Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in Spinacea oleracea grown in distillery effluent irrigated soil
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Abstract
The aim of the present study was to estimate the accumulation of heavy metals in Spinacea oleracea plant grown in Distillery Effluent (DE) irrigated soil. The results revealed that there was an increase in the metal contents Fe (+2.39%), Zn (+14.27%), Ni (+70.45%), Cd (+34.15%)and Cr (+20.46%) of soil irrigated with DE. In case of S. oleracea grown in the DE irrigated soil, it was observed that there was maximum concentration of Fe (353.24±7.94 mg/kg) and Zn (78.95±7.59 mg/kg) in leaves and that of Cr (54.19±8.39 mg/kg), Cd (7.73±1.41 mg/kg) and Ni (66.47±3.65 mg/kg) in root. The value of Bio-concentration factor (BCF) was found maximum for Cr (2.00) in comparison to other metals in the S. oleracea irrigated with DE. The value of Transfer factor (TF) was found maximum for Zn (TF- 1.51) for the soil irrigated with DE in comparison to soil irrigated with Bore well water (BWW). The DE can be a source of contamination to the soil as some toxic metals may also be transferred to roots and then to leaves in S. oleracea. The practice of continuous irrigation of agricultural land by DE may increase the risk of metal contamination in growing food crops to cause human health risks.
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Keywords
Bio-concentration factor, Distillery effluent, Heavy metals, Spinacea oleracea, Transfer factor
References
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Chandra, R., Kumar, P.K., Singh, J. (2004). Impact of an aerobically treated and untreated (raw) distillery effluent irrigation on soil micro flora, growth, total chlorophyll and protein contents of Phaseolus aureus L. J. Environ. Biol., 25:381–385.
Bigdeli, M. and Seilsepour, M. (2008). Investigation of metals accumulation in some vegetables irrigated with waste water in Shahre Rey-Iran and toxicological implications. American – Eurasian Journal of Agriculture & Environment Science, 4(1): 86–92.
Bakircioglu, D., Kurtulus, Y. B. and Ucar, G. (2011). Determination of some traces metal levels in cheese samples packaged in plastic and tin containers by ICP-OES after dry wet and microwave digestion. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 49: 202–207.
Bose, S. and Bhattacharyya, A.K. (2008). Heavy metal accumulation in wheat plant grown in soil amended with industrial sludge. Chemosphere, 70: 1264–1272.
Chandra, R., Bharagava, R.N., Yadav, S. and Mohan, D. (2009) Accumulation and distribution of toxic metals in wheat (TriticumaestivumL.) and Indian mustard (Brassica campestrisL.) irrigated with distillery and tannery effluents. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 162: 1514–1521.
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Farooq, M., Anwar, F. and Rashid, U. (2008). Appraisal of heavy metal contents in different vegetables grown in the vicinity of an industrial area. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 40(5): 2099–2106.
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Kannan, A. and Upreti, R. K. (2008). Influence of distillery effluent on germination and growth of mung bean (Vigna radiata, L.R. Wilczek) seeds. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 53(1–2): 609–615.
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Kumar, V. and Chopra, A.K. (2012).Fertigation effect of distillery effluent on agronomical practices of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (Fenugreek). Environment Monitoring and Assessment, 184: 1207–1219.
Kumar, P. and Chandra, R. (2004). Detoxification of distillery effluent through Bacillus thuringiensis (MTCC 4714) enhanced phytoremediation potential of Spirodelapolyrrhiza L. Schliden. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.,73: 903–910.
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Mishra, A., and Tripathi, B.D. (2008). Heavy metal contamination of soil, and bioaccumulation in vegetables irrigated with treated waste water in the tropical city of Varanasi, India. Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry.doi:10.1080/02772240701 740197.
Nyamangara, J. and Mzezewa, J. (1999). The effects of longterm sewage sludge application on Zn, Cu, Ni and Pb levels in clay loam soil under pasture grass in Zimbabwe. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 73: 199–204.
Patterson, S. J., Chanasyk, D. S., Mapfumo, E., and Naeth, M. A. (2008). Effects of diluted Kraft pulp mill effluent on hybrid poplar and soil chemical properties. Irrigation Science, 26, 547–560.
Pant, D. and Adholeya, A. (2007). Biological approaches for treatment of distillery wastewater: A review. Biores. Technol., 98, 2321-2334
Rattan, R.K., Datta, S.P., Chhonkar, P.K., Suribabu, K., Singh, A.K. (2005).Long-term impact of irrigation with sewage effluents on heavy metal content in soils, crops and groundwater - a case study. Agriculture, Ecosyst. Environ., 109:310–322.
Srivastava, A. and Chandra, R. (2001). Comparative toxicological evaluation of microbially treated and untreated tannery effluent with Lemna minor. J. Ecophysiol. Occup. Hlth., 1: 211–218.
Sharma, R. K., Agrawal, M.and Marshall, F. (2007). Heavy metal contamination of soil and vegetables in suburban areas of Varanasi, India. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 66: 258–266.
Singh, A., Sharma, R. K., Agrawal, M. and Marshall, F. M. (2010). Risk assessment of heavy metal toxicity through contaminated vegetables from waste water irrigated area of Varanasi, India. Tropical Ecology, 51(2S): 375-387.
Singh,B. and Yadav, Anoop (2012). Effect of distillery effluent on different wheat cultivars. World Journal of Environmental Biosciences, 1 (1): 38-41
Srivastava, S., Chopra, A. K. and Pathak, C. (2012). Ferti-irrigational impact of distillery effluent and Di-ammonium phosphate on the soil and growth characteristics of Egg plant (Solanum melongena L.). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 4 (2): 275-283
Yargholi, B., Azimi, A. A., Baghvand, A., Liaghat, A.M. and Fardi, G.A. (2008). Investigation of cadmium absorption and accumulation in different parts of some vegetables. American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 3 (3):357-364.
Yuzbas, N., Sezgin, E., Y?ld?r?m, M., Y?ld?r?m, Z. (2003).Survey of lead, cadmium, iron, copper and zinc in kas_archeese.FoodAdd.Contam., 20: 464–469.
Yoon, J., Cao, X., Zhou, Q., Ma, L. Q. (2006). Accumulation of Pb, Cu, and Zn in native plants growing on a contaminated Florida site. Science of the Total Environment, 368: 456–464
Zheng, N., Wang, Q.C. and Zheng, D.M. (2007). Health risk of Hg, Pb, Cd, Zn and Cu to the inhabitants around Huludao zinc plant in China via consumption of vegetables. Science of the Total Environment, 383: 81-89.
APHA (2005).Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater (21st Edn.). Washington, D.C.: American Public Health Association.
Arora, M., Kiran, B. Rani, S. Rani, A. Kaur, B. and Mittal, N. (2008). Heavy metal accumulation in vegetables irrigated with water from different sources. Food Chemistry, 111: 811–815.
Awashthi, S.K. (2000). Prevention of Food Adulteration Act No. 37 of 1954. Central and State rules as amended for 1999, 3rd ed. Ashoka Law House, New Delhi
Chandra, R., Kumar, P.K., Singh, J. (2004). Impact of an aerobically treated and untreated (raw) distillery effluent irrigation on soil micro flora, growth, total chlorophyll and protein contents of Phaseolus aureus L. J. Environ. Biol., 25:381–385.
Bigdeli, M. and Seilsepour, M. (2008). Investigation of metals accumulation in some vegetables irrigated with waste water in Shahre Rey-Iran and toxicological implications. American – Eurasian Journal of Agriculture & Environment Science, 4(1): 86–92.
Bakircioglu, D., Kurtulus, Y. B. and Ucar, G. (2011). Determination of some traces metal levels in cheese samples packaged in plastic and tin containers by ICP-OES after dry wet and microwave digestion. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 49: 202–207.
Bose, S. and Bhattacharyya, A.K. (2008). Heavy metal accumulation in wheat plant grown in soil amended with industrial sludge. Chemosphere, 70: 1264–1272.
Chandra, R., Bharagava, R.N., Yadav, S. and Mohan, D. (2009) Accumulation and distribution of toxic metals in wheat (TriticumaestivumL.) and Indian mustard (Brassica campestrisL.) irrigated with distillery and tannery effluents. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 162: 1514–1521.
Chandraju, S., Chidankumar, C. S. and Venkatachalapathy, R. (2010). Irrigational impact of distillery spentwash on the growth, yield and nutrients of leafy vegetables. Bioresearch Bulletin, 2: 83-90 83.
Charman, P.E.V., and Murphy, B.W. (1991).Soils-their properties and management. A soil conservation handbook for New South Wales. Sydney: Sydney University Press\Soil Conservation Service, NSW.
Chaturvedi, R.K. and Sankar, K. (2006). Laboratory manual for the physico-chemical analysis of soil, water and plant. Dehradun: Wildlife Institute of India.
Codex Alimentarious Commission (1984). Contaminants, joint FAO/ WHO food standards program, vol. XVII, 1st ed. Geneva: Codex Alimentarious.
Cui, Y.J., Zhu, Y.G., Zhai, R.H., Chen, D.Y. Huang, Y.Z., Qui, Y. and Liang, J.Z. (2004). Transfer of metals from near a smelter in Nanning, China. Environmental International, 30: 785-791.
Farooq, M., Anwar, F. and Rashid, U. (2008). Appraisal of heavy metal contents in different vegetables grown in the vicinity of an industrial area. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 40(5): 2099–2106.
Gupta, A.K., Sinha, S., Basant, A. and Singh, K. P. (2007). Multivariate analysis of selected metals in agricultural soil receiving UASB treated tannery effluent at Jajmau, Kanpur (India). Bulletin of Environmental Contamination Toxicology, 79: 577–582.
Jagtap, M. N., Kulkarni, M. V. and Puranik, P. R. (2010). Flux of heavy metals in soils irrigated with urban wastewaters. American-Eurasian J. Agric. and Environ. Sci., 8(5): 487-493.
Kannan, A. and Upreti, R. K. (2008). Influence of distillery effluent on germination and growth of mung bean (Vigna radiata, L.R. Wilczek) seeds. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 53(1–2): 609–615.
Kabata-Pendias, A., Pendias, H., 1992. Trace Elements in Soils and Plants, second ed. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA.
Kaushik, A., Nisha, R., Jagjeeta, K. and Kaushik, C.P. (2005).Impact of long and short term irrigation of a sodic soil with distillery effluent in combination with bioamendments. Bioresource Technology, 96(17): 1860–1866.
Kumar, V. and Chopra, A.K. (2012).Fertigation effect of distillery effluent on agronomical practices of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (Fenugreek). Environment Monitoring and Assessment, 184: 1207–1219.
Kumar, P. and Chandra, R. (2004). Detoxification of distillery effluent through Bacillus thuringiensis (MTCC 4714) enhanced phytoremediation potential of Spirodelapolyrrhiza L. Schliden. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.,73: 903–910.
Malaviya, P. and Sharma, A. (2011): Effect of distillery effluent on yield attributes of Brassica napus L. J. Environmental Biology, 32:385-389.
Mapanda, F., Mangwayana, E.N., Nyamangara, J., Giller, K.E. (2005). The effect of long-term irrigation using wastewater on heavy metal contents of soils under vegetables in Harare, Zimbabwe. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 107: 151–165.
Mishra, A., and Tripathi, B.D. (2008). Heavy metal contamination of soil, and bioaccumulation in vegetables irrigated with treated waste water in the tropical city of Varanasi, India. Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry.doi:10.1080/02772240701 740197.
Nyamangara, J. and Mzezewa, J. (1999). The effects of longterm sewage sludge application on Zn, Cu, Ni and Pb levels in clay loam soil under pasture grass in Zimbabwe. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 73: 199–204.
Patterson, S. J., Chanasyk, D. S., Mapfumo, E., and Naeth, M. A. (2008). Effects of diluted Kraft pulp mill effluent on hybrid poplar and soil chemical properties. Irrigation Science, 26, 547–560.
Pant, D. and Adholeya, A. (2007). Biological approaches for treatment of distillery wastewater: A review. Biores. Technol., 98, 2321-2334
Rattan, R.K., Datta, S.P., Chhonkar, P.K., Suribabu, K., Singh, A.K. (2005).Long-term impact of irrigation with sewage effluents on heavy metal content in soils, crops and groundwater - a case study. Agriculture, Ecosyst. Environ., 109:310–322.
Srivastava, A. and Chandra, R. (2001). Comparative toxicological evaluation of microbially treated and untreated tannery effluent with Lemna minor. J. Ecophysiol. Occup. Hlth., 1: 211–218.
Sharma, R. K., Agrawal, M.and Marshall, F. (2007). Heavy metal contamination of soil and vegetables in suburban areas of Varanasi, India. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 66: 258–266.
Singh, A., Sharma, R. K., Agrawal, M. and Marshall, F. M. (2010). Risk assessment of heavy metal toxicity through contaminated vegetables from waste water irrigated area of Varanasi, India. Tropical Ecology, 51(2S): 375-387.
Singh,B. and Yadav, Anoop (2012). Effect of distillery effluent on different wheat cultivars. World Journal of Environmental Biosciences, 1 (1): 38-41
Srivastava, S., Chopra, A. K. and Pathak, C. (2012). Ferti-irrigational impact of distillery effluent and Di-ammonium phosphate on the soil and growth characteristics of Egg plant (Solanum melongena L.). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 4 (2): 275-283
Yargholi, B., Azimi, A. A., Baghvand, A., Liaghat, A.M. and Fardi, G.A. (2008). Investigation of cadmium absorption and accumulation in different parts of some vegetables. American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 3 (3):357-364.
Yuzbas, N., Sezgin, E., Y?ld?r?m, M., Y?ld?r?m, Z. (2003).Survey of lead, cadmium, iron, copper and zinc in kas_archeese.FoodAdd.Contam., 20: 464–469.
Yoon, J., Cao, X., Zhou, Q., Ma, L. Q. (2006). Accumulation of Pb, Cu, and Zn in native plants growing on a contaminated Florida site. Science of the Total Environment, 368: 456–464
Zheng, N., Wang, Q.C. and Zheng, D.M. (2007). Health risk of Hg, Pb, Cd, Zn and Cu to the inhabitants around Huludao zinc plant in China via consumption of vegetables. Science of the Total Environment, 383: 81-89.
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Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in Spinacea oleracea grown in distillery effluent irrigated soil. (2014). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 6(2), 797-803. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v6i2.539
