Study on the association of Glutathione S-transferase Mu 1 (GSTM1) gene polymorphism with acute decompensated heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
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Abstract
The most frequent cause of hospitalization in adults over 65 in Western nations is acute decompensation of heart failure (ADHF). Due to the high death rate, it places a heavy load on healthcare systems as well as people. The present study’s objective was to ascertain the connection between polymorphisms in the Glutathione S-transferase Mu 1 (GSTM1) gene and heart-failure-reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) patients. Sixty patients with a mean age of 25–94 were taken from both genders after the clinical diagnosis by a specialist to cases who were referred to the Ibn Al-Baitar Specialized Center for Cardiac Surgery and Ramadi Teaching Hospital, and thirty apparently healthy people were taken as a control. Blood and serum containing EDTA were drawn from sick and healthy people to extract DNA for multiplex PCR detection of the GSTM1 polymorphism. The GSTM1 genotype was found in 23 (38.33%) and the null gene in 37 (61.66%) of the 60 ADHF patients. Of 30 healthy people, 8 (26.66%) had the GSTM1 gene and 22 (73.33%) had the null gene. According to the present study, the etiology of acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) and the antioxidant null gene (GSTM1) are related. The present study has been achieved to determine the relationship between the presence of the antioxidant gene (GSTM1) and the incidence of ADHF with reduced ejection fraction for research and therapeutic purposes, which opens new spaces in the treatment of the mentioned condition.
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Keywords
Acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF), Glutathione S-transferase Mu 1 (GSTM1), Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), Null gene
References
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Clark, S., Youngman, L. D., Palmer, A., Parish, S., Peto, R. & Collins, R. (2003). Stability of plasma analytes after delayed separation of whole blood: implications for epidemiological studies. International Journal of Epidemiology, 32(1), 125-130. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyg023
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Lam, C. S. P., Arnott, C., Beale, A. L., Chandramouli, C., Hilfiker-Kleiner, D., Kaye, D. M., Ky, B., Santema, B. T., Sliwa, K. & Voors, A. A. (2019). Sex differences in heart failure. European heart journal, 40(47), 3859–3868c. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz835
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Li, H., Hastings, M. H., Rhee, J., Trager, L. E., Roh, J. D. & Rosenzweig, A. (2020). Targeting age-related pathways in heart failure. Circulation Research, 126(4), 533-551. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.119.315889
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Regitz-Zagrosek, V. (2020). Sex and gender differences in heart failure. International Journal of Heart Failure, 2(3), 157. doi: 10.36628/ijhf.2020.0004
Rosano, G. M., Seferovic, P., Savarese, G., Spoletini, I., Lopatin, Y., Gustafsson, F., ... & Coats, A. J. (2022). Impact analysis of heart failure across European countries: an ESC‐HFA position paper. ESC Heart Failure, 9(5), 2767-2778. https://doi.org/10.1002/ehf2.14076
Sobha, S. P. & Kesavarao, K. E. (2023). Progonostic effect of GSTM1/GSTT1 polymorphism in determining cardiovascular diseases risk among type 2 diabetes patients in South Indian population. Molecular Biology Reports, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-023-08514-1
Sobha, S. P., & Ebenezar, K. (2022). Susceptibility of Glutathione-S-Transferase Polymorphism to CVD Develo-pment in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus-A Review. Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Formerly Current Drug Targets-Immune, Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders), 22(2), 225-234. https://doi.org/10.2174/1871530321666210908115222
Swaraj, S., Kozor, R., Arnott, C., Di Bartolo, B. A. & A Figtree, G. (2021). Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction—does sex matter?. Current Heart Failure Reports, 18, 345-352. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11897-021-00533-y
Tang, Z. H., Zhang, C., Cheng, P., Sun, H. M., Jin, Y., Chen, Y. J. & Huang, F. (2014). Glutathione-S-transferase polymorphisms (GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1) and acute leukemia risk in Asians: a meta-analysis. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 15(5), 2075-2081. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2014.15.5.2075
Tew, K. D. & Townsend, D. M. (2012). Glutathione-s-transferases as determinants of cell survival and death. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling, 17(12), 1728-1737. https://doi.org/10.1089/ars.2012.4640
Wang, Y. T., Nehrke, K., Brookes, P. S. & Le, T. H. (2019). Abstract P2002: Loss of GSTM1 is Cardioprotective Against Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Hypertension, 74(Suppl_1), AP2002-AP2002. https://doi.org/10.1161/hyp.74.suppl_1.P2002
Yancy, C. W., Jessup, M., Bozkurt, B., Butler, J., Casey Jr, D. E., Colvin, M. M., ... & Westlake, C. (2017). 2017 ACC/AHA/HFSA focused update of the 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Failure Society of America. Circulation, 136(6), e137-e161. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.000 000000000 0509
Binkova, B., Chvatalova, I., Lnenickova, Z., Milcova, A., Tulupova, E., Farmer, P. B. & Sram, R. J. (2007). PAH–DNA adducts in environmentally exposed population in relation to metabolic and DNA repair gene polymorphisms. Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, 620(1-2), 49-61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2007.02.022
Clark, S., Youngman, L. D., Palmer, A., Parish, S., Peto, R. & Collins, R. (2003). Stability of plasma analytes after delayed separation of whole blood: implications for epidemiological studies. International Journal of Epidemiology, 32(1), 125-130. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyg023
Fluschnik, N., Strangl, F., Kondziella, C., Goßling, A., Becher, P. M., Schrage, B., ... & Knappe, D. (2021). Gender differences in characteristics and outcomes in heart failure patients referred for end‐stage treatment. ESC Heart Failure, 8(6), 5031-5039. https://doi.org/10.1002/ehf2.13567
Hayes, J. D., Flanagan, J. U. & Jowsey, I. R. (2005). Glutathione transferases. Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 45, 51-88. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.45.120403.095857
Ho, J. E., Enserro, D., Brouwers, F. P., Kizer, J. R., Shah, S. J., Psaty, B. M., ... & Larson, M. G. (2016). Predicting heart failure with preserved and reduced ejection fraction: the international collaboration on heart failure subtypes. Circulation: Heart Failure, 9(6), e003116. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.115.003116
Lam, C. S. P., Arnott, C., Beale, A. L., Chandramouli, C., Hilfiker-Kleiner, D., Kaye, D. M., Ky, B., Santema, B. T., Sliwa, K. & Voors, A. A. (2019). Sex differences in heart failure. European heart journal, 40(47), 3859–3868c. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz835
Lee, J. U., Jeong, J. Y., Kim, M. K., Min, S. A., Park, J. S. & Park, C. S. (2022). Association of GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes with toluene diisocyanate-induced asthma. Canadian Respiratory Journal, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/7977937
Li, H., Hastings, M. H., Rhee, J., Trager, L. E., Roh, J. D. & Rosenzweig, A. (2020). Targeting age-related pathways in heart failure. Circulation Research, 126(4), 533-551. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.119.315889
Manfredi, S., Federici, C., Picano, E., Botto, N., Rizza, A. & Andreassi, M. G. (2007). GSTM1, GSTT1 and CYP1A1 detoxification gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to smoking-related coronary artery disease: a case-only study. Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis, 621(1-2), 106-112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2007.02.014
Masetti, S., Botto, N., Manfredi, S., Colombo, M. G., Rizza, A., Vassalle, C., ... & Andreassi, M. G. (2003). Interactive effect of the glutathione S-transferase genes and cigarette smoking on occurrence and severity of coronary artery risk. Journal of molecular medicine, 81, 488-494. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00109-003-0448-5
Mehta, P. A. & Cowie, M. R. (2006). Gender and heart failure: a population perspective. Heart, 92(suppl 3), iii14-iii18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/hrt.2005.070342
Navarro, S. L., Chang, J. L., Peterson, S., Chen, C., King, I. B., Schwarz, Y., ... & Lampe, J. W. (2009). Modulation of human serum glutathione S-transferase A1/2 concentration by cruciferous vegetables in a controlled feeding study is influenced by GSTM1 and GSTT1 genotypes. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 18(11), 2974-2978. https://doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-09-0701
Palau, P., Bertomeu-González, V., Sanchis, J., Soler, M., De la Espriella, R., Domínguez, E., ... & Núñez, J. (2020). Differential prognostic impact of type 2 diabetes mellitus in women and men with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Revista Española de Cardiología (English Edition), 73(6), 463-470. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rec.2019.09.002
Regitz-Zagrosek, V. (2020). Sex and gender differences in heart failure. International Journal of Heart Failure, 2(3), 157. doi: 10.36628/ijhf.2020.0004
Rosano, G. M., Seferovic, P., Savarese, G., Spoletini, I., Lopatin, Y., Gustafsson, F., ... & Coats, A. J. (2022). Impact analysis of heart failure across European countries: an ESC‐HFA position paper. ESC Heart Failure, 9(5), 2767-2778. https://doi.org/10.1002/ehf2.14076
Sobha, S. P. & Kesavarao, K. E. (2023). Progonostic effect of GSTM1/GSTT1 polymorphism in determining cardiovascular diseases risk among type 2 diabetes patients in South Indian population. Molecular Biology Reports, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-023-08514-1
Sobha, S. P., & Ebenezar, K. (2022). Susceptibility of Glutathione-S-Transferase Polymorphism to CVD Develo-pment in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus-A Review. Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Formerly Current Drug Targets-Immune, Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders), 22(2), 225-234. https://doi.org/10.2174/1871530321666210908115222
Swaraj, S., Kozor, R., Arnott, C., Di Bartolo, B. A. & A Figtree, G. (2021). Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction—does sex matter?. Current Heart Failure Reports, 18, 345-352. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11897-021-00533-y
Tang, Z. H., Zhang, C., Cheng, P., Sun, H. M., Jin, Y., Chen, Y. J. & Huang, F. (2014). Glutathione-S-transferase polymorphisms (GSTM1, GSTT1 and GSTP1) and acute leukemia risk in Asians: a meta-analysis. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 15(5), 2075-2081. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7314/APJCP.2014.15.5.2075
Tew, K. D. & Townsend, D. M. (2012). Glutathione-s-transferases as determinants of cell survival and death. Antioxidants & Redox Signaling, 17(12), 1728-1737. https://doi.org/10.1089/ars.2012.4640
Wang, Y. T., Nehrke, K., Brookes, P. S. & Le, T. H. (2019). Abstract P2002: Loss of GSTM1 is Cardioprotective Against Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Hypertension, 74(Suppl_1), AP2002-AP2002. https://doi.org/10.1161/hyp.74.suppl_1.P2002
Yancy, C. W., Jessup, M., Bozkurt, B., Butler, J., Casey Jr, D. E., Colvin, M. M., ... & Westlake, C. (2017). 2017 ACC/AHA/HFSA focused update of the 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of heart failure: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Failure Society of America. Circulation, 136(6), e137-e161. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.000 000000000 0509
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Study on the association of Glutathione S-transferase Mu 1 (GSTM1) gene polymorphism with acute decompensated heart failure with reduced ejection fraction. (2023). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 15(4), 1706-1710. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v15i4.5153
