Impact of resource conservation technologies on soil health and productivity of wheat in rice-wheat cropping system
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Abstract
A field experiment was conducted to investigate the impact of resource conservation technologies on soil health and productivity of wheat in rice-wheat cropping system in split plot design with three replications. The physico-chemical parameters of the soils like pH and EC both maximum decreased almost significantly over control under treatments T2 (Ploughing twice by Cultivator, allowed to decompose weeds for a week then puddling by cross ploughing and planking), T3(Summer ploughing onset of monsoon by mould bold plough to invert the soil once in three years followed by subsequent ploughing by cultivator to puddle the soil) and C5 (GM + Paddy straw @ 50 q/ha) and C6 (GM + Rice husk @ 50 q/ha). Soil data revealed a highly significant increase in organic carbon content along with available N, P2O5 and K2O content under treatments T3 and C6 and their interactions(T3×C6)over control. This might be attributed to the improvement in physico-chemical properties of the soils. The significant (P<0.05) increase in yield attributes and yields of wheat grain and straw over control was observed under influence of the treatments T3 and C6 and their interaction except height and length of ear head. These observations were confirmed by the positive and highly significant correlation of yield of wheat grain with available N (r=0.74**), available P2O5 (r = 0.64**), and available K2O (r = 0.52**). Deep ploughing and green manuring in addition with other organic residues (GM+ rice husk) individually and/ or in combination improved the soil health significantly.
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Keywords
Green manuring, Ploughing, Rice husk, Wheat
References
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Badanur, V.P., Poleshi, C.M. and Naik, B.(1990). Effect of organic matter on crop yield, physical and chemical properties of vertisol. J. Ind. Soc. Soil Sci., 38: 426-429
Biswas, T.D., and Khosla, B.K. (1971). Building up of organic matter status of the soil and its relation to the physical properties of soil. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 19: 31–37.
Carter, M.R., and Rennie, D.A. (1982). Changes in soil quality under zero tillage farming systems: Distribution of microbial biomass an mineralizable C and N potentials. Can. J. Soil Sci., 62:587–597.
Chaudhary, M.L., Singh, J.P. and Narwal, R.P. (1981). Effect of long term application of P, K and FYM on some soil chemical properties. J. Ind. Soc. Soil Sci., 29:81-85.
Gal, A., Vyn, T.J., Micheli, E., Kladivko, E.J. and McFee, W.W. (2007). Soil carbon and nitrogen accumulation with long term no-till versus moldboard plowing overestimated with tilled-zone sampling depths. Soil and Tillage Research, 96: 42-51.
Gattani, P.D., Jain, S.Y., and Seth, P.Y. (1976). Effect of continuous use of chemical fertilizer and manures on soil physical and chemical properties. Indian Soc. Soil Sci., 24: 284-289.
Ghildyal, B.P. (1978). Effects of compaction and puddling on soil physical properties and rice growth. Soils and Rice. International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Philippines
Gupta, R.K., Listman, G.M. and Harrington, L. (2003). The Rice-Wheat Consortium for the Indo-Gangetic Plains: Vision and management structure. In: Addressing Resource Conservation Issues in Rice-Wheat Systems of South Asia: A Resource Book. Rice-Wheat Consortium for the Indo -Gangetic Plains. Intl. Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre., New Delhi, India. 1-7
Haq, I., Muhammad, B. and Iqbal, F. (2007). Effect of gypsum and farmyard manure on soil properties and wheat crop irrigated with brackish water. Soil and Environ. 26:164-171.
Hargroves, W.L., Reid, J.T., and Gallaher, R.N. (1982). Influence of tillage practices on the fertility status of an acid soil double cropped to wheat and soybeans. Agron. J., 74: 684-687.
Hobbs, P. and Gupta, R. (2003). Problems and Challenges of No-Till Farming for the Rice-Wheat Systems of the Indo-Gangetic Plains in South Asia. In Lal, R., Hobbs, P., Hansen, D.O., and Uphoff, N. (eds.), Sustainable Agriculture and the Rice-Wheat System, Marcel Dekker, New York, in press.
Hobbs, P.R., and M.L. Morris. 1996. Meeting South Asia's Future Food Requirements from Rice -Wheat Cropping Systems: Priority Issues Facing Researchers in the Post Green Revolution Era. NRG Paper 96-01. Mexico, D.F.: CIMMYT.
Jackson, M.L. (1973). In Soil Chemical Analysis. Pentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
Kavimandan, S.K., Gupta, J.P. and Mahapatra, I.C. (1987). Studies on residue management and biofertilizers in rice-wheat sequence. Indian J. Agron., 32(3): 278-279.
Kilmer, V.J. and L.T. Alexander. (1949). Methods of making mechanical analysis of soils. Soil Sci. 68:15-24.
Lal, R. (1994). Methods and guidelines for assessing sustainable use of soil and water resources in the tropics. SMSS Technical Monograph, No. 21, Washington, DC.
Liebig, M.A., Tanaka, D.L. and Wienhold, B.J. (2004). Tillage and cropping effects on soil quality indicators in the northern Great Plains. Soil Tillage Res., 78: 131-141.
Millard, A. and Vez, A. (1982). Influence of different soil tillage implements on yields and on some chemical and physical soil prop. Proceeding of 9 th conference of the Int. soil tillage research organisation, Nyon, Switzerland.
Muthuvel, P., Kandaswamy, P., and Krishnamoorthy, K.K. (1979). Soil pH electrical conductivity and CEC under long term fertilization. Madras Agricultural Journal, 66(5): 296-299
Olsen, S.R., Cole, C.V., Watanabe, F.S. and Dean, L.A. (1954). Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate. U.S. Dep. of Agric. Circ. 939.
Pandey, S.P., Hari Sankar and Sharma, V.K. (1985). Efficiency of some organic and inorganic residues in relation to crop yield and soil characteristics. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science, 33(1): 179-181
Pingali, P.L. and Shah, M. (2001). Policy re-directions for sustainable resource use: the rice–wheat cropping system of the Indo-Gangetic Plains. Journal of Crop Production, 3:103–118.
Ruhal, D.S. and Shukla, U.C. (1979). Effect of continuous application of farmyard manure and nitrogen and carbon and available N, P and K content of soil. Indian Journal of Agricultural Chemistry, 12: 11–18.
Sadana, U.S. and Bajwa, M.S. (1986). Effect of gypsum and green manuring on electrochemical and chemical changes in submerged sodic soils. Oryza, 23: 89-95.
Saha, N., Das, A.C. and Mukherje, D. (1995). Effect of decomposit on of organic matter on the activites of micro rganisms and availability of nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur in soil. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science, 43 (2): 210-215.
Sharma, A.R. and Mitra, B.N. (1991). Direct and residual effects of organic materials and phosphorus fertilizer in rice based cropping system. Indian J. Agron., 36: 299-303.
Sharma, P.K., De Datta, S.K. and Redulla, C.A. (1988). Tillage effects on soil physical properties and wetland rice yield. Agron. J., 80: 34-39.
Singh, P. and Verma, R.S. (1995). Effect of tillage depth, sowing methods and N fertilization on soil properties and root development of pearlmillet. Indian Journal of Soil Conservation, 23(2): 135-139.
Singh, S.P., Tomar, S. and Singh, R.R. (1991). Effect of tillage, seed rates and irrigation on the growth, yield and quality of lentil. Indian J. Agron., 36:143-147.
Subbaiah, B.V. and Asija, G.L. (1956). A rapid procedure for the determination of available nitrogen in soils. Curr. Sci. 25: 259-60.
Swaminathan, M.S. (2006). 5th Report on National commission of Farmers: Serving Farmers And Saving Farming. Submitted to Ministry of Agriculture, GOI.
Walkley, A.J. and Black, C.A. (1934). An estimation of the DegtJardt metnod for determining soil organic matter and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Sci., 37: 29-38.
Yadav, R.L., Dwivedi, B.S., Pandey, P.S. (2000). Rice-wheat cropping system: assessment of sustainability under green manuring and chemical fertilizer inputs. Field Crops Research, 65: 15-30.
Badanur, V.P., Poleshi, C.M. and Naik, B.(1990). Effect of organic matter on crop yield, physical and chemical properties of vertisol. J. Ind. Soc. Soil Sci., 38: 426-429
Biswas, T.D., and Khosla, B.K. (1971). Building up of organic matter status of the soil and its relation to the physical properties of soil. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 19: 31–37.
Carter, M.R., and Rennie, D.A. (1982). Changes in soil quality under zero tillage farming systems: Distribution of microbial biomass an mineralizable C and N potentials. Can. J. Soil Sci., 62:587–597.
Chaudhary, M.L., Singh, J.P. and Narwal, R.P. (1981). Effect of long term application of P, K and FYM on some soil chemical properties. J. Ind. Soc. Soil Sci., 29:81-85.
Gal, A., Vyn, T.J., Micheli, E., Kladivko, E.J. and McFee, W.W. (2007). Soil carbon and nitrogen accumulation with long term no-till versus moldboard plowing overestimated with tilled-zone sampling depths. Soil and Tillage Research, 96: 42-51.
Gattani, P.D., Jain, S.Y., and Seth, P.Y. (1976). Effect of continuous use of chemical fertilizer and manures on soil physical and chemical properties. Indian Soc. Soil Sci., 24: 284-289.
Ghildyal, B.P. (1978). Effects of compaction and puddling on soil physical properties and rice growth. Soils and Rice. International Rice Research Institute, Los Baños, Philippines
Gupta, R.K., Listman, G.M. and Harrington, L. (2003). The Rice-Wheat Consortium for the Indo-Gangetic Plains: Vision and management structure. In: Addressing Resource Conservation Issues in Rice-Wheat Systems of South Asia: A Resource Book. Rice-Wheat Consortium for the Indo -Gangetic Plains. Intl. Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre., New Delhi, India. 1-7
Haq, I., Muhammad, B. and Iqbal, F. (2007). Effect of gypsum and farmyard manure on soil properties and wheat crop irrigated with brackish water. Soil and Environ. 26:164-171.
Hargroves, W.L., Reid, J.T., and Gallaher, R.N. (1982). Influence of tillage practices on the fertility status of an acid soil double cropped to wheat and soybeans. Agron. J., 74: 684-687.
Hobbs, P. and Gupta, R. (2003). Problems and Challenges of No-Till Farming for the Rice-Wheat Systems of the Indo-Gangetic Plains in South Asia. In Lal, R., Hobbs, P., Hansen, D.O., and Uphoff, N. (eds.), Sustainable Agriculture and the Rice-Wheat System, Marcel Dekker, New York, in press.
Hobbs, P.R., and M.L. Morris. 1996. Meeting South Asia's Future Food Requirements from Rice -Wheat Cropping Systems: Priority Issues Facing Researchers in the Post Green Revolution Era. NRG Paper 96-01. Mexico, D.F.: CIMMYT.
Jackson, M.L. (1973). In Soil Chemical Analysis. Pentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
Kavimandan, S.K., Gupta, J.P. and Mahapatra, I.C. (1987). Studies on residue management and biofertilizers in rice-wheat sequence. Indian J. Agron., 32(3): 278-279.
Kilmer, V.J. and L.T. Alexander. (1949). Methods of making mechanical analysis of soils. Soil Sci. 68:15-24.
Lal, R. (1994). Methods and guidelines for assessing sustainable use of soil and water resources in the tropics. SMSS Technical Monograph, No. 21, Washington, DC.
Liebig, M.A., Tanaka, D.L. and Wienhold, B.J. (2004). Tillage and cropping effects on soil quality indicators in the northern Great Plains. Soil Tillage Res., 78: 131-141.
Millard, A. and Vez, A. (1982). Influence of different soil tillage implements on yields and on some chemical and physical soil prop. Proceeding of 9 th conference of the Int. soil tillage research organisation, Nyon, Switzerland.
Muthuvel, P., Kandaswamy, P., and Krishnamoorthy, K.K. (1979). Soil pH electrical conductivity and CEC under long term fertilization. Madras Agricultural Journal, 66(5): 296-299
Olsen, S.R., Cole, C.V., Watanabe, F.S. and Dean, L.A. (1954). Estimation of available phosphorus in soils by extraction with sodium bicarbonate. U.S. Dep. of Agric. Circ. 939.
Pandey, S.P., Hari Sankar and Sharma, V.K. (1985). Efficiency of some organic and inorganic residues in relation to crop yield and soil characteristics. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science, 33(1): 179-181
Pingali, P.L. and Shah, M. (2001). Policy re-directions for sustainable resource use: the rice–wheat cropping system of the Indo-Gangetic Plains. Journal of Crop Production, 3:103–118.
Ruhal, D.S. and Shukla, U.C. (1979). Effect of continuous application of farmyard manure and nitrogen and carbon and available N, P and K content of soil. Indian Journal of Agricultural Chemistry, 12: 11–18.
Sadana, U.S. and Bajwa, M.S. (1986). Effect of gypsum and green manuring on electrochemical and chemical changes in submerged sodic soils. Oryza, 23: 89-95.
Saha, N., Das, A.C. and Mukherje, D. (1995). Effect of decomposit on of organic matter on the activites of micro rganisms and availability of nitrogen, phosphorus and sulphur in soil. Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science, 43 (2): 210-215.
Sharma, A.R. and Mitra, B.N. (1991). Direct and residual effects of organic materials and phosphorus fertilizer in rice based cropping system. Indian J. Agron., 36: 299-303.
Sharma, P.K., De Datta, S.K. and Redulla, C.A. (1988). Tillage effects on soil physical properties and wetland rice yield. Agron. J., 80: 34-39.
Singh, P. and Verma, R.S. (1995). Effect of tillage depth, sowing methods and N fertilization on soil properties and root development of pearlmillet. Indian Journal of Soil Conservation, 23(2): 135-139.
Singh, S.P., Tomar, S. and Singh, R.R. (1991). Effect of tillage, seed rates and irrigation on the growth, yield and quality of lentil. Indian J. Agron., 36:143-147.
Subbaiah, B.V. and Asija, G.L. (1956). A rapid procedure for the determination of available nitrogen in soils. Curr. Sci. 25: 259-60.
Swaminathan, M.S. (2006). 5th Report on National commission of Farmers: Serving Farmers And Saving Farming. Submitted to Ministry of Agriculture, GOI.
Walkley, A.J. and Black, C.A. (1934). An estimation of the DegtJardt metnod for determining soil organic matter and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Sci., 37: 29-38.
Yadav, R.L., Dwivedi, B.S., Pandey, P.S. (2000). Rice-wheat cropping system: assessment of sustainability under green manuring and chemical fertilizer inputs. Field Crops Research, 65: 15-30.
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Impact of resource conservation technologies on soil health and productivity of wheat in rice-wheat cropping system. (2015). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 7(1), 58-66. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v7i1.563
