Detection of the prevalent biofilm-producing bacteria in hearing aids and silico stimulation of effective anti-biofilm agents
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Abstract
The majority of tympanoplasty surgeons recommend air-conduction hearing aids to patients who have residual hearing loss.The present study aimed to use silico stimulation against gram positive and negative bacteria isolated from hearing aids that produce biofilm formations.More than 150 patients (hearing aid users), including both sexes, were surveyed to gather samples for the study of hearing aids. From September to December 2023, the samples were collected from Ramadi Teaching Hospital and Ramadi Children and Maternity Hospital in Ramadi, Iraq . There was a 64/53.3% increase in the prevalence of harmful microorganisms in men compared to females who used hearing aids. Most infected individuals were 70 and older (25/20.8% ). The microtitration plate method was used to determine the biofilm formation ability of the isolates. The findings showed that 15% of Staphylococcus aureus isolates formed strong biofilms, 5.8% of the isolates of Psuedomonas. aeruginosa formed strong biofilms, and only 1% of the isolates of Stapylococcus. epidermidis, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis and Klebsiella pneumonia formed strong biofilms. There is a According to the latest research, the risk of microbial infection in those who use hearing aids increases over time. When different protein-drug docking analyses were done, different species (P. mirabilis, Ps aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pneumonia) had different binding affinities. The molecular docking analysis of all the proteins with the selected drug compounds resulted in varied binding affinities for all the species (P. mirabilis, Ps. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and St. pneumoniae). The binding affinities for all species resulted in the range from -13.52 kcal/mol (aliB-Cefilavancin complex) to -2.72 kcal/mol (fib-Disulfiram complex). The ear canal's microbiota changes when a hearing aid (HA) is worn. It raises the risk of otitis externa by promoting the growth of pathogenic bacteria.
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Keywords
Antibacterial Agents, Biofilm production, Hearing aids, Molecular docking
References
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Aleandri, M., Ambrosi, C., Lepanto, M. S., Conte, A. L., Marazzato, M., Longhi, C., ... & Palamara, A. T. (2019). Characterization of the Ear Canal Bacterial Flora Present in Hearing Aids (HA) Wearing Subjects. Advances in Microbiology, 9(07), 616. DOI: 10.4236/aim.2019.97038.
ALjaafreha, L. Y., Tawalbeh, M. & Shehabi, A. A. (2019). Otitis external infections among jordanian patients with emphasis on pathogenic characteristics of isolates. The Open Microbiology Journal, 13(1),72. DOI: 10.2174/1874285801913010292.
Bagatto, M. P., Scollie, S., Moodie, S. T., Seewald, R., Hyde, M., El-Naji, R., ... & Parsa, V. (2023). Protocol for the Provision of Amplification v 2023.01.
Bassey, V. M., Godfrey, O. C., Benjamin, I., Okoro, C. U., Shagal, M. H., Emori, W., ... & Louis, H. (2023). Elucidating the efficacy of plant-derived triterpenoids for treating urinary tract infections: insights from experimental investigation, quantum chemical analysis, and molecular docking. Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie, 237(10), 1617-1641. https://doi.org/10.1515/zpch-2023-0305.
Bhowmik, A., Malhotra, A., Jana, S. & Chauhan, A. (2021). Biofilm Formation and Pathogenesis. Analytical Methodologies for Biofilm Research, 3-37. DOI: 10.3390/nu14235112.
Bruchhage, K. L., Lupatsii, M., Möllenkolk, F., Leffers, D., Kurabi, A., Jürgens, T., ... & Leichtle, A. (2023). Hearing rehabilitation and microbial shift after middle ear surgery with Vibrant Soundbridge in patients with chronic otitis media. European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, 1-12. doi.org/10.1007/s00405-022-07795-9.
CADONI, Gabriella, et al (2023). Hearing Impairment and Neuroimaging Results in Mitochondrial Diseases. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 13 (9) 1329. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm13091329.
Choudhary, P., Singh, S., & Agarwal, V. (2020). Microbial biofilms. In Bacterial Biofilms. IntechOpen.Doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.82929.
Colin, R., Ni, B., Laganenka, L., & Sourjik, V. (2021). Multiple functions of flagellar motility and chemotaxis in bacterial physiology. FEMS microbiology reviews, 45(6), fuab038. https://doi.org/10.1093/femsre/fuab038.
Finlay, B. B. & Finlay, J. M. (2019). The Whole-Body Microbiome: How to Harness Microbes—Inside and Out—for Lifelong Health. The Experiment.Doi.978-1-61519-509-1
Flynn, J. C. (2023). Procedures in Phlebotomy-E-Book: Procedures in Phlebotomy-E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences.
Goudey, B., Plant, K., Kiral, I., Jimeno-Yepes, A., Swan, A., Gambhir, M., ... & Anjomshoa, H. (2021). A multicenter analysis of factors associated with hearing outcome for 2,735 adults with cochlear implants. Trends in Hearing, 25, https://doi.org/10.1177/23312165211037525.
Gray, H. K., Bisht, A., Caldera, J. R., Braegger, N. M. F., Cambou, M. C., Sakona, A. N., ... & Yang, S. (2023). Nosocomial infections by diverse carbapenemase-producing Aeromonas hydrophila associated with combination of plumbing issues and heat waves. American Journal of Infection Control. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2023.09.013.
Han, B. A., Majumdar, S., Calmon, F. P., Glicksberg, B. S., Horesh, R., Kumar, A., ... & Varshney, K. R. (2019). Confronting data sparsity to identify potential sources of Zika virus spillover infection among primates. Epidemics, 27, 59-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epidem.2019.01.005.
Hateet, R. R., Banoon, S. R. & Mohammed, M. M. (2022). Isolation and Identification of Pathogenic Bacteria Causing Otitis Media in Misan Governorate. J Pure Appl Microbiol, 16(2), 1384-1391. https://doi.org/10.22207/JPAM.16.2.66.
Javed, M., Arshad, M. & Khan, M. A. (2020). 69. Pathogenic bacteria profile and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of ear infection at Ayub Medical Complex Abbottabad, Pakistan. Pure and Applied Biology (PAB), 9(1), 714-719. http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2020.90077.
Judith, L. E., Kenna, M., Anne, S. & Davidson, L. (2020). Hearing loss in children: a review. Jama, 324(21), 2195-2205.
Khan, J., Tarar, S. M., Gul, I., Nawaz, U., & Arshad, M. (2021). Challenges of antibiotic resistance biofilms and potential combating strategies: a review. 3 Biotech, 11, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-021-02707-w.
Kirchhoff, L., Arweiler-Harbeck, D., Arnolds, J., Hussain, T., Hansen, S., Bertram, R., ... & Höing, B. (2020). Imaging studies of bacterial biofilms on cochlear implants—Bioactive glass (BAG) inhibits mature biofilm. PLoS One, 15(2), e0229198. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229198.
Korona-Glowniak I, Wisniewska A, Juda M, Kielbik K, Niedzielska G & Malm A.(2020). Bacterial aetiology of chronic otitis media with effusion in children-risk factors. Journal of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery.;49(1):1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40463-020-00418-5.
Kowalska, J., Maćkiw, E., Stasiak, M., Kucharek, K. & Postupolski, J. (2020). Biofilm-forming ability of pathogenic bacteria isolated from retail food in Poland. Journal of Food Protection, 83(12), 2032-2040. https://doi.org/10.4315/JFP-20-135.
Kragh, K. N., Tolker-Nielsen, T. & Lichtenberg, M. (2023). The non-attached biofilm aggregate. Communications Biology, 6(1), 898. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-023-05281-4.
Lu, Y., Cai, W. J., Ren, Z., & Han, P. (2022). The role of Staphylococcal biofilm on the surface of implants in orthopedic infection. Microorganisms, 10(10), 1909. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10101909.
Luthra, H., Sharma, V. & Jindal, N. (2020). Microbiological Profile and Antibiotic Sensitivity of 100 Cases of Otitis Externa. Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12070-020-02151-x.
Morin, C. D., Déziel, E., Gauthier, J., Levesque, R. C., & Lau, G. W. (2021). An organ system-based synopsis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence. Virulence, 12(1), 1469-1507. https://doi.org/10.1080/2150 5594.2021 .1926408
Niedzielski, A., Chmielik, L. P. & Stankiewicz, T. (2021). The formation of biofilm and bacteriology in otitis media with effusion in children: a prospective cross-sectional study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(7), 3555. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073555.
Njamo, F. O. J. P. (2021). Molecular characterisation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from Otitis externa in Sodwana Bay. University of Johannesburg (South Africa).http//hdI.handle.net/102000/0002.
Orji, F. T., Onyero, E. O. & Agbo, C. E. (2014). The clinical implications of ear canal debris in hearing aid users. Pakistan journal of medical sciences, 30(3), 483.
Peng, Q., Tang, X., Dong, W., Sun, N. & Yuan, W. (2022). A review of biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus and its regulation mechanism. Antibiotics, 12(1), 12.
Pickett, J. P. (2018). Lacrimal apparatus. Ophthalmic disease in veterinary medicine, 281-314. EBook ISBN9781315118963.
Praganta, J. (2022). Clinical effects of advanced platelet-rich fibrin (A-PRF) on the outcomes of third molar removal surgery: A randomised controlled trial (Doctoral dissertation, University of Otago). Handle: https://hdl.handle.net/10523/14151.
Rather, M. A., Gupta, K., Bardhan, P., Borah, M., Sarkar, A., Eldiehy, K. S., ... & Mandal, M. (2021). Microbial biofilm: A matter of grave concern for human health and food industry. Journal of Basic Microbiology, 61(5), 380-395. https://doi.org/10.1002/jobm.202000678.
Resuli, A. S., Susaman, N. & Schmelzer, B. (2023). Fungal Infections in Children and Hearing Loss. In Hearing Loss in Congenital, Neonatal and Childhood Infections (pp. 913-918). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-38495-0_59.
Roohi, B., Nemati, S., Alipour, A., Faeli, L., Mayahi, S., Haghani, I., ... & Shokohi, T. (2023). Otomycosis: The foremost aetiological agent causing otitis externa and the antifungal susceptibility pattern in North‐Western Iran. Mycoses, 66(2), 87-97. https://doi.org/10.1111/myc.13532.
Saba, N. & Balwan, W. K. (2023). Study of frequency, epidemiology of nosocomial infections in healthcare centres. Saudi J Pathol Microbiol, 8(7), 160-166. DOI: 10.36348/sjpm.2023.v08i07.001.
Secker, B., Shaw, S. & Atterbury, R. J. (2023). Pseudomonas spp. in Canine Otitis Externa. Microorganisms, 11(11), 2650. https:// doi.org /10.339 0/micro organisms11112650.
Seidel, D. U., Park, J. J. H., Sesterhenn, A. M., & Kostev, K. (2019). Incidence and risk of various disorders of the external ear in patients with hearing AIDS treated in ENT practices in Germany. Otology & Neurotology, 40(8), 1076-1081. DOI: 10.1097/MAO.0000000000002309.
Sharma, S., Kaushik, V. & Tiwari, V. (2023). Role of biofilms in hospital-acquired infections (HAIs). In Understanding Microbial Biofilms (pp. 209-245). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-99977-9.00001-6.
Shineh, G., Mobaraki, M., Perves Bappy, M. J., & Mills, D. K. (2023). Biofilm formation, and related impacts on healthcare, food processing and packaging, industrial manufacturing, marine industries, and sanitation–A review. Applied Microbiology, 3(3), 629-665. https://doi.org/10.3390/applmicrobiol3030044.
Subbaiyan, A., Ravichandran, K., Singh, S. V., Sankar, M., Thomas, P., Dhama, K., ... & Chaudhuri, P. (2020). In silico Molecular Docking Analysis Targeting SARSCoV-2 Spike Protein and Selected Herbal Constituents. Journal of Pure & Applied Microbiology, 14(2). https://doi.org/10.22207/JPAM.14.SPL1.37.
Toti, D., Macari, G., Barbierato, E. & Polticelli, F. (2022). FGDB: a comprehensive graph database of ligand fragments from the Protein Data Bank. Database, 2022, baac044. https://doi.org/10.1093/database/baac044.
Vivero-Lopez, M., Xu, X., Muras, A., Otero, A., Concheiro, A., Gaisford, S., ... & Goyanes, A. (2021). Anti-biofilm multi drug-loaded 3D printed hearing aids. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 119, 111606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2020.111606.
WANG, Manhua; JEON & Myounghoon.(2023). Assistive Technology for Adults on the Autism Spectrum: A Systematic Survey. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2022.2163568.
Yang, B., Zhang, L., & Chen, X. (2021). Evaluation and comparison of tympanoplasty efficacy with tympanic membrane perforation after chronic suppurative otitis media in dry ear with different microorganisms. American Journal of Otolaryngology, 42(3), 102900. https://doi.org /10.101 6/j.amjo to. 2021.102900.
Zia, S., Tahir, H. M., Azeem, K. & Adil, S. O. (2019). Frequency and factors of ear infection among swimmers, cotton bud and headphone users. Pakistan Journal of Public Health, 9(1), 15-18. https://doi.org/10.32413/pjph.v9i1.223.
Zwirzitz, B., Wetzels, S. U., Dixon, E. D., Stessl, B., Zaiser, A., Rabanser, I., ... & Selberherr, E. (2020). The sources and transmission routes of microbial populations throughout a meat processing facility. npj Biofilms and Microbiomes, 6(1), 26. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41522-020-0136-z.
Aleandri, M., Ambrosi, C., Lepanto, M. S., Conte, A. L., Marazzato, M., Longhi, C., ... & Palamara, A. T. (2019). Characterization of the Ear Canal Bacterial Flora Present in Hearing Aids (HA) Wearing Subjects. Advances in Microbiology, 9(07), 616. DOI: 10.4236/aim.2019.97038.
ALjaafreha, L. Y., Tawalbeh, M. & Shehabi, A. A. (2019). Otitis external infections among jordanian patients with emphasis on pathogenic characteristics of isolates. The Open Microbiology Journal, 13(1),72. DOI: 10.2174/1874285801913010292.
Bagatto, M. P., Scollie, S., Moodie, S. T., Seewald, R., Hyde, M., El-Naji, R., ... & Parsa, V. (2023). Protocol for the Provision of Amplification v 2023.01.
Bassey, V. M., Godfrey, O. C., Benjamin, I., Okoro, C. U., Shagal, M. H., Emori, W., ... & Louis, H. (2023). Elucidating the efficacy of plant-derived triterpenoids for treating urinary tract infections: insights from experimental investigation, quantum chemical analysis, and molecular docking. Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie, 237(10), 1617-1641. https://doi.org/10.1515/zpch-2023-0305.
Bhowmik, A., Malhotra, A., Jana, S. & Chauhan, A. (2021). Biofilm Formation and Pathogenesis. Analytical Methodologies for Biofilm Research, 3-37. DOI: 10.3390/nu14235112.
Bruchhage, K. L., Lupatsii, M., Möllenkolk, F., Leffers, D., Kurabi, A., Jürgens, T., ... & Leichtle, A. (2023). Hearing rehabilitation and microbial shift after middle ear surgery with Vibrant Soundbridge in patients with chronic otitis media. European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, 1-12. doi.org/10.1007/s00405-022-07795-9.
CADONI, Gabriella, et al (2023). Hearing Impairment and Neuroimaging Results in Mitochondrial Diseases. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 13 (9) 1329. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm13091329.
Choudhary, P., Singh, S., & Agarwal, V. (2020). Microbial biofilms. In Bacterial Biofilms. IntechOpen.Doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.82929.
Colin, R., Ni, B., Laganenka, L., & Sourjik, V. (2021). Multiple functions of flagellar motility and chemotaxis in bacterial physiology. FEMS microbiology reviews, 45(6), fuab038. https://doi.org/10.1093/femsre/fuab038.
Finlay, B. B. & Finlay, J. M. (2019). The Whole-Body Microbiome: How to Harness Microbes—Inside and Out—for Lifelong Health. The Experiment.Doi.978-1-61519-509-1
Flynn, J. C. (2023). Procedures in Phlebotomy-E-Book: Procedures in Phlebotomy-E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences.
Goudey, B., Plant, K., Kiral, I., Jimeno-Yepes, A., Swan, A., Gambhir, M., ... & Anjomshoa, H. (2021). A multicenter analysis of factors associated with hearing outcome for 2,735 adults with cochlear implants. Trends in Hearing, 25, https://doi.org/10.1177/23312165211037525.
Gray, H. K., Bisht, A., Caldera, J. R., Braegger, N. M. F., Cambou, M. C., Sakona, A. N., ... & Yang, S. (2023). Nosocomial infections by diverse carbapenemase-producing Aeromonas hydrophila associated with combination of plumbing issues and heat waves. American Journal of Infection Control. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2023.09.013.
Han, B. A., Majumdar, S., Calmon, F. P., Glicksberg, B. S., Horesh, R., Kumar, A., ... & Varshney, K. R. (2019). Confronting data sparsity to identify potential sources of Zika virus spillover infection among primates. Epidemics, 27, 59-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epidem.2019.01.005.
Hateet, R. R., Banoon, S. R. & Mohammed, M. M. (2022). Isolation and Identification of Pathogenic Bacteria Causing Otitis Media in Misan Governorate. J Pure Appl Microbiol, 16(2), 1384-1391. https://doi.org/10.22207/JPAM.16.2.66.
Javed, M., Arshad, M. & Khan, M. A. (2020). 69. Pathogenic bacteria profile and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of ear infection at Ayub Medical Complex Abbottabad, Pakistan. Pure and Applied Biology (PAB), 9(1), 714-719. http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2020.90077.
Judith, L. E., Kenna, M., Anne, S. & Davidson, L. (2020). Hearing loss in children: a review. Jama, 324(21), 2195-2205.
Khan, J., Tarar, S. M., Gul, I., Nawaz, U., & Arshad, M. (2021). Challenges of antibiotic resistance biofilms and potential combating strategies: a review. 3 Biotech, 11, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-021-02707-w.
Kirchhoff, L., Arweiler-Harbeck, D., Arnolds, J., Hussain, T., Hansen, S., Bertram, R., ... & Höing, B. (2020). Imaging studies of bacterial biofilms on cochlear implants—Bioactive glass (BAG) inhibits mature biofilm. PLoS One, 15(2), e0229198. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0229198.
Korona-Glowniak I, Wisniewska A, Juda M, Kielbik K, Niedzielska G & Malm A.(2020). Bacterial aetiology of chronic otitis media with effusion in children-risk factors. Journal of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery.;49(1):1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40463-020-00418-5.
Kowalska, J., Maćkiw, E., Stasiak, M., Kucharek, K. & Postupolski, J. (2020). Biofilm-forming ability of pathogenic bacteria isolated from retail food in Poland. Journal of Food Protection, 83(12), 2032-2040. https://doi.org/10.4315/JFP-20-135.
Kragh, K. N., Tolker-Nielsen, T. & Lichtenberg, M. (2023). The non-attached biofilm aggregate. Communications Biology, 6(1), 898. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42003-023-05281-4.
Lu, Y., Cai, W. J., Ren, Z., & Han, P. (2022). The role of Staphylococcal biofilm on the surface of implants in orthopedic infection. Microorganisms, 10(10), 1909. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10101909.
Luthra, H., Sharma, V. & Jindal, N. (2020). Microbiological Profile and Antibiotic Sensitivity of 100 Cases of Otitis Externa. Indian Journal of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery, 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12070-020-02151-x.
Morin, C. D., Déziel, E., Gauthier, J., Levesque, R. C., & Lau, G. W. (2021). An organ system-based synopsis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence. Virulence, 12(1), 1469-1507. https://doi.org/10.1080/2150 5594.2021 .1926408
Niedzielski, A., Chmielik, L. P. & Stankiewicz, T. (2021). The formation of biofilm and bacteriology in otitis media with effusion in children: a prospective cross-sectional study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(7), 3555. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18073555.
Njamo, F. O. J. P. (2021). Molecular characterisation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from Otitis externa in Sodwana Bay. University of Johannesburg (South Africa).http//hdI.handle.net/102000/0002.
Orji, F. T., Onyero, E. O. & Agbo, C. E. (2014). The clinical implications of ear canal debris in hearing aid users. Pakistan journal of medical sciences, 30(3), 483.
Peng, Q., Tang, X., Dong, W., Sun, N. & Yuan, W. (2022). A review of biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus and its regulation mechanism. Antibiotics, 12(1), 12.
Pickett, J. P. (2018). Lacrimal apparatus. Ophthalmic disease in veterinary medicine, 281-314. EBook ISBN9781315118963.
Praganta, J. (2022). Clinical effects of advanced platelet-rich fibrin (A-PRF) on the outcomes of third molar removal surgery: A randomised controlled trial (Doctoral dissertation, University of Otago). Handle: https://hdl.handle.net/10523/14151.
Rather, M. A., Gupta, K., Bardhan, P., Borah, M., Sarkar, A., Eldiehy, K. S., ... & Mandal, M. (2021). Microbial biofilm: A matter of grave concern for human health and food industry. Journal of Basic Microbiology, 61(5), 380-395. https://doi.org/10.1002/jobm.202000678.
Resuli, A. S., Susaman, N. & Schmelzer, B. (2023). Fungal Infections in Children and Hearing Loss. In Hearing Loss in Congenital, Neonatal and Childhood Infections (pp. 913-918). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-38495-0_59.
Roohi, B., Nemati, S., Alipour, A., Faeli, L., Mayahi, S., Haghani, I., ... & Shokohi, T. (2023). Otomycosis: The foremost aetiological agent causing otitis externa and the antifungal susceptibility pattern in North‐Western Iran. Mycoses, 66(2), 87-97. https://doi.org/10.1111/myc.13532.
Saba, N. & Balwan, W. K. (2023). Study of frequency, epidemiology of nosocomial infections in healthcare centres. Saudi J Pathol Microbiol, 8(7), 160-166. DOI: 10.36348/sjpm.2023.v08i07.001.
Secker, B., Shaw, S. & Atterbury, R. J. (2023). Pseudomonas spp. in Canine Otitis Externa. Microorganisms, 11(11), 2650. https:// doi.org /10.339 0/micro organisms11112650.
Seidel, D. U., Park, J. J. H., Sesterhenn, A. M., & Kostev, K. (2019). Incidence and risk of various disorders of the external ear in patients with hearing AIDS treated in ENT practices in Germany. Otology & Neurotology, 40(8), 1076-1081. DOI: 10.1097/MAO.0000000000002309.
Sharma, S., Kaushik, V. & Tiwari, V. (2023). Role of biofilms in hospital-acquired infections (HAIs). In Understanding Microbial Biofilms (pp. 209-245). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-99977-9.00001-6.
Shineh, G., Mobaraki, M., Perves Bappy, M. J., & Mills, D. K. (2023). Biofilm formation, and related impacts on healthcare, food processing and packaging, industrial manufacturing, marine industries, and sanitation–A review. Applied Microbiology, 3(3), 629-665. https://doi.org/10.3390/applmicrobiol3030044.
Subbaiyan, A., Ravichandran, K., Singh, S. V., Sankar, M., Thomas, P., Dhama, K., ... & Chaudhuri, P. (2020). In silico Molecular Docking Analysis Targeting SARSCoV-2 Spike Protein and Selected Herbal Constituents. Journal of Pure & Applied Microbiology, 14(2). https://doi.org/10.22207/JPAM.14.SPL1.37.
Toti, D., Macari, G., Barbierato, E. & Polticelli, F. (2022). FGDB: a comprehensive graph database of ligand fragments from the Protein Data Bank. Database, 2022, baac044. https://doi.org/10.1093/database/baac044.
Vivero-Lopez, M., Xu, X., Muras, A., Otero, A., Concheiro, A., Gaisford, S., ... & Goyanes, A. (2021). Anti-biofilm multi drug-loaded 3D printed hearing aids. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 119, 111606. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2020.111606.
WANG, Manhua; JEON & Myounghoon.(2023). Assistive Technology for Adults on the Autism Spectrum: A Systematic Survey. International Journal of Human–Computer Interaction, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2022.2163568.
Yang, B., Zhang, L., & Chen, X. (2021). Evaluation and comparison of tympanoplasty efficacy with tympanic membrane perforation after chronic suppurative otitis media in dry ear with different microorganisms. American Journal of Otolaryngology, 42(3), 102900. https://doi.org /10.101 6/j.amjo to. 2021.102900.
Zia, S., Tahir, H. M., Azeem, K. & Adil, S. O. (2019). Frequency and factors of ear infection among swimmers, cotton bud and headphone users. Pakistan Journal of Public Health, 9(1), 15-18. https://doi.org/10.32413/pjph.v9i1.223.
Zwirzitz, B., Wetzels, S. U., Dixon, E. D., Stessl, B., Zaiser, A., Rabanser, I., ... & Selberherr, E. (2020). The sources and transmission routes of microbial populations throughout a meat processing facility. npj Biofilms and Microbiomes, 6(1), 26. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41522-020-0136-z.
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Detection of the prevalent biofilm-producing bacteria in hearing aids and silico stimulation of effective anti-biofilm agents. (2024). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 16(3), 1077-1086. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v16i3.5530
