Oral microbiota relationship with and without gingivitis in Iraqi patients
Article Main
Abstract
Gingivitis is a common oral disease characterized by inflammation of the gum tissues, predominantly caused by microbial dysbiosis. The study aimed to anticipate that the comparative analysis of oral microbiota in Iraqi patients with and without gingivitis would reveal distinct microbial profiles associated with the disease. A cross-sectional study was conducted on Iraqi patients aged 18-65, including males and females. One hundred patients and 50 healthy samples were collected from January to May 2023, diagnosed by Vitek 2 compact system and 16SrRNA. Two hundred and thirty five isolates were obtained form both techniques as four groups:Anaerobic gram-positive (Actinomyces odontolyticus, Actinomyces naeslundii, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus anginusom, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus oralis, Clostridium sordelli, Group C streptococcus,Streptococcus saliveris, Clostridium histolyticum, Lactobacillus spp., Anaerococcus prevoti, Gemella morbillorum, Turicella Otitidis , Enterococcus casseliflavus, Anaerobic gram-negative(Fusobacterium nucleatum, Vellionela spp., Tannerella forsythia, Fusobacterium mortiifirum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intemedia, Fusobacterium varium, Prevotella disiens, Ggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Enterobacter hormaechei), Facultative gram-positive (Bacillus amyloliquefacieneus,Bacillus atrophaeus, Rothia sp., Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus megaterium, Erysipelothrix sp., Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus), and Facultative gram-negative bacteria (Pantoea calida, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas putida, Acinetobacter pitti). The anaerobic gram-negative bacteria were the most likely to cause gum diseases. On the other hand the confidence intervals for other group could be attributed to oral disease.Furthermore, these findings can contribute to developing diagnostic and treatment strategies for gingivitis in Iraq.
Article Details
Article Details
16S rRNA gene, Gingivitis, Iraqi patients, Oral microbiota
Bertelsen, R. J., Barrionuevo, A.M.P., Shigdel, R., Lie, S.A., Lin, H., Real, F. G. & Svanes, C. (2022). Association of Oral Bacteria with Oral Hygiene Habits and Self‐Reported Gingival Bleeding. Journal Of Clinical Periodontology, 49(8), 768-781.
Cugini, C., Ramasubbu, N., Tsiagbe, V.K. & Fine, D.H. (2021). Dysbiosis From a Microbial and Host Perspective Relative to Oral Health and Disease. Frontiers in microbiology, 12,617485. Doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.617485.
Genco, R.J., LaMonte, M.J., McSkimming, D.I., Buck, M.J., Li, L., Hovey, K.M., Andrews, C.A., Sun, Y., Tsompana, M., Zheng, W., Banack, H.R., Murugaiyan, V. & Wactawski-Wende, J. (2019). The Subgingival Microbiome Relationship to Periodontal Disease in Older Women. J.Dent.Res., 98(9),975-984. doi: 10.1177/00220345 19860449.
Gunnar, D., Amina, B. & Johan, B. (2019). Importance of Virulence Factors for the Persistence of Oral Bacteria in the Inflamed Gingival Crevice and in the Pathogenesis of Periodontal Disease. J. Clin Med, 8(9), 1339. DOI.org/10.3390/jcm8091339.
Hamdoon, S.M. & Abdul-Rahman, Gh. Y. (2014). Prevalence of anaerobic bacteria in periodontitis in relation to pocket depth. Al –Rafidain Dent. J.,14(2),320- 328. DOI:10.33899/rden.2014.160897.
Jindal, S., Madan, M. . & Deepa, D. (2019).Study showing the major association of obligate anaerobic gram negative bacilli as cause of chronic periodontitis. Internat. International Journal of Applied Dental Sciences 5(1):28-32.
Kilian, M., Chapple, I. L. C., Hannig, M., Marsh, P. D., Meuric, V., Pedersen, A. M. L., ... & Zaura, E. (2016). The oral microbiome–an update for oral healthcare professionals. British dental journal, 221(10), 657-666.
Kistler, J.O., Booth, V., Bradshaw, D.J. & Wade, W.G. (2013). Bacterial community development in experimental gingivitis. PLoS One,14(8),e71227. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0071227.
Letunic, I. &Bork, P. (2019). Interactive Tree Of Life (iTOL) v4: recent updates and new developments. Nucleic Acids Res., 2(47): W256-W259. Doi: 10.1093/nar/gkz239.
Marchesan , J.T., Girnary, M.S., Moss, K., Monaghan, E.T., Egnatz, G.J., Jiao, Y., Zhang, S., Beck, J. &Swanson, K.V. (2000). Role of inflammasomes in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease and therapeutics. J.Periodontol ,82(1),93-114. DOI: 10.1111/prd.12269
Mori, H., Maruyama, F., Kato, H., Toyoda, A., Dozono, A., Ohtsubo, Y., Nagata, Y., Fujiyama, A., Tsuda, M. & Kurokawa, K. (2014). Design and experimental application of a novel non-degenerate universal primer set that amplifies prokaryotic 16S rRNA genes with a low possibility to amplify eukaryotic rRNA genes. DNA Res, 21(2),217-27. DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dst052.
Mosaddad, S.A., Tahmasebi, E., Yazdanian, A., Rezvani, M.B., Seifalian, A., Yazdanian, M. &Tebyanian. H.( 2019). Oral microbial biofilms: an update. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis.,38(11),2005–2019. DOI.org/10.1007/s10096-019-03641-9.
Neyen, C. & Lemaitre, B. (2016). Sensing gram-negative bacteria: A phylogenetic perspective. Curr Opin Immunol.,38,8–17. DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2015.10.007.
Patini, R., Staderini, E., Lajolo, C., Lopetuso, L., Mohammed, H., Rimondini, L., Rochetti, V. & Gallenzi, P. (2018). Relationship between oral microbiota and periodontal disease: a systematic review. Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci. ,22(18),5575–5788. Doi: 10.26355/eurrev_ 201809_ 15903.
Pisoschi, C., Stanciulescu, C. & Banita, M. (2012). Growth factors and connective tissue homeostasis in periodontal disease. In: Buduneli N, (eds.). Pathogenesis and Treatment of Periodontitis. InTech China. DOI: 10.5772/33669.
Sharma, N., Bhatia, S., Sodhi, A.S. & Batra, N. (2018). Oral microbiome and health. AIMS Microbiol.,4(1),42.DOI:10.3934 /microbiol.2018.1.42.
Sievers, F. & Higgins, D.G. (2014). "Clustal Omega, accurate alignment of very large numbers of sequences. Methods Mol.Biol.,1079,105-16. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-646-7_6.
Socransky, S. S., Haffajee, A. D., Cugini, M. A., & Smith, C. (1998). Kent RL.Microbial complexes in subgingival plaque. J Clin Periodontol, 25, 134–44. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600051x.1998.tb02419.x
Teles, R., Teles, F., Frias-Lopez, J., Paster, B. & Haffajee, A. (2000). Lessons learned and unlearned in periodontal microbiology. Periodontology,62(1),95–162. DOI: 10.1111/prd.12010.
Teng, F., Darveekaran Nair, S. S., Zhu, P., Li, S., Huang, S., Li, X. & Yang, F. (2018). Impact of DNA extraction method and targeted 16S-rRNA hypervariable region on oral microbiota profiling. Scientific reports, 8(1), 16321. DOI:10.1038/s41598-018-34294-x.
Trombelli, L., Farina, R., Silva, C.O. & Tatakis, D.N. (2018). Plaque-induced gingivitis: Case definition and diagnostic considerations. J.Clin.Periodontol.,45(20),S44-S67. Doi: 10.1111/ jcpe.12939.
Wang, G.P. (2015). Defining functional signatures of dysbiosis in periodontitis progression.Genome Med,7,40.DOI 10.1186/ s13073-015-0165-z
Zhang, Z., Schwartz, S., Wagner, L. & Miller, W. (2000). A greedy algorithm for aligning DNA sequences. JComput Biol.7(1-2),203-14. Doi: 10.1089/10665270050081478.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
This work is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) © Author (s)
