Optimizing soybean (Glycine max (L.) (PS 1347) seed protein accumulation under lead stress through mycorrhizal fungi mediation
Article Main
Abstract
Lead is among the most toxic and harmful heavy metals to living things, including plants. It is absorbed through roots from soil and causes several detrimental impacts on plant functioning. The present study aimed to elucidate the ameliorative effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi on soybean (Glycine max (L.) variety PS 1347) under lead (Pb) stress by investigating growth parameters, yield attributes, and seed protein characteristics. Following established legume Pb tolerance thresholds and soil Pb limits, Pb (as Pb(NO3)2) was introduced into soil-filled polybags at three concentrations: 200, 500, and 700 mg/kg of soil. In addition to inoculating polybags with AM fungi Glomus mosseae and G. fasciculatum, both individually and in combination, the fungi were utilized for seed priming Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM) powder, 25g/kg of seeds. Without AM fungi, Pb stress negatively impacted all growth parameters, yield metrics, and seed protein characteristics. At 200 and 500 mg Pb concentrations, individual Glomus species exhibited greater effectiveness in enhancing plant growth and yield attributes and mitigating Pb effects, while dual Glomus species treatment was more effective in improving the soybean growth characteristics with higher Pb concentration (700 mg). The analysis also showed that Pb toxicity in soybean plants decreased seed protein content to 7 %, which was restored by applications of Glomus treatments. Thus, given their pivotal role in optimizing soybean seed protein quantity and quality, these two AM fungal species are recommended for application to enhance plant performance in Pb-affected soil.
Article Details
Article Details
Keywords
AM fungi, Glomus, Lead toxicity, Seed proteins, Soybean
References
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Amit, & Kumar, Y. (2023). Effects of foliar applications of ascobin on seed protein accumulation in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) JS 1215 grown under cadmium stress. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 15(2), 582-593. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v15i2.4387
Amit, S. G., Kumar, S. & Kumar, Y. Enhancing seed protein accumulation in soybean under cadmium stress by using AM fungi. African Journal of Biological Sciences 6(13), 1571-1589 https://doi.org/10.33472/AFJBS.6.13.2024.1571-1589
Anderson, E. J., Ali, M. L., Beavis, W. D., Chen, P., Clemente, T. E., Diers, B. W. & Tilmon, K. J. (2019). Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] breeding: History, improvement, production and future opportunities. Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Legumes: 7, 431-516.
Arnon, D. I. (1949). Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts. Polyphenoloxidase in Beta vulgaris. Plant Physiology 24(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.24.1.1
Bashir, W., Anwar, S., Zhao, Q., Hussain, I. & Xie, F. (2019). Interactive effect of drought and cadmium stress on soybean root morphology and gene expression. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 175, 90-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.03.042
Bradford, M. M. (1976). A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry, 72(1-2), 248-254. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(76)90527-3
Cheema, A. & Garg, N. (2022). Differential effectiveness of Arbuscular Mycorrhizae in improving Rhizobial symbiosis by modulating Sucrose metabolism and Antioxidant defense in Chickpea under As stress. Symbiosis, 86(1), 49-69.
Cid, C. V., Pignata, M. L. & Rodriguez, J. H. (2020). Effects of co-cropping on soybean growth and stress response in lead-polluted soils. Chemosphere, 246, 125833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.125833
Cui, M., Wu, D., Bao, K., Wen, Z., Hao, Y. & Luo, L. (2019). Dynamic changes of phenolic compounds during artificial aging of soybean seeds identified by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with transcript analysis. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 411, 3091-3101.
Davis, B.J. (1964). Disk electrophoresis. II. Method and application to human serum proteins.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 121, 404-413. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1964.tb14213.x
Dhalaria, R., Kumar, D., Kumar, H., Nepovimova, E., Kuča, K., Torequl Islam, M. & Verma, R. (2020). Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as potential agents in ameliorating heavy metal stress in plants. Agronomy, 10(6), 815. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10060815
Diagne, N., Ngom, M., Djighaly, P. I., Fall, D., Hocher, V. & Svistoonoff, S. (2020). Roles of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on plant growth and performance: Importance in biotic and abiotic stressed regulation. Diversity, 12(10), 370. https://doi.org/10.3390/d12100370
Ghani, A. (2010). Toxic effects of heavy metals on plant growth and metal accumulation in maize (Zea mays L.). Iranian Journal of Toxicology, 3, 325-334.
Golubkina, N., Gomez, L. D., Kekina, H., Cozzolino, E., Simister, R., Tallarita, A. & Caruso, G. (2020). Joint selenium–iodine supply and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi inoculation affect yield and quality of chickpea seeds and residual biomass. Plants, 9(7), 804. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9070804
Holden, M. (1965). Chlorophyll bleaching by legume seeds. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 16(6), 312-325. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2740160605
Hussain, H. A., Men, S., Hussain, S., Chen, Y., Ali, S., Zhang, S. & Wang, L. (2019). Interactive effects of drought and heat stresses on morpho-physiological attributes, yield, nutrient uptake and oxidative status in maize hybrids. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 3890. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-40362-7
Jajoo, A. & Mathur, S. (2021). Role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as an underground saviuor for protecting plants from abiotic stresses. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants, 27(11), 2589-2603. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-021-01091-2
Khan, Y., Shah, S. & Tian, H. (2022). The roles of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in influencing plant nutrients, photosynthesis, and metabolites of cereal crops—A review. Agronomy, 12(9), 2191. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12092191
Kohli, S. K., Handa, N., Bali, S., Khanna, K., Arora, S., Sharma, A. & Bhardwaj, R. (2020). Current scenario of Pb toxicity in plants: unraveling plethora of physiological responses. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,249, 153-197. https://doi.org/10.1007/398_2019_25
Kumar, A., Kumar, A., MMS, C. P., Chaturvedi, A. K., Shabnam, A. A., Subrahmanyam, G. & Yadav, K. K. (2020). Lead toxicity: health hazards, influence on food chain, and sustainable remediation approaches. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(7), 2179. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072179
Kumar, P. & Naik, M. (2020). Biotic symbiosis and plant growth regulators as a strategy against cadmium and lead stress in chickpea. Plant Archives, 20(2), 2495-2500.
Laemmli, U. K. (1970). Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature, 227(5259), 680-685. https://doi.org/10.1038/227680a0
Li, X., Wang, Y., Guo, P., Zhang, Z., Cui, X., Hao, B. & Guo, W. (2023). Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi facilitate Astragalus adsurgens growth and stress tolerance in cadmium and lead contaminated saline soil by regulating rhizosphere bacterial community. Applied Soil Ecology, 187, 104842. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2023.104842
Madhu, P. M. & Sadagopan, R. S. (2020). Effect of heavy metals on growth and development of cultivated plants with reference to cadmium, chromium and lead–a review. Journal of Stress Physiology and Biochemistry, 16(3), 84-102.
Małecki, J., Muszyński, S. & Sołowiej, B. G. (2021). Proteins in food systems—Bionanomaterials, conventional and unconventional sources, functional properties, and development opportunities. Polymers, 13(15), 2506. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13152506
Marro, N., Cofre, N., Grilli, G., Alvarez, C., Labuckas, D., Maestri, D. & Urcelay, C. (2020). Soybean yield, protein content and oil quality in response to interaction of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and native microbial populations from mono-and rotation-cropped soils. Applied Soil Ecology, 152, 103575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2020.103575
Meena, V., Dotaniya, M. L., Saha, J. K., Das, H. & Patra, A. K. (2020). Impact of lead contamination on agroecosystem and human health. Lead in Plants and the Environment, 67-82. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21638-2_4
Miransari, M. (2017). Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and heavy metal tolerance in plantsin Arbuscular mycorrhizas and stress tolerance of plants (pp. 147-161).Springer: Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4115-0_7
Molina, A. S., Lugo, M. A., Pérez Chaca, M. V., Vargas-Gil, S., Zirulnik, F., Leporati, J. & Azcón-Aguilar, C. (2020). Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization on cadmium-mediated oxidative stress in Glycine max (L.) Merr. Plants, 9(1), 108. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9010108
Ornstein, L. 1964. Disc electrophoresis. I. Background and theory. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 121(2), 321-349. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1964.tb14207.x
Pereira, S., Mucha, Â., Gonçalves, B., Bacelar, E., Látr, A., Ferreira, H. & Marques, G. (2019). Improvement of some growth and yield parameters of faba bean (Vicia faba) by inoculation with Rhizobium laguerreae and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Crop and Pasture Science, 70(7), 595-605. https://doi.org/10.1071/CP19016
Raghib, F., Naikoo, M. I., Khan, F. A., Alyemeni, M. N. & Ahmad, P. (2020). Interaction of ZnO nanoparticle and AM fungi mitigates Pb toxicity in wheat by upregulating antioxidants and restricted uptake of Pb. Journal of Biotechnology, 323, 254-263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.09.003
Saboor, A., Ali, M. A., Danish, S., Ahmed, N., Fahad, S., Datta, R. & Glick, B. R. (2021). Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the physiological functioning of maize under zinc-deficient soils. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 18468. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-97742-1
Sharma, P., Rai, S., Gautam, K. & Sharma, S. (2023). Phytoremediation strategies of plants: Challenges and opportunities. Plants and their Interaction to Environmental Pollution, 211-229. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-99978-6.00012-1
Singh, A., Kumar, Y. & Arora, B. (2021). Storage proteins profile in diploid and tetraploid seeds of oryza sativa L. Cutting-Edge Research in Agricultural Sciences, 8, 41-52. https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cras/v8/8102D
Singh, N. P. & Matta, N. K. (2008). Variation studies on seed storage proteins and phylogenetics of the genus Cucumis. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 275, 209-218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-008-0063-6
Stambulska, U. Y. & Bayliak, M. M. (2020). Legume-rhizobium symbiosis: secondary metabolites, free radical processes, and effects of heavy metals. Co-Evolution of Secondary Metabolites, 291-322. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96397-6_43
Tamás, M. J., Sharma, S. K., Ibstedt, S., Jacobson, T. & Christen, P. (2014). Heavy metals and metalloids as a cause for protein misfolding and aggregation. Biomolecules, 4(1),252-267. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom4010252
Thanh, V. H. & Shibasaki, K. (1976). Major proteins of soybean seeds. A straightforward fractionation and their characterization. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 24(6), 1117-1121. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf6
0208a030
Tisarum, R., Theerawitaya, C., Samphumphuang, T., Phisalaphong, M., Singh, H. P. & Cha-Um, S. (2019). Promoting water deficit tolerance and anthocyanin fortification in pigmented rice cultivar (Oryza sativa L. subsp. indica) using arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants, 25, 821-835. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-019-00658-4
Wahab, A., Muhammad, M., Munir, A., Abdi, G., Zaman, W., Ayaz, A. & Reddy, S. P. P. (2023). Role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in regulating growth, enhancing productivity, and potentially influencing ecosystems under abiotic and biotic stresses. Plants, 12(17), 3102. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12173102
Welcher, F. J. (1963). A text-book of quantitative inorganic analysis including elementary instrumental analysis (Vogel, Arthur I.).
Yadav, V. K., Jha, R. K., Kaushik, P., Altalayan, F. H., Al Balawi, T. & Alam, P. (2021). Traversing arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and Pseudomonas fluorescens for carrot production under salinity. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 28(8), 4217-4223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.06.025
Amit, & Kumar, Y. (2023). Effects of foliar applications of ascobin on seed protein accumulation in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) JS 1215 grown under cadmium stress. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 15(2), 582-593. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v15i2.4387
Amit, S. G., Kumar, S. & Kumar, Y. Enhancing seed protein accumulation in soybean under cadmium stress by using AM fungi. African Journal of Biological Sciences 6(13), 1571-1589 https://doi.org/10.33472/AFJBS.6.13.2024.1571-1589
Anderson, E. J., Ali, M. L., Beavis, W. D., Chen, P., Clemente, T. E., Diers, B. W. & Tilmon, K. J. (2019). Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] breeding: History, improvement, production and future opportunities. Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Legumes: 7, 431-516.
Arnon, D. I. (1949). Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts. Polyphenoloxidase in Beta vulgaris. Plant Physiology 24(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.24.1.1
Bashir, W., Anwar, S., Zhao, Q., Hussain, I. & Xie, F. (2019). Interactive effect of drought and cadmium stress on soybean root morphology and gene expression. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 175, 90-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.03.042
Bradford, M. M. (1976). A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry, 72(1-2), 248-254. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(76)90527-3
Cheema, A. & Garg, N. (2022). Differential effectiveness of Arbuscular Mycorrhizae in improving Rhizobial symbiosis by modulating Sucrose metabolism and Antioxidant defense in Chickpea under As stress. Symbiosis, 86(1), 49-69.
Cid, C. V., Pignata, M. L. & Rodriguez, J. H. (2020). Effects of co-cropping on soybean growth and stress response in lead-polluted soils. Chemosphere, 246, 125833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.125833
Cui, M., Wu, D., Bao, K., Wen, Z., Hao, Y. & Luo, L. (2019). Dynamic changes of phenolic compounds during artificial aging of soybean seeds identified by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with transcript analysis. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 411, 3091-3101.
Davis, B.J. (1964). Disk electrophoresis. II. Method and application to human serum proteins.Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 121, 404-413. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1964.tb14213.x
Dhalaria, R., Kumar, D., Kumar, H., Nepovimova, E., Kuča, K., Torequl Islam, M. & Verma, R. (2020). Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as potential agents in ameliorating heavy metal stress in plants. Agronomy, 10(6), 815. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10060815
Diagne, N., Ngom, M., Djighaly, P. I., Fall, D., Hocher, V. & Svistoonoff, S. (2020). Roles of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on plant growth and performance: Importance in biotic and abiotic stressed regulation. Diversity, 12(10), 370. https://doi.org/10.3390/d12100370
Ghani, A. (2010). Toxic effects of heavy metals on plant growth and metal accumulation in maize (Zea mays L.). Iranian Journal of Toxicology, 3, 325-334.
Golubkina, N., Gomez, L. D., Kekina, H., Cozzolino, E., Simister, R., Tallarita, A. & Caruso, G. (2020). Joint selenium–iodine supply and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi inoculation affect yield and quality of chickpea seeds and residual biomass. Plants, 9(7), 804. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9070804
Holden, M. (1965). Chlorophyll bleaching by legume seeds. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 16(6), 312-325. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2740160605
Hussain, H. A., Men, S., Hussain, S., Chen, Y., Ali, S., Zhang, S. & Wang, L. (2019). Interactive effects of drought and heat stresses on morpho-physiological attributes, yield, nutrient uptake and oxidative status in maize hybrids. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 3890. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-40362-7
Jajoo, A. & Mathur, S. (2021). Role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi as an underground saviuor for protecting plants from abiotic stresses. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants, 27(11), 2589-2603. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-021-01091-2
Khan, Y., Shah, S. & Tian, H. (2022). The roles of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in influencing plant nutrients, photosynthesis, and metabolites of cereal crops—A review. Agronomy, 12(9), 2191. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12092191
Kohli, S. K., Handa, N., Bali, S., Khanna, K., Arora, S., Sharma, A. & Bhardwaj, R. (2020). Current scenario of Pb toxicity in plants: unraveling plethora of physiological responses. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,249, 153-197. https://doi.org/10.1007/398_2019_25
Kumar, A., Kumar, A., MMS, C. P., Chaturvedi, A. K., Shabnam, A. A., Subrahmanyam, G. & Yadav, K. K. (2020). Lead toxicity: health hazards, influence on food chain, and sustainable remediation approaches. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(7), 2179. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17072179
Kumar, P. & Naik, M. (2020). Biotic symbiosis and plant growth regulators as a strategy against cadmium and lead stress in chickpea. Plant Archives, 20(2), 2495-2500.
Laemmli, U. K. (1970). Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature, 227(5259), 680-685. https://doi.org/10.1038/227680a0
Li, X., Wang, Y., Guo, P., Zhang, Z., Cui, X., Hao, B. & Guo, W. (2023). Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi facilitate Astragalus adsurgens growth and stress tolerance in cadmium and lead contaminated saline soil by regulating rhizosphere bacterial community. Applied Soil Ecology, 187, 104842. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2023.104842
Madhu, P. M. & Sadagopan, R. S. (2020). Effect of heavy metals on growth and development of cultivated plants with reference to cadmium, chromium and lead–a review. Journal of Stress Physiology and Biochemistry, 16(3), 84-102.
Małecki, J., Muszyński, S. & Sołowiej, B. G. (2021). Proteins in food systems—Bionanomaterials, conventional and unconventional sources, functional properties, and development opportunities. Polymers, 13(15), 2506. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13152506
Marro, N., Cofre, N., Grilli, G., Alvarez, C., Labuckas, D., Maestri, D. & Urcelay, C. (2020). Soybean yield, protein content and oil quality in response to interaction of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and native microbial populations from mono-and rotation-cropped soils. Applied Soil Ecology, 152, 103575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2020.103575
Meena, V., Dotaniya, M. L., Saha, J. K., Das, H. & Patra, A. K. (2020). Impact of lead contamination on agroecosystem and human health. Lead in Plants and the Environment, 67-82. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21638-2_4
Miransari, M. (2017). Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and heavy metal tolerance in plantsin Arbuscular mycorrhizas and stress tolerance of plants (pp. 147-161).Springer: Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4115-0_7
Molina, A. S., Lugo, M. A., Pérez Chaca, M. V., Vargas-Gil, S., Zirulnik, F., Leporati, J. & Azcón-Aguilar, C. (2020). Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization on cadmium-mediated oxidative stress in Glycine max (L.) Merr. Plants, 9(1), 108. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9010108
Ornstein, L. 1964. Disc electrophoresis. I. Background and theory. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 121(2), 321-349. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1964.tb14207.x
Pereira, S., Mucha, Â., Gonçalves, B., Bacelar, E., Látr, A., Ferreira, H. & Marques, G. (2019). Improvement of some growth and yield parameters of faba bean (Vicia faba) by inoculation with Rhizobium laguerreae and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Crop and Pasture Science, 70(7), 595-605. https://doi.org/10.1071/CP19016
Raghib, F., Naikoo, M. I., Khan, F. A., Alyemeni, M. N. & Ahmad, P. (2020). Interaction of ZnO nanoparticle and AM fungi mitigates Pb toxicity in wheat by upregulating antioxidants and restricted uptake of Pb. Journal of Biotechnology, 323, 254-263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.09.003
Saboor, A., Ali, M. A., Danish, S., Ahmed, N., Fahad, S., Datta, R. & Glick, B. R. (2021). Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the physiological functioning of maize under zinc-deficient soils. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 18468. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-97742-1
Sharma, P., Rai, S., Gautam, K. & Sharma, S. (2023). Phytoremediation strategies of plants: Challenges and opportunities. Plants and their Interaction to Environmental Pollution, 211-229. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-99978-6.00012-1
Singh, A., Kumar, Y. & Arora, B. (2021). Storage proteins profile in diploid and tetraploid seeds of oryza sativa L. Cutting-Edge Research in Agricultural Sciences, 8, 41-52. https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cras/v8/8102D
Singh, N. P. & Matta, N. K. (2008). Variation studies on seed storage proteins and phylogenetics of the genus Cucumis. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 275, 209-218. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-008-0063-6
Stambulska, U. Y. & Bayliak, M. M. (2020). Legume-rhizobium symbiosis: secondary metabolites, free radical processes, and effects of heavy metals. Co-Evolution of Secondary Metabolites, 291-322. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96397-6_43
Tamás, M. J., Sharma, S. K., Ibstedt, S., Jacobson, T. & Christen, P. (2014). Heavy metals and metalloids as a cause for protein misfolding and aggregation. Biomolecules, 4(1),252-267. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom4010252
Thanh, V. H. & Shibasaki, K. (1976). Major proteins of soybean seeds. A straightforward fractionation and their characterization. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 24(6), 1117-1121. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf6
0208a030
Tisarum, R., Theerawitaya, C., Samphumphuang, T., Phisalaphong, M., Singh, H. P. & Cha-Um, S. (2019). Promoting water deficit tolerance and anthocyanin fortification in pigmented rice cultivar (Oryza sativa L. subsp. indica) using arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants, 25, 821-835. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12298-019-00658-4
Wahab, A., Muhammad, M., Munir, A., Abdi, G., Zaman, W., Ayaz, A. & Reddy, S. P. P. (2023). Role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in regulating growth, enhancing productivity, and potentially influencing ecosystems under abiotic and biotic stresses. Plants, 12(17), 3102. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12173102
Welcher, F. J. (1963). A text-book of quantitative inorganic analysis including elementary instrumental analysis (Vogel, Arthur I.).
Yadav, V. K., Jha, R. K., Kaushik, P., Altalayan, F. H., Al Balawi, T. & Alam, P. (2021). Traversing arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and Pseudomonas fluorescens for carrot production under salinity. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 28(8), 4217-4223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.06.025
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Optimizing soybean (Glycine max (L.) (PS 1347) seed protein accumulation under lead stress through mycorrhizal fungi mediation. (2024). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 16(4), 1502-1515. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v16i4.5572
