Review. Journal of Environment and Earth Science. https://doi.org/10.7176/jees/10-12-03
Güereña, D., Neufeldt, H., Berazneva, J. & Duby, S. (2015). Water hyacinth control in Lake Victoria: Transforming an ecological catastrophe into economic, social, and environmental benefits. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 3, 59–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2015.06.003
Hijdra, A., Arts, J. & Woltjer, J. (2014). Do We Need to Rethink Our Waterways? Values of Ageing Waterways in Current and Future Society. Water Resources Management, 28(9), 2599–2613. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-014-0629-8
Karouach, F., Ben Bakrim, W., Ezzariai, A., Sobeh, M., Kibret, M., Yasri, A., Hafidi, M. & Kouisni, L. (2022). A Comprehensive Evaluation of the Existing Approaches for Controlling and Managing the Proliferation of Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes): Review. In: Frontiers in Environmental Science (Vol. 9). Frontiers Media SA https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2021.767871
Kenfack, V. S. N., Weyl, P., Hill, M. P. & Chi, N. (2019). The attitudes of riparian communities to the presence of water hyacinth in the Wouri River Basin, Douala, Cameroon. African Journal of Aquatic Science, 44(1), 7–13. https://doi.org/10.2989/16085914.2018.1538868
Kumar, A. (2018). Brief Introduction of Environment, Ecology And Environmental Pollution. In Inspira-Journal of Modern Management & Entrepreneurship (JMME) (Vol. 314, Issue 01).
Li, F., He, X., Srishti, A., Song, S., Tan, H. T. W., Sweeney, D. J., Ghosh, S. & Wang, C. H. (2021). Water hyacinth for energy and environmental applications: A review. In: Bioresource Technology (Vol. 327). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2021.124809
Lucas E. B. & Bamgboye. A. I. (1998). Anaerobic digestion of chopped water hyacinth. Nigeria Journal of Renewable Energy. 6(1), 62-66.
Lucas E. B. & Bamgboye. A. I. (1999). Anaerobic digestion of blanched water hyacinth. Nigerian Journal of Tropical Engineering. 1, 11-15.
Lucas E. B. & Bamgboye. A. I. (2001). Pretreatment of water hyacinth to accelerate its biodigestivity into biogas. Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 191,43-49.
Manigandan, S., Praveenkumar, T. R., Anderson, A., Maryam, A. M. & Mahmoud, E. (2023). Benefits of pretreated water hyacinth for enhanced anaerobic digestion and biogas production. International Journal of Thermofluids, 19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijft.2023.100369
Maradin, D. (2021). Advantages and disadvantages of renewable energy sources utilization. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 11(3), 176–183. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.11027
Ngwabie, M., Vanderzaag, A., Nji, P., Tembong, G. & Chenwi, T. (2019). Assessment of Gaseous Emissions from Cattle Abattoir Wastes in Cameroon. AgriEngineering, 1(2), 145–152. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering1020011
Nwamo, R. D., Ajonina, G.N., Ngwasiri, P. N., Besack, F. & Moudingo, E. J-H. (2022). Problems of Invasive Species of Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia Crassipes [Mart.] Solms) in Cameroon with Special Reference to Its Eradication and Valorization: A Bibliographical Review. Energy and Environment Research, 12(1), 56. https://doi.org/10.5539/eer.v12n1p56
Oduor, W. W., Wandera, S. M., Murunga, S. I. & Raude, J. M. (2022). Enhancement of anaerobic digestion by co-digesting food waste and water hyacinth in improving treatment of organic waste and bio-methane recovery. Heliyon, 8(9). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e 10580
Okewale, A. O. & Adesina, O. A. (2019). Evaluation of biogas production from co-digestion of pig dung, water hyacinth and poultry droppings. Waste Disposal and Sustainable Energy, 1(4), 271–277. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42768-019-00018-8
Patel, A., Lotia, H., Malik, A. A., Mundt, M. D., Lee, H. & Rafiq, M. A. (2021). Gendered Impacts of Environmental Degradation in Informal Settlements: A Comparative Analysis and Policy Implications for India, Bangladesh, and Pakistan. Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice, 23(4), 468–484. https://doi.org/10.1080/13876988.2020.1829454
Pawanjeet, K. (2021). Wisdom of the Scientific Research. In Wisdom of the Scientific Research. Rubicon Publications. https://doi.org/10.33545/rp.book.31
Rashama, C., Simbayi, T. M., Christian, R. & Matambo, T. S. (2023). Investigating Anaerobic Digestion of Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) Sourced from Hartbeesport Dam in South Africa. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202305.1618.v1
Rezania, S., Ponraj, M., Din, M. F. M., Songip, A. R., Sairan, F. M. & Chelliapan, S. (2015). The diverse applications of water hyacinth with main focus on sustainable energy and production for new era: An overview. In: Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews (Vol. 41, pp. 943–954). Elsevier Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.09.006
Rezania, S., Alizadeh, H., Cho, J., Darajeh, N., Park, J., Hashemi, B., Din, M. F. M., Krishnan, S., Yadav, K. K., Gupta, N. & Kumar, S. (2019). Changes in composition and structure of water hyacinth based on various pretreatment methods. BioResources, 14(3), 6088–6099. https://doi.org/10.15376/biores.14.3.6088-6099
Sarkodie, S. A. (2018). The invisible hand and EKC hypothesis: what are the drivers of environmental degradation and pollution in Africa? Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25(22), 21993–22022. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-2347-x
Sadiku, M. N. O., Ashaolu, T. J., Ajayi-Majebi, A. & Musa, S. M. (2020). Environmental Studies: An Introduction. International Journal of Scientific Advances, 1(3). https://doi.org/10.51542/ijscia.v1i3.6
Sawyerr, N., Trois, C., Workneh, T. S., Oyebode, O. & Babatunde, O. M. (2020). Design of a household biogas digester using co-digested cassava, vegetable and fruit waste. Energy Reports, 6, 1476–1482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2020.10.067
Su, W., Sun, Q., Xia, M., Wen, Z. & Yao, Z. (2018). The resource utilization of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes [Mart.] Solms) and its challenges. In: Resources (Vol. 7, Issue 3). MDPI AG. https://doi.org/10.3390/resources7030046
Telliard, W. A. (2001). METHOD 1684: Total, fixed, and volatile solids in water, solids, and biosolids. US Environmental Protection Agency. https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-10/documents/method_1684_draft_2001.pdf
Tyagi, S., Garg, N., &, Paudel, R. (2014). Environmental Degradation: Causes and Consequences. European Researcher, 81(8–2), 1491. https://doi.org/10.13187/er.2014.81.1491
VanderZaag, A. C., Baldé, H., Crolla, A., Gordon, R. J., Ngwabie, N. M., Wagner-Riddle, C., Desjardins, R. & MacDonald, J. D. (2018). Potential methane emission reductions for two manure treatment technologies. Environmental Technology (United Kingdom), 39(7), 851–858. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593330.2017.1313317
Villamagna, A. M. & Murphy, B. R. (2010). Ecological and socio-economic impacts of invasive water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes): A review. In: Freshwater Biology 55 (2), 282–298). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2427.2009.02294.x
Waithaka, E. (2013). Impacts of Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) on the Fishing Communities of Lake Naivasha, Kenya. https://doi.org/10.4172/2332-2543.1000108
Wang, J. & Dong, K. (2019). What drives environmental degradation? Evidence from 14 Sub-Saharan African countries. Science of the Total Environment, 656, 165–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.354
WHO. (2023). World Health Statistics 2023 Monitoring health for the SDGs Sustainable Development Goals Health for All. https://www.who.int/publications/book-orders
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How to Cite
Biogas production from water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) harvested from River Wouri, Douala, Cameroon. (2024). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 16(2), 883-889. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v16i2.5631
