Antimicrobial activity with special reference to antimycobacterial activity of the coral, Junceella delicata (Grasshoff,1999) collected from Madh island, West coast of Mumbai, India
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Abstract
The world now needs new antimicrobial drugs because many infections are resistant to existing treatments. Many microbial infections pose a significant global health challenge and a critical need for new, effective treatment. Soft corals are being explored for their potential as sources of new antimicrobial drugs. The present study aimed to determine the antimicrobial, antifungal, and antimycobacterial properties of the crude extract of coral Junceella delicata, collected from Madh island, Mumbai. The crude extract was prepared by adding an equal volume of methanol: dichloromethane (1:1) for 24 hours in the water bath at
45 ⁰C. The sample was filtered through Whatman filter paper No. 1 and was subjected to concentrate in a rotary vacuum evaporator at 45⁰ C. Further, antimycobacterial drugs viz. Isoniazid, Ethambutol, Pyrazinamide, Rifampicin, and Streptomycin were used to compare the activity with crude extract of the coral. It was observed that Coral J. delicata extract showed a zone of inhibition against all the bacterial strains viz., Klebsiella pneumonia (15 mm), Escherichia coli (15 mm), Salmonella typhi (14 mm), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (09 mm), Sarcina lutea (15 mm), Streptococcus pyogenes (12 mm), Corynebacterium diphtheria (27 mm), Staphylococcus aureus (28 mm), whereas antifungal activity was observed in Penicillium sp.(10 mm), Candida albicans (14 mm) and no activity was observed in Aspergillus sp. The Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) strain showed sensitivity at (25µg/ml of coral extract, nearly close to the standard antituberculosis drug pyrazinamide (3.2µg/ml). The above results indicated that the crude extract of J. delicata had antibacterial activity nearly against the standard antituberculosis drug Pyrazinamide.The study suggests the crude extract of coral J. delicata can be used as an antimicrobial agent to cure different diseases, including tuberculosis.
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Keywords
Antibacterial, Antimycobacterial, Antifungal, Coral, Gorgonia, Junceella delicata
References
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Ayuningrum, D., Liu, Y., Riyanti, Sibero, M. T., Kristiana, R., Asagabaldan, M. A., Wuisan, Z. G., Trianto, A., Radjasa, O. K., Sabdono, A. & Schäberle, T. F. (2019). Tunicate-associated bacteria show a great potential for the discovery of antimicrobial compounds. Plos One,
14(3), e0213797. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213797
Bhadekar N. S.&Zodape G. V. (2021 a). Antibacterial and Pesticidal activity of Marine Sponges Sigmadocia fibulata(Schmidt) and Suberites carnosus (Johnston) collected from West Coast of Mumbai, India. Saudi Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 7(1), 32–38. https://doi.org/10.36348/sjmps.2021.v07i01.006
Bhadekar N. S.& Zodape G. V. (2021 b). Biomedical Activities of Marine Sponge Suberites carnosus (Johnston) collected from West coast of Mumbai. Saudi Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 7, 307–319. 10.36348/sjmps.2021.v07i07.005
Bhadekar N. S. & Zodape G. V. (2021 c). Bioactive Compounds From Sponge Suberite scarnosus (Johnston) Collected From West Coast Of Mumbai, India. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 13(6), 41–51. https://doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2021v13i6.40794
ChinemeremNwobodo, D., Ugwu, M. C., OliselokeAnie, C., Al-Ouqaili, M. T. S., ChineduIkem, J., Victor Chigozie, U. & Saki, M. (2022). Antibiotic resistance: The challenges and some emerging strategies for tackling a global menace. Journal of Clinical Laboratory analysis, 36(9), e24655. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcla.24655
Cita, Y. P., Suhermanto A., Radjasa, O. K. &Sudharmono P. (2017). Antibacterial activity of marine bacteria isolated from sponge Xestospongiatestudinaria from Sorong, Papua. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 7(5), 450–454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtb.2017.01.024
Datta, D., Talapatra, S. & Swarnakar, S. (2015). Bioactive Compounds from Marine Invertebrates for Potential Medicines - An Overview. International Letters of Natural Sciences,34, 42-61. https://doi.org/10.56431/p-i22ej9
Dolnar & Zodape (2023). Antibacterial and antimycobacterial property of crude extract of box jelly fish Chiropsoides buitendijki (Horst R, 1907) from west coast of Mumbai. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 14 (10), 4918-4923. https://doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.14(10).4918-23
El-Sawi, N. M., Hamed, M. M., Gad, M. H., &Hefny, Y. (2024, March 1). Comparative Assessment of the Antibacterial Potential of Four Soft Corals Collected from the Red Sea (Egypt) Against Selected Pathogenic Bacteria. Sohag Journal of Sciences, 9(2), 121-126 https://doi.org/10.21608/sjsci.2023.240439.1134
Fabricius, K. & Alderslade, P. (2001, January 1). Soft Corals and Sea Fans. Page no:224
Goh, N., & Chou, L. M. (1998). Bioactivity Screening of Singapore Gorgonians: Antimicrobial Activity, Toxicity to Artemiasalina and Efficacy against Plasmodium berghei. Zoological Science,15(5),805-818. https://doi.org/10.2108/zsj.15.805
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Hamed, M. M., & Hussein, H. N. M. (2020, December 1). Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity with Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) Production from Pocilloporaverrucosa collected from Al-Hamraween, Red Sea, Egypt. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries, 24(7), 219–231 https://doi.org/10.21608/ejabf.2020.120289
Hana, M., Z, E. R., Mohammad, M. & Salleh, S. (2016, December 30). Antimicrobial activity of tropical soft corals found in the Northern Straits of Malacca. International Journal of Engineering Technology and Sciences (Pahang),6(1) https://doi.org/10.15282/ijets.6.2016.1.1.1051
Harder, T., Lau, S. C., Dobretsov, S., Fang, T. K., &Qian, P. Y. (2003). A distinctive epibiotic bacterial community on the soft coral Dendronephthyasp. and antibacterial activity of coral tissue extracts suggest a chemical mechanism against bacterial epibiosis. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 43(3), 337–347. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2003.tb01074.x
Hudzicki J. (2009). Kirby-Bauer Disk Diffusion Susceptibility Test Protocol; American Society of Microbiology, 1-23
Ibrahim, H., Mohamed, S., Farhat, A., & Abu El-Regal, M. (2012). The Antibacterial Activity of some Red Sea Soft Corals species. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries, 16(2), 13–26. https://doi.org/10.21608/ejabf.2012.2121
IngoleBaban (2005). Indian Ocean Coasts, Coastal Ecology. pp 546–554 10.1007/1-4020-3880-1_178
Jaiswar A. K and Kulkarni B. G. (2005). Conservation of molluscan biodiversity from intertidal area of Mumbai coast. J. Nacton. 17(1), 93-105.
Kapustina, I. I., Kalinovskii, Dmitrenok, P. S., Kuzmich, A. S., Nedashkovskaya, O. I., & Grebnev, B. B. (2014). Diterpenoids and Other Metabolites from the Vietnamese Gorgonians Lophogorgia sp. and Junceella sp.Chemistry of Natural Compounds, 50(6): 1140–1142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10600-014-1185-4
Kelman, D., Kashman, Y., Hill, R. T., Rosenberg, E., &Loya, Y. (2009). Chemical warfare in the sea: The search for antibiotics from Red Sea corals and sponges. Pure and Applied Chemistry, 81(6), 1113–1121. https://doi.org/10.1351/pac-con-08-10-07
Kelman, D., Kashman, Y., Rosenberg, E., Kushmaro, A., & Loya, Y. (2006). Antimicrobial activity of Red Sea corals. Marine Biology, 149(2), 357–363. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-005-0218-8
Kelman, D., Kushmaro, A., Loya, Y., Kashman, Y., & Benayahu, Y. (khals). Antimicrobial activity of a Red Sea soft coral, Parerythropodium fulvum fulvum: reproductive and developmental considerations. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 169, 87–95. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps169087
Khalesi, M. K., Beeftink, R. H. & Wijffels, R. H. (2008). Chapter 7 - The soft coral Sinulariaflexibilis: Potential for drug development. Advances in Coral Husbandry in Public Aquariums. Public Aquarium Series, R.J. Leewis and M. Janse (eds.), 2: 47-60.
Khattab, R. A., Abdel-Nabi, I. M. & El-Shaikh, K. A. (2016, October 1). Antibacterial activity from soft corals of the Red Sea, Saudi Arabia. Journal of Taibah University for Science, 10(6), 887–895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtusci.2016.03.006
Kristiana, R., Sibero, M. T., Farisa, M. Y., Ayuningrum, D., Dirgantara, D., Hanafi, M., Radjasa, O. K., Sabdono, A., &Trianto, A. (2019). Antibacterial potential of nudibranch-associated bacteria from Saparua and Nusa Laut Islands, Indonesia. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 20(7),1811-1819. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d200704
Kumar, P., Selvi, S. S., &Govindaraju, M. (2012). In vitro anti-biofilm and antibacterial activity of Junceellajuncea for its biomedical application. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 2(12), 930–935. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(13)60002-7
Lourenço, M. C. S., Souza, M. V. N. D., Pinheiro, A. C., Ferreira, M. D. L., Gonçalves, R. S. B., Nogueira, T. C. M. & Peralta, M. A. (2007). Evaluation of anti-tubercular activity of nicotinic and isoniazid analogues. Arkivoc, 2007(15), 181–191. https://doi.org/10.3998/ark.5550190.0008.f18
Malle D. SohilaitM.R., and de Fretes C.E. (2023). Isolation and biological activity of the gorgonian extract from Maluku Rasayan J.Chem, 16 (1), 476-482. http://doi.org/10.31788/RJC.2023.1618215
Ng, S. Y., Phan, C. S., Ishii, T., Kamada, T., Hamada, T. & Vairappan, C. S. (2020, November 18). Terpenoids from Marine Soft Coral of the Genus Xenia in 1977 to 2019. Molecules, 25(22), 5386. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25225386
Norrby, S. R., Nord, C. E., Finch, R. & European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (2005). Lack of development of new antimicrobial drugs: a potential serious threat to public health. The Lancet. Infectious diseases, 5(2), 115–119.https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(05)01283-1
Putra, M. Y., Wibowo, J. T., Murniasih, T. & Rasyid, A. (2016). Evaluation of antibacterial activity from Indonesian marine soft coral Sinularia sp. AIP Conf. Proc. 1744(1),020039 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4953513
Qaralleh, H., Idid, S., Saad, S. & Sheikh, H. I. (2014). Antimicrobial activity of three hard coral species from South China Sea (Malaysia). Sylwan, 158(4),20-25.
Radjasa, O. K., Martens, T., Grossart, H., Brinkhoff, T., Sabdono, A., & Simon, M. (2007, February 1). Antagonistic Activity of a Marine Bacterium Pseudoalteromonas luteoviolacea TAB4.2 Associated with Coral Acropora sp. Journal of Biological Sciences, 7 (2): 239-246 https://doi.org/10.3923/jbs.2007.239.246
Sabdono, A., Lestari, E. S. &Sibero, M. T. (2022). Biogeographic assessment of Gorgonian-associated bacteria with antipathogenic Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) in Karimunjawa Marine National Park, Java Sea, Indonesia. Nature Conservation, 49, 137–151. https://doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.49.84825
Sadeghi, K., Thanakkasaranee, S., Lim, I. J. & Seo, J. (2020). Calcined marine coral powders as a novel ecofriendly antimicrobial agent. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 107, 110193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2019.110193
Tilvi, S. & Naik, C. G. (2006). Tandem mass spectrometry of kahalalides: identification of two new cyclic depsipeptides, kahalalide R and S from Elysiagrandifolia. Journal of Mass Spectrometry, 42(1), 70–80. https://doi.org/10.1002/jms.114
Venkataraman , K. & MohideenWafar ( 2005). Coastal and marine biodiversity of India. Indian Journal of Marine Sciences, 34 (1): 57-75
Zapata, A. & Amemiya, C. T. (2000).Phylogeny of Lower Vertebrates and Their Immunological Structures.Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology,248, 67–107. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59674-2_5
Zodape G. V (2018). Studies on the Antibacterial Activity of Bioactive Compounds of Fish TetraodonFluviatilis of West Coast of Mumbai. Biomedical & Pharmacology Journal, 11(1): 513-518https://doi.org/10.13005/bpj/1401
Zodape G. V. (2014). Studies on the Antibacterial and Antifungal activities of bioactive compounds of intertidal crab Atergatisintegerrimus (Lamark) of west coast of Mumbai. Bionano frontier, 2: 278-283
Zodape G.V., Kulkarni B.G. & Argekar A.P. (2008). Biopotential activity of the extract isolated from intertidal crab LeptodiusexaratusMumbai Nariman point coast. Pollution Research, 28: 463-466
Ayuningrum, D., Liu, Y., Riyanti, Sibero, M. T., Kristiana, R., Asagabaldan, M. A., Wuisan, Z. G., Trianto, A., Radjasa, O. K., Sabdono, A. & Schäberle, T. F. (2019). Tunicate-associated bacteria show a great potential for the discovery of antimicrobial compounds. Plos One,
14(3), e0213797. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0213797
Bhadekar N. S.&Zodape G. V. (2021 a). Antibacterial and Pesticidal activity of Marine Sponges Sigmadocia fibulata(Schmidt) and Suberites carnosus (Johnston) collected from West Coast of Mumbai, India. Saudi Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 7(1), 32–38. https://doi.org/10.36348/sjmps.2021.v07i01.006
Bhadekar N. S.& Zodape G. V. (2021 b). Biomedical Activities of Marine Sponge Suberites carnosus (Johnston) collected from West coast of Mumbai. Saudi Journal of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 7, 307–319. 10.36348/sjmps.2021.v07i07.005
Bhadekar N. S. & Zodape G. V. (2021 c). Bioactive Compounds From Sponge Suberite scarnosus (Johnston) Collected From West Coast Of Mumbai, India. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 13(6), 41–51. https://doi.org/10.22159/ijpps.2021v13i6.40794
ChinemeremNwobodo, D., Ugwu, M. C., OliselokeAnie, C., Al-Ouqaili, M. T. S., ChineduIkem, J., Victor Chigozie, U. & Saki, M. (2022). Antibiotic resistance: The challenges and some emerging strategies for tackling a global menace. Journal of Clinical Laboratory analysis, 36(9), e24655. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcla.24655
Cita, Y. P., Suhermanto A., Radjasa, O. K. &Sudharmono P. (2017). Antibacterial activity of marine bacteria isolated from sponge Xestospongiatestudinaria from Sorong, Papua. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 7(5), 450–454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apjtb.2017.01.024
Datta, D., Talapatra, S. & Swarnakar, S. (2015). Bioactive Compounds from Marine Invertebrates for Potential Medicines - An Overview. International Letters of Natural Sciences,34, 42-61. https://doi.org/10.56431/p-i22ej9
Dolnar & Zodape (2023). Antibacterial and antimycobacterial property of crude extract of box jelly fish Chiropsoides buitendijki (Horst R, 1907) from west coast of Mumbai. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 14 (10), 4918-4923. https://doi.org/10.13040/IJPSR.0975-8232.14(10).4918-23
El-Sawi, N. M., Hamed, M. M., Gad, M. H., &Hefny, Y. (2024, March 1). Comparative Assessment of the Antibacterial Potential of Four Soft Corals Collected from the Red Sea (Egypt) Against Selected Pathogenic Bacteria. Sohag Journal of Sciences, 9(2), 121-126 https://doi.org/10.21608/sjsci.2023.240439.1134
Fabricius, K. & Alderslade, P. (2001, January 1). Soft Corals and Sea Fans. Page no:224
Goh, N., & Chou, L. M. (1998). Bioactivity Screening of Singapore Gorgonians: Antimicrobial Activity, Toxicity to Artemiasalina and Efficacy against Plasmodium berghei. Zoological Science,15(5),805-818. https://doi.org/10.2108/zsj.15.805
Grasshoff, M. (1999). The shallow water gorgonians of New Caledonia and adjacent islands: (Coelenterata: Octocorallia). Senckenbergische Naturforschende Gesellschaft, Frankfurt am Main, 78(1/2), 1- 121
Hamed, M. M., & Hussein, H. N. M. (2020, December 1). Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity with Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) Production from Pocilloporaverrucosa collected from Al-Hamraween, Red Sea, Egypt. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries, 24(7), 219–231 https://doi.org/10.21608/ejabf.2020.120289
Hana, M., Z, E. R., Mohammad, M. & Salleh, S. (2016, December 30). Antimicrobial activity of tropical soft corals found in the Northern Straits of Malacca. International Journal of Engineering Technology and Sciences (Pahang),6(1) https://doi.org/10.15282/ijets.6.2016.1.1.1051
Harder, T., Lau, S. C., Dobretsov, S., Fang, T. K., &Qian, P. Y. (2003). A distinctive epibiotic bacterial community on the soft coral Dendronephthyasp. and antibacterial activity of coral tissue extracts suggest a chemical mechanism against bacterial epibiosis. FEMS Microbiology Ecology, 43(3), 337–347. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6941.2003.tb01074.x
Hudzicki J. (2009). Kirby-Bauer Disk Diffusion Susceptibility Test Protocol; American Society of Microbiology, 1-23
Ibrahim, H., Mohamed, S., Farhat, A., & Abu El-Regal, M. (2012). The Antibacterial Activity of some Red Sea Soft Corals species. Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Biology and Fisheries, 16(2), 13–26. https://doi.org/10.21608/ejabf.2012.2121
IngoleBaban (2005). Indian Ocean Coasts, Coastal Ecology. pp 546–554 10.1007/1-4020-3880-1_178
Jaiswar A. K and Kulkarni B. G. (2005). Conservation of molluscan biodiversity from intertidal area of Mumbai coast. J. Nacton. 17(1), 93-105.
Kapustina, I. I., Kalinovskii, Dmitrenok, P. S., Kuzmich, A. S., Nedashkovskaya, O. I., & Grebnev, B. B. (2014). Diterpenoids and Other Metabolites from the Vietnamese Gorgonians Lophogorgia sp. and Junceella sp.Chemistry of Natural Compounds, 50(6): 1140–1142. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10600-014-1185-4
Kelman, D., Kashman, Y., Hill, R. T., Rosenberg, E., &Loya, Y. (2009). Chemical warfare in the sea: The search for antibiotics from Red Sea corals and sponges. Pure and Applied Chemistry, 81(6), 1113–1121. https://doi.org/10.1351/pac-con-08-10-07
Kelman, D., Kashman, Y., Rosenberg, E., Kushmaro, A., & Loya, Y. (2006). Antimicrobial activity of Red Sea corals. Marine Biology, 149(2), 357–363. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-005-0218-8
Kelman, D., Kushmaro, A., Loya, Y., Kashman, Y., & Benayahu, Y. (khals). Antimicrobial activity of a Red Sea soft coral, Parerythropodium fulvum fulvum: reproductive and developmental considerations. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 169, 87–95. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps169087
Khalesi, M. K., Beeftink, R. H. & Wijffels, R. H. (2008). Chapter 7 - The soft coral Sinulariaflexibilis: Potential for drug development. Advances in Coral Husbandry in Public Aquariums. Public Aquarium Series, R.J. Leewis and M. Janse (eds.), 2: 47-60.
Khattab, R. A., Abdel-Nabi, I. M. & El-Shaikh, K. A. (2016, October 1). Antibacterial activity from soft corals of the Red Sea, Saudi Arabia. Journal of Taibah University for Science, 10(6), 887–895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtusci.2016.03.006
Kristiana, R., Sibero, M. T., Farisa, M. Y., Ayuningrum, D., Dirgantara, D., Hanafi, M., Radjasa, O. K., Sabdono, A., &Trianto, A. (2019). Antibacterial potential of nudibranch-associated bacteria from Saparua and Nusa Laut Islands, Indonesia. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 20(7),1811-1819. https://doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d200704
Kumar, P., Selvi, S. S., &Govindaraju, M. (2012). In vitro anti-biofilm and antibacterial activity of Junceellajuncea for its biomedical application. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 2(12), 930–935. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(13)60002-7
Lourenço, M. C. S., Souza, M. V. N. D., Pinheiro, A. C., Ferreira, M. D. L., Gonçalves, R. S. B., Nogueira, T. C. M. & Peralta, M. A. (2007). Evaluation of anti-tubercular activity of nicotinic and isoniazid analogues. Arkivoc, 2007(15), 181–191. https://doi.org/10.3998/ark.5550190.0008.f18
Malle D. SohilaitM.R., and de Fretes C.E. (2023). Isolation and biological activity of the gorgonian extract from Maluku Rasayan J.Chem, 16 (1), 476-482. http://doi.org/10.31788/RJC.2023.1618215
Ng, S. Y., Phan, C. S., Ishii, T., Kamada, T., Hamada, T. & Vairappan, C. S. (2020, November 18). Terpenoids from Marine Soft Coral of the Genus Xenia in 1977 to 2019. Molecules, 25(22), 5386. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25225386
Norrby, S. R., Nord, C. E., Finch, R. & European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (2005). Lack of development of new antimicrobial drugs: a potential serious threat to public health. The Lancet. Infectious diseases, 5(2), 115–119.https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(05)01283-1
Putra, M. Y., Wibowo, J. T., Murniasih, T. & Rasyid, A. (2016). Evaluation of antibacterial activity from Indonesian marine soft coral Sinularia sp. AIP Conf. Proc. 1744(1),020039 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4953513
Qaralleh, H., Idid, S., Saad, S. & Sheikh, H. I. (2014). Antimicrobial activity of three hard coral species from South China Sea (Malaysia). Sylwan, 158(4),20-25.
Radjasa, O. K., Martens, T., Grossart, H., Brinkhoff, T., Sabdono, A., & Simon, M. (2007, February 1). Antagonistic Activity of a Marine Bacterium Pseudoalteromonas luteoviolacea TAB4.2 Associated with Coral Acropora sp. Journal of Biological Sciences, 7 (2): 239-246 https://doi.org/10.3923/jbs.2007.239.246
Sabdono, A., Lestari, E. S. &Sibero, M. T. (2022). Biogeographic assessment of Gorgonian-associated bacteria with antipathogenic Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) in Karimunjawa Marine National Park, Java Sea, Indonesia. Nature Conservation, 49, 137–151. https://doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.49.84825
Sadeghi, K., Thanakkasaranee, S., Lim, I. J. & Seo, J. (2020). Calcined marine coral powders as a novel ecofriendly antimicrobial agent. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 107, 110193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2019.110193
Tilvi, S. & Naik, C. G. (2006). Tandem mass spectrometry of kahalalides: identification of two new cyclic depsipeptides, kahalalide R and S from Elysiagrandifolia. Journal of Mass Spectrometry, 42(1), 70–80. https://doi.org/10.1002/jms.114
Venkataraman , K. & MohideenWafar ( 2005). Coastal and marine biodiversity of India. Indian Journal of Marine Sciences, 34 (1): 57-75
Zapata, A. & Amemiya, C. T. (2000).Phylogeny of Lower Vertebrates and Their Immunological Structures.Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology,248, 67–107. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59674-2_5
Zodape G. V (2018). Studies on the Antibacterial Activity of Bioactive Compounds of Fish TetraodonFluviatilis of West Coast of Mumbai. Biomedical & Pharmacology Journal, 11(1): 513-518https://doi.org/10.13005/bpj/1401
Zodape G. V. (2014). Studies on the Antibacterial and Antifungal activities of bioactive compounds of intertidal crab Atergatisintegerrimus (Lamark) of west coast of Mumbai. Bionano frontier, 2: 278-283
Zodape G.V., Kulkarni B.G. & Argekar A.P. (2008). Biopotential activity of the extract isolated from intertidal crab LeptodiusexaratusMumbai Nariman point coast. Pollution Research, 28: 463-466
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How to Cite
Antimicrobial activity with special reference to antimycobacterial activity of the coral, Junceella delicata (Grasshoff,1999) collected from Madh island, West coast of Mumbai, India. (2024). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 16(2), 697-703. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v16i2.5268
