Biology and management of mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara de Willink on Jatropha curcas L.
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Abstract
Jatropha cultivation is gaining importance as potential source of biofuel. Recently Paracoccus marginatus has been found to cause serious damage on Jatropha. Studies on the biology and management of P. marginatus at GKVK, Bangalore revealed that the females had three nymphal instars without any pupal stage, while the male had three nymphal instars besides, pre-pupal and pupal stages. The total nymphal period for female ranged from 14 to 21 days, (mean- 17.32±1.6 days) while for male the range was 16 to 23 days, (mean- 18.9±1.3 days). Bisexual and parthenogenetic modes of reproduction were observed. The fecundity of the female mealybug ranged from 248 to 967, with an average of 618.9±19 eggs. Evaluation of insecticides revealed that during first spray and second spray, mean per cent reduction of mealy bug population was highest in profenophos 0.05% (68.05 and 79.35) followed by buprofezin 0.025% (63.61 and 72.69). Least per cent reduction of mealy bug was observed in the NSKE 5% (17.94 and 25.77) treatment.
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Keywords
Insecticides, Insect pests, Jatropha, Natural enemies, P. marginatus
References
Agarwal, N; Vika, J. and Vikram, S. (2009). Evaluation of some new insecticides against mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) on cotton. Pestology, 33(6): 29-33.
Amarasekare, K.G; Chong, J.H; Epsky, N.D. and Mannion, C.M. (2008). Effect of temperature on the life history of the mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 101: 1798-1804.
Balikai, R.A. (2002). Bio-efficacy of buprofezin 25 EC against grape mealybug, Meconellicoccus hirsutus (Green). Pestology, 26(10): 20-23.
Balikai, R.A. (2005). Management of grape mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) using insect growth regulator. Research on Crops, 6(1): 68-71.
Bhosle, B.B; Sharma, O.P; More, D.G; Bhede, B.V. and Bambawale, O.M. (2009). Management of mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis in rainfed cotton Gossypium hirsutum. Indian Journal Agricultural Sciences, 79(3): 199-202.
Dehgan, B. (1984). Phylogenetic significance of inter-specific hybridization in Jatropha (Euphorbiaceae). Systematic Botany, 9(4): 467–478.
Dhawan, A.K; Singh. K; Aneja, A. and Saini, S. (2009). Distribution of mealy bug, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley in cotton with relation to weather factors in south-western districts of Punjab. Journal of Entomological Research, 33(1): 59-63.
Hanchinal, S.G; Patil, B.V; Bheemanna, M. and Hosamani, A.C. (2010). Population dynamics of mealy bug, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley and its natural enemies on Bt cotton. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 23(1): 137-139.
Kaushalya, G; Amarasekare, A; Catharine, M; Mannion, B. and Nancy, D. (2009). Efficiency and establishment of three introduced parasitoids of the mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). Biological Control, 51: 91-95.
Kauffman, W.C; Myerdirk, D.E; Miller, D; Schauff, M; Hernandez, H.G. and Jimenez, J.A.V. (2001). Papaya mealybug biological control in Puerto Rico and Dominican Republic. The ESA 2001 Annual Meeting - 2001: An Entomological Odyssey of ESA.
Kumar, T.S; Sheela, M.S. and Anoop, S. (2002). Occurrence of red cottonbug, Dysdercus cingulatus (Fb.) and white mealybug, Ferrisia virgata (Ckll.) on Kurumthotti, Sida rhombifolia L. (Malvaceae) - a new report. Insect Environment, 8(4): 177.
Lynne, N.C; John, J. and Mchugh, J.R. (2005). Pest management strategic plan for papaya production in Hawaii. Workshop Summary December 2.
Mahalingam, C.A; Murugesh, K.A; Mohanraj, P. and Shanmugam, R. (2010). Papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus - A new pest on mulberry, Morus spp., in Karnataka. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 23(1): 182-183.
Mani, M. 1986. Distribution, bioecology and management of the grape mealybug Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) with a special reference to its enemies. Ph.D. thesis, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore.
Mckenzie, H.L. (1967). Mealybugs of California with taxonomy, biology and control of North American species (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae). University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles.
Meyerdirka, D.E; Muniappan, R; Warkentin, R; Bamba, A.J. and Reddy, G.V.P. (2004). Biological control of the papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Guam. Plant Protection Quarterly, 19: 110-114.
Miller, D.R. and Miller, G.L. (2002). Redescription of Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara De Willink (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae) including descriptions of the immature stages and adult male. Proceedings of the Entomological Society, Washington. 104:123.
Muniappan, R; Meyerdirk, D.E; Sengebau, F.M; Erringer, D.B. and Reddy, G.V.P. (2006). Classical biological control of the Papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in the Republic of Palau. Florida Entomologist, 89(2): 212-217.
Muniappan, R; Shepard, B.M; Watson, G.W; Carner, G.R; Sartiami, D.A; Rauf. and Hammig, M.D. (2008). First report of the papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Indonesia and India. Journal of Agricultural Urban and Entomology, 25(1): 37-40.
Muthukrishnan, N; Manohan, T; Thirumalai, T. and Anbu, S. (2005). Evaluation of buprofezin for the management of grape mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green). Journal of Entomological Research, 29: 339-344.
Noyes, J.S. and Schauff, M.E. (2003). New encyrtidae (Hymenopetera) from papaya mealybug (Paracoccus Marginatus William and Granara de Willink) (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Pseudococcidae).
Proceedings of Entomological Society of Washington, 105: 185.
Pant, K.S; Khosla, V; Dinesh kumar and Sumeet, G. (2006). Seed oil content variation in Jatropha curcas L. in different altitudinal ranges and site conditions in H.P., India. Lyonia– A Journal of Ecology and Application, 11(2):31-34.
Regupathy, A. and Ayyasamy, R. (2009). Need for generating baseline data for monitoring insecticide resistance in new invasive mealybug Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara de Willink (Insecta: Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), the key pest of papaya and biofuel crop, Jatropha curcas. Resistance Pest Management, 19 (1): 39-42.
Regupathy, A. and Ayyasamy, R. (2010). Honey bee friendly pest management in biofuel, Jatropha plantation. National Symposium on “Non-Chemical Insect Pest Management. Loyala College, Chennai. 178-188.
Singh, R.N. and Beera, S. (2010). Biology of papaya mealybug and its biological control in sericulture. Indian Silk, 49 (4): 6-7.
Thangamalar, A; Subramanian, S. and Mahalingam, C.A. (2010). Bionomics of papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus and its predator Spalgis epius in mulberry ecosystem. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 23:39-41.
Veereshkumar and Ashok Kumar, C.T. (2013). Insect fauna and their occurrence on Jatropha curcas L. Mysore Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 47: 572-578.
Walker, A; Hoy, M. and Meyerdirk, D. (2008). Papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara de Willink (Insecta: Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, http://creatures.ifas.ufl.edu.
Amarasekare, K.G; Chong, J.H; Epsky, N.D. and Mannion, C.M. (2008). Effect of temperature on the life history of the mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 101: 1798-1804.
Balikai, R.A. (2002). Bio-efficacy of buprofezin 25 EC against grape mealybug, Meconellicoccus hirsutus (Green). Pestology, 26(10): 20-23.
Balikai, R.A. (2005). Management of grape mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) using insect growth regulator. Research on Crops, 6(1): 68-71.
Bhosle, B.B; Sharma, O.P; More, D.G; Bhede, B.V. and Bambawale, O.M. (2009). Management of mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis in rainfed cotton Gossypium hirsutum. Indian Journal Agricultural Sciences, 79(3): 199-202.
Dehgan, B. (1984). Phylogenetic significance of inter-specific hybridization in Jatropha (Euphorbiaceae). Systematic Botany, 9(4): 467–478.
Dhawan, A.K; Singh. K; Aneja, A. and Saini, S. (2009). Distribution of mealy bug, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley in cotton with relation to weather factors in south-western districts of Punjab. Journal of Entomological Research, 33(1): 59-63.
Hanchinal, S.G; Patil, B.V; Bheemanna, M. and Hosamani, A.C. (2010). Population dynamics of mealy bug, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley and its natural enemies on Bt cotton. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 23(1): 137-139.
Kaushalya, G; Amarasekare, A; Catharine, M; Mannion, B. and Nancy, D. (2009). Efficiency and establishment of three introduced parasitoids of the mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). Biological Control, 51: 91-95.
Kauffman, W.C; Myerdirk, D.E; Miller, D; Schauff, M; Hernandez, H.G. and Jimenez, J.A.V. (2001). Papaya mealybug biological control in Puerto Rico and Dominican Republic. The ESA 2001 Annual Meeting - 2001: An Entomological Odyssey of ESA.
Kumar, T.S; Sheela, M.S. and Anoop, S. (2002). Occurrence of red cottonbug, Dysdercus cingulatus (Fb.) and white mealybug, Ferrisia virgata (Ckll.) on Kurumthotti, Sida rhombifolia L. (Malvaceae) - a new report. Insect Environment, 8(4): 177.
Lynne, N.C; John, J. and Mchugh, J.R. (2005). Pest management strategic plan for papaya production in Hawaii. Workshop Summary December 2.
Mahalingam, C.A; Murugesh, K.A; Mohanraj, P. and Shanmugam, R. (2010). Papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus - A new pest on mulberry, Morus spp., in Karnataka. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 23(1): 182-183.
Mani, M. 1986. Distribution, bioecology and management of the grape mealybug Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) with a special reference to its enemies. Ph.D. thesis, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore.
Mckenzie, H.L. (1967). Mealybugs of California with taxonomy, biology and control of North American species (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae). University of California Press, Berkeley, Los Angeles.
Meyerdirka, D.E; Muniappan, R; Warkentin, R; Bamba, A.J. and Reddy, G.V.P. (2004). Biological control of the papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Guam. Plant Protection Quarterly, 19: 110-114.
Miller, D.R. and Miller, G.L. (2002). Redescription of Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara De Willink (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae) including descriptions of the immature stages and adult male. Proceedings of the Entomological Society, Washington. 104:123.
Muniappan, R; Meyerdirk, D.E; Sengebau, F.M; Erringer, D.B. and Reddy, G.V.P. (2006). Classical biological control of the Papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in the Republic of Palau. Florida Entomologist, 89(2): 212-217.
Muniappan, R; Shepard, B.M; Watson, G.W; Carner, G.R; Sartiami, D.A; Rauf. and Hammig, M.D. (2008). First report of the papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Indonesia and India. Journal of Agricultural Urban and Entomology, 25(1): 37-40.
Muthukrishnan, N; Manohan, T; Thirumalai, T. and Anbu, S. (2005). Evaluation of buprofezin for the management of grape mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green). Journal of Entomological Research, 29: 339-344.
Noyes, J.S. and Schauff, M.E. (2003). New encyrtidae (Hymenopetera) from papaya mealybug (Paracoccus Marginatus William and Granara de Willink) (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Pseudococcidae).
Proceedings of Entomological Society of Washington, 105: 185.
Pant, K.S; Khosla, V; Dinesh kumar and Sumeet, G. (2006). Seed oil content variation in Jatropha curcas L. in different altitudinal ranges and site conditions in H.P., India. Lyonia– A Journal of Ecology and Application, 11(2):31-34.
Regupathy, A. and Ayyasamy, R. (2009). Need for generating baseline data for monitoring insecticide resistance in new invasive mealybug Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara de Willink (Insecta: Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), the key pest of papaya and biofuel crop, Jatropha curcas. Resistance Pest Management, 19 (1): 39-42.
Regupathy, A. and Ayyasamy, R. (2010). Honey bee friendly pest management in biofuel, Jatropha plantation. National Symposium on “Non-Chemical Insect Pest Management. Loyala College, Chennai. 178-188.
Singh, R.N. and Beera, S. (2010). Biology of papaya mealybug and its biological control in sericulture. Indian Silk, 49 (4): 6-7.
Thangamalar, A; Subramanian, S. and Mahalingam, C.A. (2010). Bionomics of papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus and its predator Spalgis epius in mulberry ecosystem. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 23:39-41.
Veereshkumar and Ashok Kumar, C.T. (2013). Insect fauna and their occurrence on Jatropha curcas L. Mysore Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 47: 572-578.
Walker, A; Hoy, M. and Meyerdirk, D. (2008). Papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara de Willink (Insecta: Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, http://creatures.ifas.ufl.edu.
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Biology and management of mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus Williams and Granara de Willink on Jatropha curcas L. (2014). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 6(2), 770-778. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v6i2.534
