Salinity induced physiological and biochemical changes in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes
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Abstract
Plant growth and development are adversely affected by salinity- a major environmental stress that limits agricultural production. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is sensitive to salinity that affects its yield and there is need to identify the tolerant genotypes. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of salinity on chickpea genotypes with specific physiological and biochemical attributes contributing to their adaptability to salinity stress. Seven chickpea genotypes both desi (ICC8950, ICCV10, ICC15868, GL26054) and kabuli (BG1053, L550, L552) were evaluated for salinity tolerance. Maximum decrease in relative leaf water content and chlorophyll content was observed with ICC15868 and GL26054 among the desi and L552 from the kabuli genotypes. The photosynthetic pigments, activity of nitrate reductase and relative leaf water content was also reduced in response to salt application with effect being more pronounced in ICC15868, GL26054 and L552 as compared to ICC8950, ICCV10, BG1053 and L550. Lipid peroxidation increases with the increase in NaCl concentration, maximum increment was observed in genotypes ICC15868, GL26054 and L552. Accumulation of proline in response to environmental stresses seems to be widespread among plants. Higher protein fractions were observed with tolerant genotypes in contrast to sensitive genotypes. Salt imposed stress finally caused a higher decline in number of filled pods. On the basis of physiological and biochemical parameters genotypes ICC8950 and ICCV10 from the desi genotypes and BG1053 and L550 from kabuli were identified as the tolerant while ICC15868, GL26054 as the sensitive ones and L552 as the moderately tolerant genotypes. These genotypes could be used as a source of tolerance in breeding programme to develop salt tolerant genotypes.
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Keywords
Biochemical, Chickpea, Physiological, Salinity
References
Ahmad, P., Hakeem, K.R., Kumar, A., Ashraf, M. and Akram, N.A. (2012). Salt- induced changes in photosynthetic activity and oxidative defense system of three cultivars of mustard (Brassica juncea L.) African Journal of Biotechnology, 11: 2694-2703.
Anonymous. (2009). Anti-waterlogging project, Department of Irrigation and Drainage, Punjab Government, India.
Apel, K. and Hirt, H. (2004). Reactive oxygen species: metabolism, oxidative stress, and signal transduction. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 55: 373-399.
Ashraf, M. (1989). The effect of NaCl on water relations, chlorophyll and protein and proline contents of two cultivars of blackgram. Plant and Soil, 119: 205-10.
Ashraf, M. and Foolad, M.R. (2007). Roles of glycine betaine and proline in improving plant abiotic stress resistance. Environmental Experimental Botany, 59 (2): 206-16.
Azooz, M.M., Youssef, A.M. and Ahmad, P. (2011). Evaluation of salicylic acid (SA) application on growth, osmotic solutes and antioxidant enzyme activities on broad bean seedlings grown under diluted seawater. International Journal of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 3: 253-64.
Barr, H.D. and Weatherley, P.E. (1962). A re-examination of the relative turgidity technique for estimating water deficit in leaves. Australian Journal of Biological Science, 15: 413-28.
Bates, L.S., Waldeen,. R.P. and Teare, I.D. (1973). Rapid determination of free proline in water stress studies. Plant Soil, 39: 205-07.
Beltagi, M.S. (2008). Exogenous ascorbic acid (vitamin C) induced anabolic changes for salt tolerance in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) plants. African Journal of Plant Science, 2: 118-123.
Flowers, T.J. and Yeo, A.R. (1995). Breeding for salinity resistance in crop plants: Where next? Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, 22:875-884.
Flowers, T.J., Gaur, P.M., Gowda, C.L.L., Krishnamurthy, L., Samineni, S., Siddique, K.H.M., Turner, N.C., Vadez, V., Varshney, R.K. and Colmer, T.D. (2010) Salt sensitivity in chickpea. Plant Cell Environment, 33: 490-509.
Hakim, M.A. Juraim, A.S., Hanafi, M.M., Ismail M.R., Selamat. A, Rafii, M.Y. and Latif, M.A (2014). Biochemical and anatomical changes and yield reduction in rice (Oryza sativa L.) under varied salinity regimes. BioMed Research International . 2014: 1-11 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/208584
Hameed, A., Saddiqa, A., Nadeem, S.A., Iqbal, N., Atta, B. M. and Shah, T.M. (2012). Genotypic variability and mutant identification in Cicer arietinum L. by seed storage protein profiling. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 44:1303-1310.
Harris, N., Foster, J.M., Kumar, A., Davies, H.V., Gebhardt, C. and Wray, J.L. (2000). Two cDNAs representing alleles of the nitrate reductase gene of potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Desiree): sequence analysis, genomic organization and expression. Journal of Experimental Botany, 51: 1017–1026
Heath, R.L. and Packer, L. (1968). Photoperoxidation in isolated chloroplast I Kinetics and stoichiometry of fatty acid peroxidation. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 125:189-198.
Helal, M., Koch, K. and Mengel, K. (1975). Effect of salinity and potassium on the uptake of nitrogen metabolism in young barley plants. Physiology Plant, 35: 310-13.
Hiscox, J.D. and Israeltam G.F. (1979). A method for extraction of chlorophyll from leaf tissues without maceration. Canadian Journal of Botany, 51: 1332-34.
Hu, Y. and Schmidhalter, U. (2002). Limitation of salt stress to plant growth. In: Hock B, Elstner CF (eds) Plant toxicology. Marcel Dekker Inc. New York pp: 91-224.
Jaleel, C.A., Gopi, R., Sankar, B., Manivannan, P., Kishore kumar, A., Sridharan, R. and Panneerselvam, R. (2007). Studies on germination, seedling vigour, lipid peroxidation and proline metabolism in Catharanthus roseus seedlings under salt stress. South African Journal of Botany, 73: 190-95.
Jaworski, E.G. (1971). Nitrate reductase assay in intact plant tissue. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 43: 1274-79.
Kabir, M.E., Karim, M.A. and Azad, M.A.K. (2004). Effect of potassium on salinity tolerance of mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek). Journal of Biological Science, 4(2): 103–10.
Katsuhara, M., Otsuka, T. and Ezaki, B. (2005). Salt stress induced lipid peroxidation is reduced by glutathione S-transferase, but this reduction of lipid peroxides is not enough for a recovery of root growth in Arabidopsis. Plant Science, 169: 369-73.
Kiani, A.J.K., Edgar, E.B. and Joseph, M.J. (2005). Mechanistic analysis of wheat chlorophyllase. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 438:146-55.
Kumar, V., Shriram, V., Kavi Kishor, P.B., Jawali, N. and Shitole, M.G. (2010). Enhanced proline accumulation and salt stress tolerance of transgenic indica rice by over -expressing P5CSF129A gene. Plant Biotechnology Reports, 4:37–48.
Langdale, G.W.N., Thomas, J.R. and Littleton, T.G. (1973). Nitrogen metabolism of star grass as affected by nitrogen and soil salinity. Agronomy Journal, 65: 468-70.
Laemmli, U.K. (1970). Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature, 227: 680-85.
Lowry, O.H., Rosenbrough, N.J., Farr, A.L. and Randall, R.J. (1951). Protein measurement with Folin-phenol reagent. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 193: 265-275.
Meloni, D.A., Olivia, M.A., Martinez, C.A. and Cambraia, J. (2003). Photosynthesis and activity of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and glutathione reductase in cotton under salt stress. Environment Experimental Botany, 49: 69-76.
Maleki, M., Naghavi, M.R., Alizadeh, H., Poostini, K. and Abd Mishani, C. (2014). Comparison of protein changes in the leaves of two bread wheat cultivars with different sensitivity under salt stress. Annual Research and Review in Biology, 4: 1784-1797
Metwally, A., Safronova, B.A. and Dietz, K.J. (2005). Genotypic variation of the response to cadmium toxicity in Pisum sativum L. Journal of Experimenal Botany, 56: 167-178.
Mishra, S., Tyagi, A., Singh, I.V. and Sangwan, R.S. (2006). Changes in lipid profile during growth and senescence of Catharanthus roseus leaf. Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology, 18: 447-454.
Mundree, S.G., Baker, B., Mowla, S., Peters, S., Marais, S., Willigen, C.V., Govender, K., Maredza, A., Muyanga, S., Farrant, J.M. and Thomson, J.A. (2002). Physiological and molecular insights into drought tolerance. African Journal of Biotechnology, 1: 28–38.
Munns, R. and Tester, M. (2008). Mechanism of salinity tolerance. Annual Reviews of Plant Biology, 59: 651-81.
Murumkar, C.V., Chavan, P.D. (1986). Influence of salt stress on biochemical processes in chickpea. Cicer arietinum L. Plant and Soil, 96: 439-43.
Pant, R. and Tulsiani, D.R.P. (1969). Soluble amino acid composition and biological evaluation of proteins isolated from leguminous seeds. Journal of Agricultural Chemistry, 17: 361.
Pareek, A., Singla, S.L. and Grover, A. (1997). Salt responsive proteins/genes in crop plants. In: Jaiwal P. K., Singh R.P., Gulati A. (Eds) Strategies for improving salt tolerance in higher plants. Oxford and IBH Publication Co., New Delhi, pp 365–91.
Queiros, F., Rodrigues, J.A., Almeida, J.M., Almeida, D.P. and Fidalgo, F. (2011). Differential responses of the antioxidant defence system and ultrastructure in a salt-adapted potato cell line. Plant Physioilogy and Biochemistry, 49:1410–1419.
Rasool, S., Ahmad, A., Siddiqi, T.O. and Ahmad, P. (2013), Changes in growth, lipid peroxidation and some key antioxidant enzymes in chickpea genotypes under salt stress. Acta Physiologia Plantarum, 35: 1039-1050.
Rao, D.L.N., Giller, K.E., Yeo, A.R. and Flowers, T.J. (2002). The effect of salinity and sodicity upon nodulation and nitrogen fixation in chickpea (Cicer arietinum). Annals of Botany, 89:563-570.
Selvakumar, G., Kim, K. , Hu, S. and Sa, T. (2014). Effect of salinity on plants and the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria in alleviation of salt stress physiological mechanisms and adaptation strategies in plants under changing environment. pp 115-144
Shakya, S.K. and Singh, J.P. (2010). New drainage technologies for salt-affected waterlogged areas of southwest Punjab, India. Current Science, 99 (2): 204-212.
Szabados, L. and Savoure, A. (2009). Proline: a multifunctional amino acid. Trends Plant Science, 15: 89-97.
Turner, N.C., Colmer, T.D,. Quealy, J., Pushpavalli, R., Krishnamurthy, L., Kaur, J., Singh, G., Siddique, K.H. M. and Vadez, V. (2013). Salinity tolerance and ion accumulation in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) subjected to salt stress. Plant Soil, 365:347-361.
Tuteja, N., Ahmad, P., Panda, B.B. and Tuteja, R. (2009). Genotoxic stress in plants: shedding light on DNA damage, repair and DNA repair helicases. Mutation Research, 681: 134-149.
Zaccardelli, M., Sonnante, G., Lupo, F., Piergiovanni, A.R., Leghetti, G., Sparvoli, F. and Lioi, L. (2013). Characterization of italian chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) germplasm by multidisciplinary approach. Genetics Resources and Crop Evolution, 60:865-877.
Anonymous. (2009). Anti-waterlogging project, Department of Irrigation and Drainage, Punjab Government, India.
Apel, K. and Hirt, H. (2004). Reactive oxygen species: metabolism, oxidative stress, and signal transduction. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 55: 373-399.
Ashraf, M. (1989). The effect of NaCl on water relations, chlorophyll and protein and proline contents of two cultivars of blackgram. Plant and Soil, 119: 205-10.
Ashraf, M. and Foolad, M.R. (2007). Roles of glycine betaine and proline in improving plant abiotic stress resistance. Environmental Experimental Botany, 59 (2): 206-16.
Azooz, M.M., Youssef, A.M. and Ahmad, P. (2011). Evaluation of salicylic acid (SA) application on growth, osmotic solutes and antioxidant enzyme activities on broad bean seedlings grown under diluted seawater. International Journal of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 3: 253-64.
Barr, H.D. and Weatherley, P.E. (1962). A re-examination of the relative turgidity technique for estimating water deficit in leaves. Australian Journal of Biological Science, 15: 413-28.
Bates, L.S., Waldeen,. R.P. and Teare, I.D. (1973). Rapid determination of free proline in water stress studies. Plant Soil, 39: 205-07.
Beltagi, M.S. (2008). Exogenous ascorbic acid (vitamin C) induced anabolic changes for salt tolerance in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) plants. African Journal of Plant Science, 2: 118-123.
Flowers, T.J. and Yeo, A.R. (1995). Breeding for salinity resistance in crop plants: Where next? Australian Journal of Plant Physiology, 22:875-884.
Flowers, T.J., Gaur, P.M., Gowda, C.L.L., Krishnamurthy, L., Samineni, S., Siddique, K.H.M., Turner, N.C., Vadez, V., Varshney, R.K. and Colmer, T.D. (2010) Salt sensitivity in chickpea. Plant Cell Environment, 33: 490-509.
Hakim, M.A. Juraim, A.S., Hanafi, M.M., Ismail M.R., Selamat. A, Rafii, M.Y. and Latif, M.A (2014). Biochemical and anatomical changes and yield reduction in rice (Oryza sativa L.) under varied salinity regimes. BioMed Research International . 2014: 1-11 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/208584
Hameed, A., Saddiqa, A., Nadeem, S.A., Iqbal, N., Atta, B. M. and Shah, T.M. (2012). Genotypic variability and mutant identification in Cicer arietinum L. by seed storage protein profiling. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 44:1303-1310.
Harris, N., Foster, J.M., Kumar, A., Davies, H.V., Gebhardt, C. and Wray, J.L. (2000). Two cDNAs representing alleles of the nitrate reductase gene of potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Desiree): sequence analysis, genomic organization and expression. Journal of Experimental Botany, 51: 1017–1026
Heath, R.L. and Packer, L. (1968). Photoperoxidation in isolated chloroplast I Kinetics and stoichiometry of fatty acid peroxidation. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 125:189-198.
Helal, M., Koch, K. and Mengel, K. (1975). Effect of salinity and potassium on the uptake of nitrogen metabolism in young barley plants. Physiology Plant, 35: 310-13.
Hiscox, J.D. and Israeltam G.F. (1979). A method for extraction of chlorophyll from leaf tissues without maceration. Canadian Journal of Botany, 51: 1332-34.
Hu, Y. and Schmidhalter, U. (2002). Limitation of salt stress to plant growth. In: Hock B, Elstner CF (eds) Plant toxicology. Marcel Dekker Inc. New York pp: 91-224.
Jaleel, C.A., Gopi, R., Sankar, B., Manivannan, P., Kishore kumar, A., Sridharan, R. and Panneerselvam, R. (2007). Studies on germination, seedling vigour, lipid peroxidation and proline metabolism in Catharanthus roseus seedlings under salt stress. South African Journal of Botany, 73: 190-95.
Jaworski, E.G. (1971). Nitrate reductase assay in intact plant tissue. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 43: 1274-79.
Kabir, M.E., Karim, M.A. and Azad, M.A.K. (2004). Effect of potassium on salinity tolerance of mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek). Journal of Biological Science, 4(2): 103–10.
Katsuhara, M., Otsuka, T. and Ezaki, B. (2005). Salt stress induced lipid peroxidation is reduced by glutathione S-transferase, but this reduction of lipid peroxides is not enough for a recovery of root growth in Arabidopsis. Plant Science, 169: 369-73.
Kiani, A.J.K., Edgar, E.B. and Joseph, M.J. (2005). Mechanistic analysis of wheat chlorophyllase. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 438:146-55.
Kumar, V., Shriram, V., Kavi Kishor, P.B., Jawali, N. and Shitole, M.G. (2010). Enhanced proline accumulation and salt stress tolerance of transgenic indica rice by over -expressing P5CSF129A gene. Plant Biotechnology Reports, 4:37–48.
Langdale, G.W.N., Thomas, J.R. and Littleton, T.G. (1973). Nitrogen metabolism of star grass as affected by nitrogen and soil salinity. Agronomy Journal, 65: 468-70.
Laemmli, U.K. (1970). Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature, 227: 680-85.
Lowry, O.H., Rosenbrough, N.J., Farr, A.L. and Randall, R.J. (1951). Protein measurement with Folin-phenol reagent. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 193: 265-275.
Meloni, D.A., Olivia, M.A., Martinez, C.A. and Cambraia, J. (2003). Photosynthesis and activity of superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and glutathione reductase in cotton under salt stress. Environment Experimental Botany, 49: 69-76.
Maleki, M., Naghavi, M.R., Alizadeh, H., Poostini, K. and Abd Mishani, C. (2014). Comparison of protein changes in the leaves of two bread wheat cultivars with different sensitivity under salt stress. Annual Research and Review in Biology, 4: 1784-1797
Metwally, A., Safronova, B.A. and Dietz, K.J. (2005). Genotypic variation of the response to cadmium toxicity in Pisum sativum L. Journal of Experimenal Botany, 56: 167-178.
Mishra, S., Tyagi, A., Singh, I.V. and Sangwan, R.S. (2006). Changes in lipid profile during growth and senescence of Catharanthus roseus leaf. Brazilian Journal of Plant Physiology, 18: 447-454.
Mundree, S.G., Baker, B., Mowla, S., Peters, S., Marais, S., Willigen, C.V., Govender, K., Maredza, A., Muyanga, S., Farrant, J.M. and Thomson, J.A. (2002). Physiological and molecular insights into drought tolerance. African Journal of Biotechnology, 1: 28–38.
Munns, R. and Tester, M. (2008). Mechanism of salinity tolerance. Annual Reviews of Plant Biology, 59: 651-81.
Murumkar, C.V., Chavan, P.D. (1986). Influence of salt stress on biochemical processes in chickpea. Cicer arietinum L. Plant and Soil, 96: 439-43.
Pant, R. and Tulsiani, D.R.P. (1969). Soluble amino acid composition and biological evaluation of proteins isolated from leguminous seeds. Journal of Agricultural Chemistry, 17: 361.
Pareek, A., Singla, S.L. and Grover, A. (1997). Salt responsive proteins/genes in crop plants. In: Jaiwal P. K., Singh R.P., Gulati A. (Eds) Strategies for improving salt tolerance in higher plants. Oxford and IBH Publication Co., New Delhi, pp 365–91.
Queiros, F., Rodrigues, J.A., Almeida, J.M., Almeida, D.P. and Fidalgo, F. (2011). Differential responses of the antioxidant defence system and ultrastructure in a salt-adapted potato cell line. Plant Physioilogy and Biochemistry, 49:1410–1419.
Rasool, S., Ahmad, A., Siddiqi, T.O. and Ahmad, P. (2013), Changes in growth, lipid peroxidation and some key antioxidant enzymes in chickpea genotypes under salt stress. Acta Physiologia Plantarum, 35: 1039-1050.
Rao, D.L.N., Giller, K.E., Yeo, A.R. and Flowers, T.J. (2002). The effect of salinity and sodicity upon nodulation and nitrogen fixation in chickpea (Cicer arietinum). Annals of Botany, 89:563-570.
Selvakumar, G., Kim, K. , Hu, S. and Sa, T. (2014). Effect of salinity on plants and the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria in alleviation of salt stress physiological mechanisms and adaptation strategies in plants under changing environment. pp 115-144
Shakya, S.K. and Singh, J.P. (2010). New drainage technologies for salt-affected waterlogged areas of southwest Punjab, India. Current Science, 99 (2): 204-212.
Szabados, L. and Savoure, A. (2009). Proline: a multifunctional amino acid. Trends Plant Science, 15: 89-97.
Turner, N.C., Colmer, T.D,. Quealy, J., Pushpavalli, R., Krishnamurthy, L., Kaur, J., Singh, G., Siddique, K.H. M. and Vadez, V. (2013). Salinity tolerance and ion accumulation in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) subjected to salt stress. Plant Soil, 365:347-361.
Tuteja, N., Ahmad, P., Panda, B.B. and Tuteja, R. (2009). Genotoxic stress in plants: shedding light on DNA damage, repair and DNA repair helicases. Mutation Research, 681: 134-149.
Zaccardelli, M., Sonnante, G., Lupo, F., Piergiovanni, A.R., Leghetti, G., Sparvoli, F. and Lioi, L. (2013). Characterization of italian chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) germplasm by multidisciplinary approach. Genetics Resources and Crop Evolution, 60:865-877.
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Salinity induced physiological and biochemical changes in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes. (2014). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 6(2), 578-588. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v6i2.500
