Water quality indices and abiotic characteristics of western Yamuna canal in Yamunanagar, Haryana
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##
Abstract
The present paper deals with the monthly variations of physico-chemical characteristics of western Yamuna canal water, Yamunanagar which is polluted with industrial effluents and domestic sewage. Three sampling points i.e. station-1: Upstream of the river; station-2: Point of influx of industrial effluents and domestic sewage; Station-3: About 6 kms downstream from station 2 were selected for the investigation. Studies revealed high values of turbidity, conductivity, free CO2, alkalinity, calcium, hardness, magnesium, chloride, orthophosphate, phosphate, sulphate and ammonia and low values of DO at station-2. The differences in various parameters were statistically significant (P<0.05) when compared from upstream and downstream stretches of the river particularly in summer. DO and BOD were found to be two important parameters which showed strong correlation with other parameters and hence can serve as good indices of river water quality. Water Quality index designated station-1 as highly polluted and station-2 and 3 as severely polluted. Thus the hydro biological conditions were not congenial/ optimum for the survival/ production of sensitive fish fauna, therefore, proper and efficient treatment of the effluents and sewage should be carried out before discharging these into the canal.
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##
Water quality index, Western Yamuna canal, Physico-chemical characteristics, Industrial effluent, Sewage
Bhatnagar, Anita and Sanghwan, P. (2009). Impact of mass bathing on water Quality. Int. J. Environ. Res., 3(2): 247-252.
Bhatnagar, Anita and Garg, S.K. (1998). Environmental Impact Assessment in river Ghaggar in Haryana. J. Natcon, 10(2): 215-224. .
Burggren, W. (1979). Bimodal gas exchange variation in environmental oxygen and carbondioxide in air breathing fish. Trichogaster trichopterus. J. Exp.Biol., 82: 197-213.
Bellos, J.L, Moreno., Nvarro, C., and De Las Heras J. (2006). Abiotic ecotypes in south central Spanish rivers: Reference conditions and pollution. Enviro. Poll., 143: 388-396.
CPCB (2000).Water quality status of Yamuna river. ADSORBS/ 32/1999-2000, Annexure III . pp.115.
Chopra, G., Bhatnagar, Anita. and Malhotra, Priyanka. (2009). Planktonic community of the western Yamuna canal with special reference to industrial pollution. In: Proceedings of 22nd National Symposium. November 6-7, 2008, PAU, Ludhiana ( in Press).
Deshmukh, D.R and Sonawane, S.R. (2007). Studies on seasonal variation in abiotic factors of Godawari river at Paithan. J.Exp. Zool. India, 11(1): 143-145.
Dalal, A and Arora, M.P. (2007). Seasonal physicochemical fluctuations of water quality of river Hindon. J.Exp. Zool., India, 11(1): 125-131.
Ghosh, S., Chattopadhyay, G.N and Garg, S.K. (2000). Environmental impact assessment in riverine ecosystem with special reference to Ganges. Nature Conservators Publication, 6: 271-289.
Horton, R.K. (1965). An index- number system for rating water quality. J. Water Poll. Control fed., 37: 300-305.
Hasalam, S.M. (1991). River pollution- An Ecological Perspective. Belhaven Press, Great Britain.
ICMR. (1975). Manual of standards of quality of drinking water supplies. 2nd edn. Special series report No. 44.
Kuczynsky. D. (1987). The rotifer fauna of Argentina Patagonia as a potential limnological indicator. Hydrobiologia, 73:150-310.
Kulshrestha,S.K., Adholia,U.N. and Bhatnagar, Anita. (1991). Zooplankton community of river Chambal and its tridutaries with special reference to industrial pollution. Journal of Environ. Studies.,40: 207-216.
Kaur, H., Syal, J. and Dhillon, S.S. (2001). Water quality index of the river Satluz. Poll. Res., 20 (2): 199-204.
Khaiwal, R, Ameena, Meenakshi, Monika, Rani and Kaushik, A. (2003). Seasonal variations in physico-chemical characteristics of river Yamuna in Haryana and its ecological best designated use. J. Environ. Monit., 5: 419-426.
Meade, J.W. (1985). Allowable ammonia for fish culture. Prog. Fish cult., 47: 135-145
Miller, T.G. (1994). Living in the Environment, Principles, Connections and Solutions, 8th edn. Wadsworth Publ.Co., CA.
Manahan, S.E. (1994). Environmental chemistry. Lewis public, CRC Press, USA.
NEERI. (1986). Manual on water and waste water analysis National Environmental Research Institute, Nagpur
Oram, B. (2007). Wilkes university environmental engineering earth science. WQI Index- consumer support group online calculator. Retrieved on September 2007 from http://www.csg network.com/ h2oqualindexcuttemponlycalc html.
Raj, A.D.S and Jayasekher, T. (2007). Hydrogeochemistry of the river basins of Kanyakumari district. Indian J. Environmental Protection, 27 ( 2): 145-152.
Swingle, H.S. (1959). Standardization of chemical analyses for waters and pond muds. FAO Fish Rep.,4 (44): 397-421.
Sechriest, R.E. (1960).Relationship between, total alkalinity, conductivity, original pH, and buffer action of Natural Water. The Ohio Journal of Science, 60 (5): 303.
Snedcor, G.W. and Cochran, W.G. (1980). Statistical methods. 7th edn. Iowa State University. Iowa. pp. 507.
Singh, J., Agrawal, D.K. and Panwar, S. (2008). Seasonal variations in different physico-chemical characteristics of Yamuna river water quality in proposed Lakhwar hydropower project influence area. International Journal of Applied Environmental Sciences, 3: 107-117.
Wetzel, R.G. (2001). Limnology, lake and river ecosystems. Third Ed. Academic Press. San Diego. 16: 1006.
This work is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) © Author (s)
