Trends in breeding oat for nutritional grain quality - An overview
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Abstract
Oat is an economically important crop and ranks sixth in world cereal production after maize, wheat, rice, barley and sorghum. It has been primarily utilized as livestock feed. However, the utilization of oats for human consumption has increased progressively, owing to its dietary and health benefits which relies mainly on the total dietary fibre and ?-glucan content, which significantly reduces postprandial blood glucose, insulin and blood lipids, especially serum total and low density lipoprotein cholesterol. Henceforth, enhancing Oat b-glucan content for
human consumption is desirable. As it is a polygenic trait controlled mainly by genes with additive effects, phenotypic selection for greater b-glucan content would be effective for developing cultivars with elevated b-glucan contents. Oat b-glucan concentration has been found to be positively correlated with protein content and negatively correlated with oil content. ?-glucan yield (i.e., Product of grain yield and ?-glucan content) has been found to correlate positively with both grain yield (r = 0.92) and ?-glucan content (r = 0.66). Hence, this nutritional oat grain quality has been improved through selection for improved grain yield as they both increase simultaneously. Among wild accessions, A. atlantica genotypes have high ?-glucan content (2·2–11·3%) and have been used in breeding programmes for increasing the ?-glucan content of adapted elite local germplasm. Besides conventional breeding approaches, molecular breeding approaches have made possible to identify several molecular markers linked to ?-glucan rich regions across oat genome hence enabling mapping and dissection of ?-glucan rich genomic regions and accelerating the improvement in nutritional grain quality.
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Keywords
Avena sativa, ?-Glucan, Breeding, Genetics, Health benefits, Oat grain quality
References
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Asoro, F.G., Newell, M.A., Beavis, W.D., Scott, P. and Jannink, J.L. (2011). Accuracy and training population design for genomic selection on quantitative traits in elite North American oats. Plant Genome, 4: 132-144.
Burton, R.A., Wilson, S.M., Hrmova, M., Harvey, A.J., Shirley, N.J., Medhurst, A., Stone, B.A., Newbignin, E.J., Bacic, A., and Fincher, G.B. (2006). Cellulose synthase - like CslF genes mediate the synthesis of cell wall (1, 3; 1, 4) - ? – d - glucans. Science, 311: 1940-1942.
Butt, M.S., Nadeem, M.T., Khan, M.K.I., Shabir, R. and Butt, M.S. (2008). Oat: unique among the cereals. Eur. J. Nutr., 47: 68-79.
Cervantes-Martinez, C.T., Frey, K.J., White, P.J., Wesenberg, D.M. and Holland, J.B. (2001). Correlated responses to selection for greater ?-glucan content in two oat populations. Crop Science, 42: 1730-1738.
Chawade, A., Sikora, P., Brautigam, M., Larsson, M., Vivekanand, V., Nakash, M.A., Chen, T. and Olsson, O. (2010). Development and characterization of an oat TILLING population and identification of mutations in lignin and ?-glucan biosynthesis genes. BMC Plant Biology, 10: 86-98.
Contreras, F., Rivera, M., Vasquez, J., De la Parte, M.A. and Velasco, M. (2000). Diabetes and hypertension patho physiology and therapeutics. J. Hum. Hyperten., 1: 26-31.
De Koeyer, D.L., Tinker, N.A., Wight, C.P., Deyl, J., Burrows, V.D. and O’Donoughue, L.S. (2004). A molecular linkage map with associated QTLs from a hulless x covered spring oat population. Theortical Applied Genetics, 108: 1285-1298.
Duss, R. (2005). Oat bran: proven and advanced nutrition for your heart Innovations in Food Technology 19: 122-126.
Fincher, G.B. (2009). Exploring the evolution of (1, 3; 1, 4)-?-D-glucans in plant cell walls: comparative genomics can help! Curr. Opin. Plant. Biol., 12: 140-147.
Germeier, C.U. (2008). Global strategy for the ex situ conservation of oats (Avena spp.) federal centre for breeding research on cultivated plants (BAZ) Quedlinburg, Germany, pp. 10.
Glore, S.R., Van Treeck, D., Knehans, A.W. and Guild, M. (1994). Soluble fiber and serum lipids: a literature review. Journal of American Diet Association, 94: 425-436.
Groh, S., Zacharias, A., Kianian, S.F., Penner, G.A., Chong, J., Rines, H.W. and Phillips, R.L. (2001). AFLP product homology in comparative mapping in two hexaploid oat populations. Theortical and Applied Genetics, 102: 876-884.
Han, F., Ullrich, S.E., Chirat, S., Menteur, S., Jestin, L., Sarrafi, A., Hayes, P.M., Jones, B.L., Black, T.K., Wesenberg, D.M., Kleinhofs, A. and Kilian, A. (1995). Mapping of beta-glucan content and beta-glucanase activity loci in barley grain and malt. Theor. Appl. Genet., 91: 921-927.
Handelman, G.J., Cao, G., Walter, M.F., Nightingale, Z.D., Paul, G.L., Prior, R.L. and Blumberg, J.B. (1999). Antioxidant capacity of oat (Avena sativa L.) extracts. 1. Inhibition of low-density lipoprotein oxidation and oxygen radical absorbance capacity. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 47: 4888-4893.
Harsah, D.W., Lin, P.H. and Obarzanek, E., Karanja N.M., Moore, T.J. and Caballero, B. (1999). Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension: a summary of study results. DASH Collaborative Research Group. Journal of American Diet Association, 8: 35-39.
Havrlentova, M. and Kraic, J. (2006). Content of beta-d-glucan in cereal grains. Journal of Food Research and Nutrition, 45: 97-103.
Henikoff, S. and Comai, L. (2003). Single-nucleotide mutations for plant functional genomics. Annual Revolution Plant Biology, 54: 375-401.
Humphreys, D.G., Smith, D.L. and Mather, D.E. (1994). Nitrogen fertilizer and seeding date induced changes in protein, oil, and ?-glucan contents of four oat cultivars. Journal of Cereal Science, 20: 283-290.
Huttner, E.K. and Arendt, E.K. (2010). Recent advances in gluten-free baking and the current status of oats. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 21: 303-312.
Inoue, S.B., Takewakt, N., Mio, T., Adachi, M., Fujii, Y., Miyamoto, C., Arisawa, M., FuruichiY. and Watanabe, T. (1995). Characterization and Gene Cloning of 1, 3 – ?–D-Glucan Synthase from Saccharomyces Cerevisiae. European Journal of Biochemistry, 231: 845-854.
Jenkins, A.L., Jenkins, D.J.A., Zdravkovic, U., Wursch, P. and Vuksan, V. (2002). Depression of the glycemic index by high levels of ß-glucan fiber in two functional foods tested in type 2 diabetes. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 56(7): 622-628
Jianzhong, Y., Beuch, S., Herrmann, M. and Hackauf, B. (2004). AB- QTL analysis for ?-glucan content in oats. Proceedings 7th International oat conference. Pirjo Peltonen-Sainio and Mari Topi-Hulmi (eds.) MTT Agri food Research Finland pp. 52.
Kerckhoffs, D., Hornstra, G. and Mensink, R. (2003). Cholesterol lowering effect of ?-glucan from oat bran in mildly hypercholesterolemic subjects may decrease when ?-glucan is in corporate into bread and cookies. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 78: 221-227.
Kianian, S.F., Phillips, R.L., Rines, H.W., Fulcher, R.G., Webster, F.H. and Stuthman, D.D. (2000). Quantitative trait loci influencing ?-glucan content in oat (Avena sativa, 2n=6x=42). Theortical Applied Genetics, 101: 1039-1048.
Kibite, S. and Edney, M.J. (1998). The inheritance of ?- glucan concentration in three oat (Avena sativa L.) crosses. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 78: 245-250.
Lia, A. (1997). Effects of oat fibre on nutrient absorption and sterol metabolism. Ph.D. thesis. Goteborg University, Goteborg, Sweden.
Ludwig, D.S. (2000). Dietary glycemic index and obesity. American Society of Nutrition Science, 130(2): 280S-283S.
Malkki, Y. and Virtanen, E. (2001). Gastrointestinal effects of oat bran and oat gum: A review. Lebensm.-Wiss. Technol., 34: 337-347.
Marlett, J.A., Hosig, K.B., Vollendorf, N.W., Shinnick, F.L., Haack, V.S. and Story, J.A. (1994). Mechanism of serum cholesterol reduction by oat bran. Hepatology, 20:1450-1457
McKeown, N.M., Meigs, J.B., Liu, S., Saltzman, E., Wilson, P.W.F. and Jacques, P.F. (2004). Carbohydrate nutrition, insulin resistance, and the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the Framingham Offspring Cohort. Diabetes Care, 27(2): 538-546.
Miller, S.S., Fulcher, R.G., Sen, A. and Arnason, J.T. (1995). Oat endosperm cell walls: I. Isolation, composition, and comparison with other tissues. Cereal Chemistry, 72: 421-427.
O’Donoughue, L.S., Kianian, S.F., Rayapati, P.J., Penner, G.A., Sorrells, M.E., Tanksley, S.D., Phillips, R.L., Rines, H.W., Lee, M., Fedak, G., Molnar, S.J., Hoffman, D., Salas, C.A., Wu, B., Autrique, E., Van and Deynze, A. (1995). A molecular linkage map of cultivated oat. Genome, 38: 368-380.
Olsson, O. (2011). Molecular breeding for enhanced food and feed quality in oat. Nordic Oat Days, pp: 14-16.
Orr, W. and Molnar, S.J. (2008). Development of PCR based SCAR and CAPS markers linked to glucan and protein content QTL regions in oat. Genome, 51: 421-425.
Pandey, K.C. and Roy, A.K. (2011). Forage Crops Varieties. IGFRI Jhansi (India) pp. 16-17.
Peterson, D.M., Wesenberg, D.M. and Burrup, D.E. (1995). ?-Glucan content and its relationship to agronomic characteristics in elite oat germplasm. Crop Science, 35: 965-970.
Ripsin, C.M., Keenan, J.M., Jacobs, D.R., Elmer, P.J., Welch, R.R., Van Horn, L., Liu, K., Turnbull, W.H., Thye, F.W., Kestin, M., Hegsted, M., Davidson, D.M., Davidson, M.H., Dugan, L.D., Demark-Wahnefried, W. and Beling, S. (1992). Oat products and lipid lowering: a meta-analysis. Journal of American Medical Association, 267: 3317-3325.
Tanksley, S.D. and Nelson, J.C. (1996). Advanced backcross QTL analysis: a method for the simultaneous discovery and transfer of valuable QTLs from unadapted germplasm into elite breeding lines. Theortical and Applied Genetics, 92: 191-203.
Tinker, N.A., Kilian, A., Wight, C.P., Heller-Uszynska, K., Wenzl, P., Rines, H.W., Bjørnstad, A., Howarth, C.J., Jannink, J.L., Anderson, J.M., Rossnagel, B.G., Stuthman, D.D., Sorrells, M.E., Jackson, E.W., Tuvesson, S., Kolb, R.L., Olsson, O., Federizzi, L.C., Carson, M.L., Ohm, H.W., Molnar, S.J., Scoles, G.J., Eckstein, P.E., Bonman, J.M., Ceplitis, A., and Langdon, T. (2009). New DArT markers for oat provide enhanced map coverage and global germplasm characterization. BMC Genomics, 10: 39. (doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-10-39).
UBIC (2010). The world ? - glucan ingredient market. UBIC - Consulting.
Wan, Y. and Lemaux, P.G. (1994). Generation of Large Numbers of Independently Transformed Fertile Barley Plants. Plant Physiology, 104: 37-48.
Welch, R.W., Brown, J.C.W. and Leggett, J.M. (2000). Interspecific and Intraspecific Variation in Grain and Groat Characteristics of Wild Oat (Avena) Species: Very High Groat (1?3), (1?4)-?-glucan in an Avena atlantica Genotype. Journal of Cereal Science, 31(3): 273-279.
Wight, C.P., Tinker, N.A., Kianian, S.F., Sorrells, M.E., O’Donoughue, L.S. and Hoffman, D.L. (2003). A molecular marker map in ‘Kanota’ x ‘Ogle’ hexaploid oat (Avena spp.) enhanced by additional markers and a robust framework. Genome, 46: 28-47.
Winfield, K., Hall, M. and Paynter, B. (2007). Milling oat and feed oat quality - what are the differences? Department of Agriculture and Food, 4703: 1833-7236.
Wood, P.J. (1993). Physiochemical characteristics and physiological properties of oat (1g3), (1g4) - ? - D - glucan. In: Oat Bran. P.J. Wood, ed. American Association of Cereal Chemists, St. Paul, MN: 83.
Zhu, C., Gore, M., and Buckler, E.S. (2008). Status and prospects of association mapping in plants. Plant Genome, 1: 2-5.
Asoro, F.G., Newell, M.A., Beavis, W.D., Scott, P. and Jannink, J.L. (2011). Accuracy and training population design for genomic selection on quantitative traits in elite North American oats. Plant Genome, 4: 132-144.
Burton, R.A., Wilson, S.M., Hrmova, M., Harvey, A.J., Shirley, N.J., Medhurst, A., Stone, B.A., Newbignin, E.J., Bacic, A., and Fincher, G.B. (2006). Cellulose synthase - like CslF genes mediate the synthesis of cell wall (1, 3; 1, 4) - ? – d - glucans. Science, 311: 1940-1942.
Butt, M.S., Nadeem, M.T., Khan, M.K.I., Shabir, R. and Butt, M.S. (2008). Oat: unique among the cereals. Eur. J. Nutr., 47: 68-79.
Cervantes-Martinez, C.T., Frey, K.J., White, P.J., Wesenberg, D.M. and Holland, J.B. (2001). Correlated responses to selection for greater ?-glucan content in two oat populations. Crop Science, 42: 1730-1738.
Chawade, A., Sikora, P., Brautigam, M., Larsson, M., Vivekanand, V., Nakash, M.A., Chen, T. and Olsson, O. (2010). Development and characterization of an oat TILLING population and identification of mutations in lignin and ?-glucan biosynthesis genes. BMC Plant Biology, 10: 86-98.
Contreras, F., Rivera, M., Vasquez, J., De la Parte, M.A. and Velasco, M. (2000). Diabetes and hypertension patho physiology and therapeutics. J. Hum. Hyperten., 1: 26-31.
De Koeyer, D.L., Tinker, N.A., Wight, C.P., Deyl, J., Burrows, V.D. and O’Donoughue, L.S. (2004). A molecular linkage map with associated QTLs from a hulless x covered spring oat population. Theortical Applied Genetics, 108: 1285-1298.
Duss, R. (2005). Oat bran: proven and advanced nutrition for your heart Innovations in Food Technology 19: 122-126.
Fincher, G.B. (2009). Exploring the evolution of (1, 3; 1, 4)-?-D-glucans in plant cell walls: comparative genomics can help! Curr. Opin. Plant. Biol., 12: 140-147.
Germeier, C.U. (2008). Global strategy for the ex situ conservation of oats (Avena spp.) federal centre for breeding research on cultivated plants (BAZ) Quedlinburg, Germany, pp. 10.
Glore, S.R., Van Treeck, D., Knehans, A.W. and Guild, M. (1994). Soluble fiber and serum lipids: a literature review. Journal of American Diet Association, 94: 425-436.
Groh, S., Zacharias, A., Kianian, S.F., Penner, G.A., Chong, J., Rines, H.W. and Phillips, R.L. (2001). AFLP product homology in comparative mapping in two hexaploid oat populations. Theortical and Applied Genetics, 102: 876-884.
Han, F., Ullrich, S.E., Chirat, S., Menteur, S., Jestin, L., Sarrafi, A., Hayes, P.M., Jones, B.L., Black, T.K., Wesenberg, D.M., Kleinhofs, A. and Kilian, A. (1995). Mapping of beta-glucan content and beta-glucanase activity loci in barley grain and malt. Theor. Appl. Genet., 91: 921-927.
Handelman, G.J., Cao, G., Walter, M.F., Nightingale, Z.D., Paul, G.L., Prior, R.L. and Blumberg, J.B. (1999). Antioxidant capacity of oat (Avena sativa L.) extracts. 1. Inhibition of low-density lipoprotein oxidation and oxygen radical absorbance capacity. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 47: 4888-4893.
Harsah, D.W., Lin, P.H. and Obarzanek, E., Karanja N.M., Moore, T.J. and Caballero, B. (1999). Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension: a summary of study results. DASH Collaborative Research Group. Journal of American Diet Association, 8: 35-39.
Havrlentova, M. and Kraic, J. (2006). Content of beta-d-glucan in cereal grains. Journal of Food Research and Nutrition, 45: 97-103.
Henikoff, S. and Comai, L. (2003). Single-nucleotide mutations for plant functional genomics. Annual Revolution Plant Biology, 54: 375-401.
Humphreys, D.G., Smith, D.L. and Mather, D.E. (1994). Nitrogen fertilizer and seeding date induced changes in protein, oil, and ?-glucan contents of four oat cultivars. Journal of Cereal Science, 20: 283-290.
Huttner, E.K. and Arendt, E.K. (2010). Recent advances in gluten-free baking and the current status of oats. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 21: 303-312.
Inoue, S.B., Takewakt, N., Mio, T., Adachi, M., Fujii, Y., Miyamoto, C., Arisawa, M., FuruichiY. and Watanabe, T. (1995). Characterization and Gene Cloning of 1, 3 – ?–D-Glucan Synthase from Saccharomyces Cerevisiae. European Journal of Biochemistry, 231: 845-854.
Jenkins, A.L., Jenkins, D.J.A., Zdravkovic, U., Wursch, P. and Vuksan, V. (2002). Depression of the glycemic index by high levels of ß-glucan fiber in two functional foods tested in type 2 diabetes. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 56(7): 622-628
Jianzhong, Y., Beuch, S., Herrmann, M. and Hackauf, B. (2004). AB- QTL analysis for ?-glucan content in oats. Proceedings 7th International oat conference. Pirjo Peltonen-Sainio and Mari Topi-Hulmi (eds.) MTT Agri food Research Finland pp. 52.
Kerckhoffs, D., Hornstra, G. and Mensink, R. (2003). Cholesterol lowering effect of ?-glucan from oat bran in mildly hypercholesterolemic subjects may decrease when ?-glucan is in corporate into bread and cookies. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 78: 221-227.
Kianian, S.F., Phillips, R.L., Rines, H.W., Fulcher, R.G., Webster, F.H. and Stuthman, D.D. (2000). Quantitative trait loci influencing ?-glucan content in oat (Avena sativa, 2n=6x=42). Theortical Applied Genetics, 101: 1039-1048.
Kibite, S. and Edney, M.J. (1998). The inheritance of ?- glucan concentration in three oat (Avena sativa L.) crosses. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 78: 245-250.
Lia, A. (1997). Effects of oat fibre on nutrient absorption and sterol metabolism. Ph.D. thesis. Goteborg University, Goteborg, Sweden.
Ludwig, D.S. (2000). Dietary glycemic index and obesity. American Society of Nutrition Science, 130(2): 280S-283S.
Malkki, Y. and Virtanen, E. (2001). Gastrointestinal effects of oat bran and oat gum: A review. Lebensm.-Wiss. Technol., 34: 337-347.
Marlett, J.A., Hosig, K.B., Vollendorf, N.W., Shinnick, F.L., Haack, V.S. and Story, J.A. (1994). Mechanism of serum cholesterol reduction by oat bran. Hepatology, 20:1450-1457
McKeown, N.M., Meigs, J.B., Liu, S., Saltzman, E., Wilson, P.W.F. and Jacques, P.F. (2004). Carbohydrate nutrition, insulin resistance, and the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in the Framingham Offspring Cohort. Diabetes Care, 27(2): 538-546.
Miller, S.S., Fulcher, R.G., Sen, A. and Arnason, J.T. (1995). Oat endosperm cell walls: I. Isolation, composition, and comparison with other tissues. Cereal Chemistry, 72: 421-427.
O’Donoughue, L.S., Kianian, S.F., Rayapati, P.J., Penner, G.A., Sorrells, M.E., Tanksley, S.D., Phillips, R.L., Rines, H.W., Lee, M., Fedak, G., Molnar, S.J., Hoffman, D., Salas, C.A., Wu, B., Autrique, E., Van and Deynze, A. (1995). A molecular linkage map of cultivated oat. Genome, 38: 368-380.
Olsson, O. (2011). Molecular breeding for enhanced food and feed quality in oat. Nordic Oat Days, pp: 14-16.
Orr, W. and Molnar, S.J. (2008). Development of PCR based SCAR and CAPS markers linked to glucan and protein content QTL regions in oat. Genome, 51: 421-425.
Pandey, K.C. and Roy, A.K. (2011). Forage Crops Varieties. IGFRI Jhansi (India) pp. 16-17.
Peterson, D.M., Wesenberg, D.M. and Burrup, D.E. (1995). ?-Glucan content and its relationship to agronomic characteristics in elite oat germplasm. Crop Science, 35: 965-970.
Ripsin, C.M., Keenan, J.M., Jacobs, D.R., Elmer, P.J., Welch, R.R., Van Horn, L., Liu, K., Turnbull, W.H., Thye, F.W., Kestin, M., Hegsted, M., Davidson, D.M., Davidson, M.H., Dugan, L.D., Demark-Wahnefried, W. and Beling, S. (1992). Oat products and lipid lowering: a meta-analysis. Journal of American Medical Association, 267: 3317-3325.
Tanksley, S.D. and Nelson, J.C. (1996). Advanced backcross QTL analysis: a method for the simultaneous discovery and transfer of valuable QTLs from unadapted germplasm into elite breeding lines. Theortical and Applied Genetics, 92: 191-203.
Tinker, N.A., Kilian, A., Wight, C.P., Heller-Uszynska, K., Wenzl, P., Rines, H.W., Bjørnstad, A., Howarth, C.J., Jannink, J.L., Anderson, J.M., Rossnagel, B.G., Stuthman, D.D., Sorrells, M.E., Jackson, E.W., Tuvesson, S., Kolb, R.L., Olsson, O., Federizzi, L.C., Carson, M.L., Ohm, H.W., Molnar, S.J., Scoles, G.J., Eckstein, P.E., Bonman, J.M., Ceplitis, A., and Langdon, T. (2009). New DArT markers for oat provide enhanced map coverage and global germplasm characterization. BMC Genomics, 10: 39. (doi: 10.1186/1471-2164-10-39).
UBIC (2010). The world ? - glucan ingredient market. UBIC - Consulting.
Wan, Y. and Lemaux, P.G. (1994). Generation of Large Numbers of Independently Transformed Fertile Barley Plants. Plant Physiology, 104: 37-48.
Welch, R.W., Brown, J.C.W. and Leggett, J.M. (2000). Interspecific and Intraspecific Variation in Grain and Groat Characteristics of Wild Oat (Avena) Species: Very High Groat (1?3), (1?4)-?-glucan in an Avena atlantica Genotype. Journal of Cereal Science, 31(3): 273-279.
Wight, C.P., Tinker, N.A., Kianian, S.F., Sorrells, M.E., O’Donoughue, L.S. and Hoffman, D.L. (2003). A molecular marker map in ‘Kanota’ x ‘Ogle’ hexaploid oat (Avena spp.) enhanced by additional markers and a robust framework. Genome, 46: 28-47.
Winfield, K., Hall, M. and Paynter, B. (2007). Milling oat and feed oat quality - what are the differences? Department of Agriculture and Food, 4703: 1833-7236.
Wood, P.J. (1993). Physiochemical characteristics and physiological properties of oat (1g3), (1g4) - ? - D - glucan. In: Oat Bran. P.J. Wood, ed. American Association of Cereal Chemists, St. Paul, MN: 83.
Zhu, C., Gore, M., and Buckler, E.S. (2008). Status and prospects of association mapping in plants. Plant Genome, 1: 2-5.
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Trends in breeding oat for nutritional grain quality - An overview. (2014). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 6(2), 904-912. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v6i2.552
