Relation between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) with some biochemical variables in high-risk aborted women in Mosul city, Iraq
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Abstract
Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV), or Kissing Virus, is a member of the Herpes virus that can be a contributory factor for compromised pregnant, high-risk aborted women worldwide. The present study aimed to detect high-risk EBV by the Monospot test for pregnant, high-risk aborted women, to detect immunoglobulin IgM and IgG for EBV using Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique, to distinguish the infections as acute, chronic, or reactivated, and to determination of Enzymes as Aspartate Transaminase (AST), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and Alanine Transaminase (ALT).A cohort of 91 serum samples were collected from high-risk aborted women (ages 15-45 years) who attended Al-Medina Private Laboratory from February to December 2022.Sera were tested for heterophile antibodies(HA) associated with Infectious Mononucleosis (IM) caused by EBV by Latex Agglutination slide test (IM Quick test) and were tested for IgM and IgG antibodies against EBV-CA in serum using the ELISA kit.Sera from the patients and healthy controls were analyzed for Glutamate-Pyruvate Transaminase (GPT), Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (GOT), Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH), and Alkaline phosphatase. Compared to healthy controls, the data showed that the late phase with loss and reactivated infection was responsible for 25% of cases and that the acute and late infection cases had a high of 64%. There were significant differences in the level of these hormones;aborted women showed increased levels of serum ALP (70.83) while having a reverse effect with serum ALT (11.7) and AST (25.43). EBV activation was higher in the aborted women. The study would help to determine the role of EBV in the pathogenesis of abortion.
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Keywords
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Alanine Transaminase (ALT), Aspartate Transaminase (AST)
References
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Al Taie, A. A., Ibraheem, M. A. & Fadhil, K. B. (2019). Epstein-Barr virus infection in Thalassemia patients related to blood group in Mosul, Iraq. Ann. Trop. Med. Hlth, 22(8), 136-145.http://doi.org/10.36295/ASRO.2019.220816.
Ali, S., Choo, S., Hosking, L., Smith, A. & Hughes, T. (2023). A case of T‐cell‐Epstein–Barr virus‐haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and sustained remission following ruxolitinib therapy. Clinical & Translational Immunology, 12(7), e1459.doi:10.1002/cti2.1459.
Al-Taie, A., Abdullah, B.& Al-Attar, M. (2019). Molecular Diagnosis of TORCH Infection of Pregnant Women in Iraq. International Journal of Medical Sciences, 2(1), 58-68. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32441/ijms.2.1.6.
Banko, A., Miljanovic, D., Lazarevic, I., Jeremic, I., Despotovic, A., Grk, M. & Cirkovic, A. (2022). New evidence of significant association between EBV presence and lymphoproliferative disorders susceptibility in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Viruses, 14(1), 115.https://doi.org/10.3390/v14010115.
Čalkić, L., Bajramović-Omeragić, L. & Mujezinović, A. (2019). Infectious mononucleosis (Epstein-Barr virus infection) and chronic hepatitis. Med Glas (Zenica), 16(2), 190-194.doi: 10.17392/1031-19.
Čanović, P., Vranić, A., Petrović, S., Raković, I., Popovska-Jovičić, B. & Hamzagić, N. (2015). Analysis of clinical, haematological and biochemical parameters in patients with infectious mononucleosis. Serbian Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research, 16(4), 291-295.DOI: 10.1515/SJECR-2015-0040.
Chen, B., Han, N., Gao, L. Y., Zhou, T. D., Zhang, H., He, P. & Zhou, Q. (2023).Comparison of immune responses in children with infectious mono nucleosis caused by Epstein–Barr virus at different infection stages. International Journal of Laboratory Hematology. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijlh.14131
Chua, H. H., Kameyama, T., Mayeda, A. & Yeh, T. H. (2022). Epstein-Barr virus enhances cancer-specific aberrant splicing of TSG101 Pre-mRNA. International journal of molecular sciences, 23(5), 2516.https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23052516.
Crowley, A., Connell, J., Schaffer, K., Hall, W. & Hassan, J. (2012). Is there diagnostic value in detection of immunoglobulin G antibodies to the Epstein–Barr virus early antigen?BioResearch Open Access, 1(6), 291-296. https://doi.org/10.1089/biores.2012.0274.
De Paschale M. and Clerici P. (2012). Serological diagnosis of Epstein-Barr virus infection: problems and solutions. World J Virol, 1(1),31–43.http://dx.doi.org/10.5501/wjv.v1.i1.31
Fahriye, E. K. Ş. İ., Karolyi, T., Erinmez, M. & Pehlivan, M. (2022). Investigation of Epstein-Barr Virus antibodies by ELISA and IFA methods. Journal of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, 39(1), 66-70.doi: 10.52142/omujecm.39.1.14.
Färber, I., Hinderer, W., Rothe, M., Lang, D., Sonneborn, H. H., & Wutzler, P. (2001). Serological diagnosis of Epstein-Barr virus infection by novel ELISAs based on recombinant capsid antigens p23 and p18. Journal of Medical Virology, 63(4), 271-276.
Feyzioğlu, B., Özdemir, M. & Baykan, M. (2009). PX-6 Comparative evaluation of indirect immunofluorescence assay and ELISA methods for the diagnosis of Epstein-Barr virus infection. Journal of Clinical Virology, 46, S48-S49.
Fitzpatrick, D., Holmes, N. E. & Hui, L. (2022). A systematic review of maternal TORCH serology as a screen for suspected fetal infection. Prenatal diagnosis, 42(1), 87-96. https://doi.org/10.1002/pd.6073.
Frappier L. (2021). Epstein-Barr virus: Current questions and challenges. Tumor Virus Res, 12, 200 -218.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvr.2021.200218.
Griffin, B. D., Gram, A. M., Mulder, A., Van Leeuwen, D., Claas, F. H., Wang, F., ... & Wiertz, E. (2013). EBV BILF1 evolved to downregulate cell surface display of a wide range of HLA class I molecules through their cytoplasmic tail. The Journal of Immunology, 190(4), 1672-1684. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1102462.
Guerrero-Ramos, A., Patel, M., Kadakia, K. & Haque, T. (2014). Performance of the architect EBV antibody panel for determination of Epstein-Barr virus infection stage in immunocompetent adolescents and young adults with clinical suspicion of infectious mononucleosis. Clinical and Vaccine Immunology, 21(6), 817-823. https://doi.org/10.1128/CVI.00754-13
Hess R.D. (2004). Routine Epstein-Barr virus diagnostics from the laboratory perspective: still challenging after 35 years. J Clin Microbiol, 42(8),3381–7.https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.42.8.3381-3387.2004.
Hosomi, S., Nishida, Y. & Fujiwara, Y. (2021). The impact of human herpesviruses in clinical practice of inflammatory bowel disease in the era of COVID-19. Microorganisms, 9(9), 1870.https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms 9091870 .
Houen, G. & Trier, N. H. (2021). Epstein-Barr virus and systemic autoimmune diseases. Frontiers in Immunology, 11, 587380.https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.587380 .
Jaan, A. & Rajnik, M. (2022). Torch complex. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing.
Janegova, A., Janega, P., Rychly, B., Kuracinova, K., & Babal, P. (2015). The role of Epstein-Barr virus infection in the development of autoimmune thyroid diseases. Endokrynologia Polska, 66(2), 132-136.DOI:10.5603/EP.2015.0020
Kronzer, V. L., Bridges Jr, S. L. & Davis III, J. M. (2021). Why women have more autoimmune diseases than men: An evolutionary perspective. Evolutionary Applications, 14(3), 629-633.https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.13167.
Linthorst, J., Welkers, M. R. & Sistermans, E. A. (2023). Clinically relevant DNA viruses in pregnancy. Prenatal Diagnosis, 43(4), 457-466.https://doi.org/10.1002/pd.6116.
LoSavio, A. D. & Te, H. S. (2007). Epstein-Barr virus: an unusual cause of cholestatic hepatitis in older adults. Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 3(2), 101.
Naughton, P., Healy, M., Enright, F., & Lucey, B. (2021). Infectious Mononucleosis: diagnosis and clinical interpretation. British journal of biomedical science, 78(3), 107-116.https://doi.org/10.1080/09674845.2021.1903683.
Nayagam, J. S., Heneghan, M. A., Samyn, M. & Joshi, D. (2022). Epstein–Barr virus status and immunosuppression use in paediatric autoimmune liver disease. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 55(4), 455-463. https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16708.
Pebdeni, P. H., Saffari, F., Mollaei, H. R., Mirshekari, T. R., Sadat, R. H., Habibzadeh, V., ... & Ahmadrajabi, R. (2023). Increased Risk of Infertility in Women Infected with Human Papillomavirus. Journal of Reproduction & Infertility, 24(3), 188.https://doi.org/10.18502/jri.v24i3.13275
Pyzik, A., Grywalska, E., Matyjaszek-Matuszek, B., Ludian, J., Kiszczak-Bochyńska, E., Smoleń, A., & Pyzik, D. (2019). Does the epstein–barr virus play a role in the pathogenesis of graves’ disease?. International journal of molecular sciences, 20(13), 3145.doi:10.3390/ijms20133145
Rostgaard, K., Balfour Jr, H. H., Jarrett, R., Erikstrup, C., Pedersen, O., Ullum, H., ... & Hjalgrim, H. (2019). Primary Epstein-Barr virus infection with and without infectious mononucleosis. PloS one, 14(12), e0226436.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0226436
Rutkowska, M. & Pokorska-Śpiewak, M. (2023). Epstein Barr Virus Hepatitis—A Mild Clinical Symptom or a Threat?. Vaccines, 11(6), 1119.https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11061119.
Schechter S.& Lamps L. (2018). Epstein-Barr virus hepatitis: a review of clinic pathologic features and differential diagnosis. Archives of Pathology & laboratory Medicine, 142(10), 1191-1195.https://doi.org/10.5858/arpa.2018-0208-RA .
Slough, C. M.& Randolph, G. W. (2022). Thyroid Gland: Anatomy, Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Ultrasonography. Endocrine Surgery Comprehensive Board Exam Guide, 3-31.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84737-1_1
Smatti, M. K., Al-Sadeq, D. W., Ali, N. H., Pintus, G., Abou-Saleh, H. & Nasrallah, G. K. (2018). Epstein–Barr virus epidemiology, serology, and genetic variability of LMP-1 oncogene among healthy population: an update. Frontiers in oncology, 8, 211.https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2018.00211.
Taxirovich, A. S. (2023). The Main Etiological Factors, Methods of Prevention and Treatment of Meningitis. International Journal of Scientific Trends, 2(2), 141-148.
Theodory, B., Dopp, M., Swisher, A. R., Flores, R. M.& Robb, P. M. (2023). Epstein-Barr virus induced acute hepatitis with hyperferritinemia: A rare presentation. IDCases,33,e01872.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idcr.2023. e01872 .
Weidner-Glunde M., Kruminis- Kaszkiel E. E. & Savanagouder M. (2020). Herpes viral Latency—Common Themes. National Library of Medicine, 9(2),125. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9020125.
Yamada, M., Macedo, C., Louis, K., Shi, T., Landsittel, D., Nguyen, C., & Metes, D. (2023). Distinct association
between chronic Epstein-Barr virus infection and T cell compartments from pediatric heart, kidney, and liver transplant recipients. American Journal of Transplantation.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajt.2023.05.007.
Zanella, L., Reyes, M. E., Riquelme, I., Abanto, M., León, D., Viscarra, T., ... & Brebi, P. (2021). Genetic patterns found in the nuclear localization signals (Nlss) associated with ebv-1 and ebv-2 provide new insights into their contribution to different cell-type specificities. Cancers, 13(11), 2569.https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13112569 .
Al Taie, A. A., Ibraheem, M. A. & Fadhil, K. B. (2019). Epstein-Barr virus infection in Thalassemia patients related to blood group in Mosul, Iraq. Ann. Trop. Med. Hlth, 22(8), 136-145.http://doi.org/10.36295/ASRO.2019.220816.
Ali, S., Choo, S., Hosking, L., Smith, A. & Hughes, T. (2023). A case of T‐cell‐Epstein–Barr virus‐haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and sustained remission following ruxolitinib therapy. Clinical & Translational Immunology, 12(7), e1459.doi:10.1002/cti2.1459.
Al-Taie, A., Abdullah, B.& Al-Attar, M. (2019). Molecular Diagnosis of TORCH Infection of Pregnant Women in Iraq. International Journal of Medical Sciences, 2(1), 58-68. DOI: https://doi.org/10.32441/ijms.2.1.6.
Banko, A., Miljanovic, D., Lazarevic, I., Jeremic, I., Despotovic, A., Grk, M. & Cirkovic, A. (2022). New evidence of significant association between EBV presence and lymphoproliferative disorders susceptibility in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Viruses, 14(1), 115.https://doi.org/10.3390/v14010115.
Čalkić, L., Bajramović-Omeragić, L. & Mujezinović, A. (2019). Infectious mononucleosis (Epstein-Barr virus infection) and chronic hepatitis. Med Glas (Zenica), 16(2), 190-194.doi: 10.17392/1031-19.
Čanović, P., Vranić, A., Petrović, S., Raković, I., Popovska-Jovičić, B. & Hamzagić, N. (2015). Analysis of clinical, haematological and biochemical parameters in patients with infectious mononucleosis. Serbian Journal of Experimental and Clinical Research, 16(4), 291-295.DOI: 10.1515/SJECR-2015-0040.
Chen, B., Han, N., Gao, L. Y., Zhou, T. D., Zhang, H., He, P. & Zhou, Q. (2023).Comparison of immune responses in children with infectious mono nucleosis caused by Epstein–Barr virus at different infection stages. International Journal of Laboratory Hematology. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijlh.14131
Chua, H. H., Kameyama, T., Mayeda, A. & Yeh, T. H. (2022). Epstein-Barr virus enhances cancer-specific aberrant splicing of TSG101 Pre-mRNA. International journal of molecular sciences, 23(5), 2516.https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23052516.
Crowley, A., Connell, J., Schaffer, K., Hall, W. & Hassan, J. (2012). Is there diagnostic value in detection of immunoglobulin G antibodies to the Epstein–Barr virus early antigen?BioResearch Open Access, 1(6), 291-296. https://doi.org/10.1089/biores.2012.0274.
De Paschale M. and Clerici P. (2012). Serological diagnosis of Epstein-Barr virus infection: problems and solutions. World J Virol, 1(1),31–43.http://dx.doi.org/10.5501/wjv.v1.i1.31
Fahriye, E. K. Ş. İ., Karolyi, T., Erinmez, M. & Pehlivan, M. (2022). Investigation of Epstein-Barr Virus antibodies by ELISA and IFA methods. Journal of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, 39(1), 66-70.doi: 10.52142/omujecm.39.1.14.
Färber, I., Hinderer, W., Rothe, M., Lang, D., Sonneborn, H. H., & Wutzler, P. (2001). Serological diagnosis of Epstein-Barr virus infection by novel ELISAs based on recombinant capsid antigens p23 and p18. Journal of Medical Virology, 63(4), 271-276.
Feyzioğlu, B., Özdemir, M. & Baykan, M. (2009). PX-6 Comparative evaluation of indirect immunofluorescence assay and ELISA methods for the diagnosis of Epstein-Barr virus infection. Journal of Clinical Virology, 46, S48-S49.
Fitzpatrick, D., Holmes, N. E. & Hui, L. (2022). A systematic review of maternal TORCH serology as a screen for suspected fetal infection. Prenatal diagnosis, 42(1), 87-96. https://doi.org/10.1002/pd.6073.
Frappier L. (2021). Epstein-Barr virus: Current questions and challenges. Tumor Virus Res, 12, 200 -218.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvr.2021.200218.
Griffin, B. D., Gram, A. M., Mulder, A., Van Leeuwen, D., Claas, F. H., Wang, F., ... & Wiertz, E. (2013). EBV BILF1 evolved to downregulate cell surface display of a wide range of HLA class I molecules through their cytoplasmic tail. The Journal of Immunology, 190(4), 1672-1684. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1102462.
Guerrero-Ramos, A., Patel, M., Kadakia, K. & Haque, T. (2014). Performance of the architect EBV antibody panel for determination of Epstein-Barr virus infection stage in immunocompetent adolescents and young adults with clinical suspicion of infectious mononucleosis. Clinical and Vaccine Immunology, 21(6), 817-823. https://doi.org/10.1128/CVI.00754-13
Hess R.D. (2004). Routine Epstein-Barr virus diagnostics from the laboratory perspective: still challenging after 35 years. J Clin Microbiol, 42(8),3381–7.https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.42.8.3381-3387.2004.
Hosomi, S., Nishida, Y. & Fujiwara, Y. (2021). The impact of human herpesviruses in clinical practice of inflammatory bowel disease in the era of COVID-19. Microorganisms, 9(9), 1870.https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms 9091870 .
Houen, G. & Trier, N. H. (2021). Epstein-Barr virus and systemic autoimmune diseases. Frontiers in Immunology, 11, 587380.https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2020.587380 .
Jaan, A. & Rajnik, M. (2022). Torch complex. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing.
Janegova, A., Janega, P., Rychly, B., Kuracinova, K., & Babal, P. (2015). The role of Epstein-Barr virus infection in the development of autoimmune thyroid diseases. Endokrynologia Polska, 66(2), 132-136.DOI:10.5603/EP.2015.0020
Kronzer, V. L., Bridges Jr, S. L. & Davis III, J. M. (2021). Why women have more autoimmune diseases than men: An evolutionary perspective. Evolutionary Applications, 14(3), 629-633.https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.13167.
Linthorst, J., Welkers, M. R. & Sistermans, E. A. (2023). Clinically relevant DNA viruses in pregnancy. Prenatal Diagnosis, 43(4), 457-466.https://doi.org/10.1002/pd.6116.
LoSavio, A. D. & Te, H. S. (2007). Epstein-Barr virus: an unusual cause of cholestatic hepatitis in older adults. Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 3(2), 101.
Naughton, P., Healy, M., Enright, F., & Lucey, B. (2021). Infectious Mononucleosis: diagnosis and clinical interpretation. British journal of biomedical science, 78(3), 107-116.https://doi.org/10.1080/09674845.2021.1903683.
Nayagam, J. S., Heneghan, M. A., Samyn, M. & Joshi, D. (2022). Epstein–Barr virus status and immunosuppression use in paediatric autoimmune liver disease. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 55(4), 455-463. https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16708.
Pebdeni, P. H., Saffari, F., Mollaei, H. R., Mirshekari, T. R., Sadat, R. H., Habibzadeh, V., ... & Ahmadrajabi, R. (2023). Increased Risk of Infertility in Women Infected with Human Papillomavirus. Journal of Reproduction & Infertility, 24(3), 188.https://doi.org/10.18502/jri.v24i3.13275
Pyzik, A., Grywalska, E., Matyjaszek-Matuszek, B., Ludian, J., Kiszczak-Bochyńska, E., Smoleń, A., & Pyzik, D. (2019). Does the epstein–barr virus play a role in the pathogenesis of graves’ disease?. International journal of molecular sciences, 20(13), 3145.doi:10.3390/ijms20133145
Rostgaard, K., Balfour Jr, H. H., Jarrett, R., Erikstrup, C., Pedersen, O., Ullum, H., ... & Hjalgrim, H. (2019). Primary Epstein-Barr virus infection with and without infectious mononucleosis. PloS one, 14(12), e0226436.https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0226436
Rutkowska, M. & Pokorska-Śpiewak, M. (2023). Epstein Barr Virus Hepatitis—A Mild Clinical Symptom or a Threat?. Vaccines, 11(6), 1119.https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11061119.
Schechter S.& Lamps L. (2018). Epstein-Barr virus hepatitis: a review of clinic pathologic features and differential diagnosis. Archives of Pathology & laboratory Medicine, 142(10), 1191-1195.https://doi.org/10.5858/arpa.2018-0208-RA .
Slough, C. M.& Randolph, G. W. (2022). Thyroid Gland: Anatomy, Physiology, Pathophysiology, and Ultrasonography. Endocrine Surgery Comprehensive Board Exam Guide, 3-31.https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-84737-1_1
Smatti, M. K., Al-Sadeq, D. W., Ali, N. H., Pintus, G., Abou-Saleh, H. & Nasrallah, G. K. (2018). Epstein–Barr virus epidemiology, serology, and genetic variability of LMP-1 oncogene among healthy population: an update. Frontiers in oncology, 8, 211.https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2018.00211.
Taxirovich, A. S. (2023). The Main Etiological Factors, Methods of Prevention and Treatment of Meningitis. International Journal of Scientific Trends, 2(2), 141-148.
Theodory, B., Dopp, M., Swisher, A. R., Flores, R. M.& Robb, P. M. (2023). Epstein-Barr virus induced acute hepatitis with hyperferritinemia: A rare presentation. IDCases,33,e01872.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idcr.2023. e01872 .
Weidner-Glunde M., Kruminis- Kaszkiel E. E. & Savanagouder M. (2020). Herpes viral Latency—Common Themes. National Library of Medicine, 9(2),125. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9020125.
Yamada, M., Macedo, C., Louis, K., Shi, T., Landsittel, D., Nguyen, C., & Metes, D. (2023). Distinct association
between chronic Epstein-Barr virus infection and T cell compartments from pediatric heart, kidney, and liver transplant recipients. American Journal of Transplantation.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajt.2023.05.007.
Zanella, L., Reyes, M. E., Riquelme, I., Abanto, M., León, D., Viscarra, T., ... & Brebi, P. (2021). Genetic patterns found in the nuclear localization signals (Nlss) associated with ebv-1 and ebv-2 provide new insights into their contribution to different cell-type specificities. Cancers, 13(11), 2569.https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers13112569 .
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How to Cite
Relation between Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) with some biochemical variables in high-risk aborted women in Mosul city, Iraq. (2023). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 15(4), 1332-1338. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v15i4.4943
