Comparing the influence of natural farming on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) yield and economics with integrated and organic farming
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Abstract
Cotton, a vital global cash crop, influences the economy and sustainability. Natural farming is a cost-effective, eco-friendly method. This study examines Natural Farming's effects on cotton yield and the economics of cotton compared to Integrated and organic farming. Field experiments were conducted during 2021-22 and 2022-23 at Tamil Nadu Agricultural College, Coimbatore. The experiment consisted of eight treatments, laid out in Randomized Block Design and replicated thrice. The treatments consist of control (T1), various Indian Natural farming practices including Beejamirit as a seed treatment, Ghanajeevamirit as basal, Jeevamirit with irrigation water, crop residue mulch, intercroping with pulses (T2 to T5), Organic farming practices (T6), Integrated crop management (ICM) practices with organic pest control (T7) and ICM with chemical pest (T8). The results indicated a significant increase in yield components: sympodial branches plant-1 (12.85 and 13.40), number of squares (29.28 and 31.28), bolls plant-1 (10.74 and 11.32), and boll weight (4.30 and 4.38 g) under Integrated Crop Management practices in 2021-22 and 2022-23, respectively. However, organic farming practices, followed by natural farming practices, were at par with integrated crop management. Integrated crop management practices resulted in significantly higher seed cotton yields (2178 and 2232 kg/ha in 2021-22 and 2022-23, respectively) than organic and natural farming practices with a higher cost of cultivation and a gross return. Complete natural farming outperformed organic and integrated farming in cotton, yielding higher net returns and B: C ratios. This approach holds promise for enhancing yield, economic viability and environmental sustainability in cotton cultivation.
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Keywords
Beejamirit, Economics, Ghanajeevamit, Jeevamirit, Organic Cotton, Natural Farming and Yield
References
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Babalad, H., Gunabhagya, Saraswathi & Navali, G.V. (2021). Comparative Economics of Zero Budget Natural Farming with Conventional Farming Systems in Northern Dry Zone (Zone-3) of Karnataka. Economic Affairs, 66(2), 355-361. doi: DOI: 10.46852/0424-2513.2.2021.23
Barotova, A., Xurramov, A., Raxmatullayev, S. & Ismoilova, A. (2023). Evaluation of Fiber Quality Indexes in different varieties of Cotton plants. Journal of Agriculture & Horticulture, 3(2), 41-46. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5584563
Chandrakala, M., Hebsur, N. & Nalina, C. (2011). Effect of FYM and fermented liquid manures on yield and economics of Chilli (Capsicum annum L.). Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2(3), 722-724.
Devakumar, N., Shubha, S., Gowder, S. & Rao, G. (2014). Microbial analytical studies of traditional organic preparations beejamrutha and jeevamrutha. Building organic bridges, 2, 639-642.
Duddigan, S., Collins, C.D., Hussain, Z., Osbahr, H., Shaw, L.J., Sinclair, F., Sizmur, T., Thallam, V. & Ann Winowiecki, L. (2022). Impact of zero budget natural farming on crop yields in Andhra Pradesh, SE India. Sustainability, 14(3), 1689. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031689
Forster, D., Andres, C., Verma, R., Zundel, C., Messmer, M.M. & Mäder, P. (2013). Yield and economic performance of organic and conventional cotton-based farming systems--results from a field trial in India. PLoS One, 8(12), 81039. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081039
Fukuoka, M. (1987). The Natural Way of Farming: The Theory and Practice of Green Philosophy, Revised Edition: Japan Publications, Kodansha International-USA through Harper and Row.
Gopinath, P.P., Parsad, R., Joseph, B. & Adarsh, V. (2021). grapesAgri1: collection of shiny apps for data analysis in agriculture. Journal of Open Source Software, 6(63), 3437. doi: https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.03437
Gore, N.S. & Sreenivasa, M. (2011). Influence of liquid organic manures on growth, nutrient content and yield of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) in the sterilized soil. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 24(2), 153-157.
Indiastat. (2023). Area, production, and yield of principal crops, Directorate of Economics and Statistics. Available from Department of Agriculture and Cooperation report Area, Production, and yield of Principal crops, Directorate of Economics and Statistics Retrieved 20/06/2023, from Department of Agriculture and Cooperation report www.indiastat.com
Kalaichelvi, K. (2009). Bt cotton response to plant geometry and fertilizer levels. Journal of Cotton Research and Development, 23(1), 96-99.
Kasbe, S.S., Mukund, J. & Bhaskar, S. (2009). Characterization of farmers' Jeevamruta formulations with respect to aerobic rice. Mysore Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 43(3), 570-573.
Kaur, P., Saini, J., Meenakshi & Avnee. (2021). Optimization of Jeevamrit doses and application time for enhancing productivity of wheat under natural farming system. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 10(1), 405-408.
Khadse, A., Rosset, P.M., Morales, H. & Ferguson, B.G. (2018). Taking agroecology to scale: The zero budget natural farming peasant movement in Karnataka, India. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 45(1), 192-219. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2016.1276450
Kumar, R., Kumar, S., Yashavanth, B. & Meena, P. (2019). Natural Farming practices in India: Its adoption and impact on crop yield and farmers income. Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 74(3), 420-432.
Kumar, R., Kumar, S., Yashavanth, B., Meena, P., Ramesh, P., Indoria, A., Kundu, S. & Manjunath, M. (2020). Adoption of Natural Farming and its Effect on Crop Yield and Farmers' Livelihood in India: ICAR: National Academy of Agricultural Research Management and Telangana.
Kumar, R., Kumar, S., Yashavanth, B., Venu, N., Meena, P., Dhandapani, A. & Kumar, A. (2023). Natural Farming Practices for Chemical-Free Agriculture: Implications for Crop Yield and Profitability. Agriculture, 13(3), 647. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13030647
Lalitha, R., Fathima, K. & Ismail, S. (2000). Impact of biopesticides and microbial fertilizers on productivity and growth of Abelmoschus esculentus. Vasundhara The Earth, 1(2), 4-9.
Malewar, G., Badole, S., Mali, C., Siddiqui, M. & Syed, I. (2000). Influence of flyash with and without FYM and fertilizer on physico-chemical properties of sunflower and cotton growing soils. Annals of Agricultural Research, 21(2), 187-191.
Muthukrishnan, P., Thavaprakaash, N. & Srinivasan, K. (2017). Effect of Organic Nutrient Management Practices in Comparison with Conventional Method on Performance of Cotton in Tamil Nadu. Madras Agricultural Journal, 104(2), 15-22.
Nagavani, A. (2010). Effect of integrated nutrient management practices on soil fertility and productivity of maize. (Ph.D), Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.
Nagender, T., Reddy, D.R., Rani, P.L., Sreenivas, G., Surekha, K., Gupta, A. & Sreekanth, P. (2017). Response of nitrogen fertilization and plant densities on Bt and Non-Bt Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) hybrids. International journal of current microbiology and applied sciences, 6(9), 3199-3207. doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.6 09.394
Naik, A., Brunda, S. & Chaithra, G. (2020). Comparative economic analysis of zero budget natural farming for Kharif groundnut under central dry zone of Karnataka, India. Journal of Economics, Management and Trade, 26(6), 27-34. doi: https://doi.org/10.9734/jemt/2020/v26i630263
Palekar, S. (2005). The Philosophy of Spiritual Farming II . Amravati, Maharashtra, India: Amravati: Zero Budget Natural Farming Research. Development and Extension Movement.
Palekar, S. (2006). Text book on shoonya bandovalada naisargika krushi, published by swamy anand (Vol. 67).
Pujeri, M.S., Gaddanakeri, S. & Chandrashekara, C. (2022). Evaluation of natural farming practices on productivity and economics of rabi sorghum in Northern transition zone of Karnataka. The Pharma Innovation Journal, 11(12), 3551-3553.
Ramesh, P., Singh, M. & Rao, A.S. (2005). Organic farming: Its relevance to the Indian context. Current science, 88(4), 561-568.
Rathiya, P., Lakpale, R., Shrivastava, G. & Bargali, S. (2010). Effect of nutrient blending with FYM on biomass production and economics under hybrid cottonsoybean intercropping system. Journal of Plant Development Sciences, 2(1&2), 9-18.
Shottenkirk, D. (2018). Against purity: living ethically in compromised times. Ethics and Social Welfare, 12(1), 84-89. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/17496535.2018.14
33466
Singh, G., Sharma, V.K., Kaur, N., Pathania, P. & Sharma, S.K. (2023). Productivity and land use of different cropping systems under conventional and natural farming in mid hills of Himachal Pradesh. Himachal Journal of Agricultural Research, 49(1), 78-83.
Sreenivasan, S. (2004). Quality scenario of Indian cotton and fibre requirements. Paper presented at the Nation. Symp. On Changing World Order–Cotton Res. and Dev. and Policy in Context.
Tripathi, S., Shahidi, T., Nagbhushan, S. & Gupta, N. (2018). Zero Budget Natural Farming for the Sustainable Development Goals (Council on Energy, Environment and Water, ). Council on Energy, Environment and Water.
Vani, K., Rekha, B. & Nalini, N. (2021). Yield and nutrient uptake of Bt cotton as influenced by composted waste, organic and inorganic fertilizers. Chemical Science Review and Letters, 9(34), 432-441.
Varsha, P., Prasad, V.M., Topno, S.E. & Bahadur, V. (2022). Effect of Organic Manures and Inorganic Fertilizers on Growth, Yield and Quality of Broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. italica L.) cv. Green Magic. International Journal of Plant & Soil Science, 34(21), 665-671. doi: https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2022/v34i2131316
Babalad, H., Gunabhagya, Saraswathi & Navali, G.V. (2021). Comparative Economics of Zero Budget Natural Farming with Conventional Farming Systems in Northern Dry Zone (Zone-3) of Karnataka. Economic Affairs, 66(2), 355-361. doi: DOI: 10.46852/0424-2513.2.2021.23
Barotova, A., Xurramov, A., Raxmatullayev, S. & Ismoilova, A. (2023). Evaluation of Fiber Quality Indexes in different varieties of Cotton plants. Journal of Agriculture & Horticulture, 3(2), 41-46. doi: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5584563
Chandrakala, M., Hebsur, N. & Nalina, C. (2011). Effect of FYM and fermented liquid manures on yield and economics of Chilli (Capsicum annum L.). Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2(3), 722-724.
Devakumar, N., Shubha, S., Gowder, S. & Rao, G. (2014). Microbial analytical studies of traditional organic preparations beejamrutha and jeevamrutha. Building organic bridges, 2, 639-642.
Duddigan, S., Collins, C.D., Hussain, Z., Osbahr, H., Shaw, L.J., Sinclair, F., Sizmur, T., Thallam, V. & Ann Winowiecki, L. (2022). Impact of zero budget natural farming on crop yields in Andhra Pradesh, SE India. Sustainability, 14(3), 1689. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031689
Forster, D., Andres, C., Verma, R., Zundel, C., Messmer, M.M. & Mäder, P. (2013). Yield and economic performance of organic and conventional cotton-based farming systems--results from a field trial in India. PLoS One, 8(12), 81039. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081039
Fukuoka, M. (1987). The Natural Way of Farming: The Theory and Practice of Green Philosophy, Revised Edition: Japan Publications, Kodansha International-USA through Harper and Row.
Gopinath, P.P., Parsad, R., Joseph, B. & Adarsh, V. (2021). grapesAgri1: collection of shiny apps for data analysis in agriculture. Journal of Open Source Software, 6(63), 3437. doi: https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.03437
Gore, N.S. & Sreenivasa, M. (2011). Influence of liquid organic manures on growth, nutrient content and yield of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) in the sterilized soil. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 24(2), 153-157.
Indiastat. (2023). Area, production, and yield of principal crops, Directorate of Economics and Statistics. Available from Department of Agriculture and Cooperation report Area, Production, and yield of Principal crops, Directorate of Economics and Statistics Retrieved 20/06/2023, from Department of Agriculture and Cooperation report www.indiastat.com
Kalaichelvi, K. (2009). Bt cotton response to plant geometry and fertilizer levels. Journal of Cotton Research and Development, 23(1), 96-99.
Kasbe, S.S., Mukund, J. & Bhaskar, S. (2009). Characterization of farmers' Jeevamruta formulations with respect to aerobic rice. Mysore Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 43(3), 570-573.
Kaur, P., Saini, J., Meenakshi & Avnee. (2021). Optimization of Jeevamrit doses and application time for enhancing productivity of wheat under natural farming system. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 10(1), 405-408.
Khadse, A., Rosset, P.M., Morales, H. & Ferguson, B.G. (2018). Taking agroecology to scale: The zero budget natural farming peasant movement in Karnataka, India. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 45(1), 192-219. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2016.1276450
Kumar, R., Kumar, S., Yashavanth, B. & Meena, P. (2019). Natural Farming practices in India: Its adoption and impact on crop yield and farmers income. Indian Journal of Agricultural Economics, 74(3), 420-432.
Kumar, R., Kumar, S., Yashavanth, B., Meena, P., Ramesh, P., Indoria, A., Kundu, S. & Manjunath, M. (2020). Adoption of Natural Farming and its Effect on Crop Yield and Farmers' Livelihood in India: ICAR: National Academy of Agricultural Research Management and Telangana.
Kumar, R., Kumar, S., Yashavanth, B., Venu, N., Meena, P., Dhandapani, A. & Kumar, A. (2023). Natural Farming Practices for Chemical-Free Agriculture: Implications for Crop Yield and Profitability. Agriculture, 13(3), 647. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13030647
Lalitha, R., Fathima, K. & Ismail, S. (2000). Impact of biopesticides and microbial fertilizers on productivity and growth of Abelmoschus esculentus. Vasundhara The Earth, 1(2), 4-9.
Malewar, G., Badole, S., Mali, C., Siddiqui, M. & Syed, I. (2000). Influence of flyash with and without FYM and fertilizer on physico-chemical properties of sunflower and cotton growing soils. Annals of Agricultural Research, 21(2), 187-191.
Muthukrishnan, P., Thavaprakaash, N. & Srinivasan, K. (2017). Effect of Organic Nutrient Management Practices in Comparison with Conventional Method on Performance of Cotton in Tamil Nadu. Madras Agricultural Journal, 104(2), 15-22.
Nagavani, A. (2010). Effect of integrated nutrient management practices on soil fertility and productivity of maize. (Ph.D), Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore.
Nagender, T., Reddy, D.R., Rani, P.L., Sreenivas, G., Surekha, K., Gupta, A. & Sreekanth, P. (2017). Response of nitrogen fertilization and plant densities on Bt and Non-Bt Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) hybrids. International journal of current microbiology and applied sciences, 6(9), 3199-3207. doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.6 09.394
Naik, A., Brunda, S. & Chaithra, G. (2020). Comparative economic analysis of zero budget natural farming for Kharif groundnut under central dry zone of Karnataka, India. Journal of Economics, Management and Trade, 26(6), 27-34. doi: https://doi.org/10.9734/jemt/2020/v26i630263
Palekar, S. (2005). The Philosophy of Spiritual Farming II . Amravati, Maharashtra, India: Amravati: Zero Budget Natural Farming Research. Development and Extension Movement.
Palekar, S. (2006). Text book on shoonya bandovalada naisargika krushi, published by swamy anand (Vol. 67).
Pujeri, M.S., Gaddanakeri, S. & Chandrashekara, C. (2022). Evaluation of natural farming practices on productivity and economics of rabi sorghum in Northern transition zone of Karnataka. The Pharma Innovation Journal, 11(12), 3551-3553.
Ramesh, P., Singh, M. & Rao, A.S. (2005). Organic farming: Its relevance to the Indian context. Current science, 88(4), 561-568.
Rathiya, P., Lakpale, R., Shrivastava, G. & Bargali, S. (2010). Effect of nutrient blending with FYM on biomass production and economics under hybrid cottonsoybean intercropping system. Journal of Plant Development Sciences, 2(1&2), 9-18.
Shottenkirk, D. (2018). Against purity: living ethically in compromised times. Ethics and Social Welfare, 12(1), 84-89. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/17496535.2018.14
33466
Singh, G., Sharma, V.K., Kaur, N., Pathania, P. & Sharma, S.K. (2023). Productivity and land use of different cropping systems under conventional and natural farming in mid hills of Himachal Pradesh. Himachal Journal of Agricultural Research, 49(1), 78-83.
Sreenivasan, S. (2004). Quality scenario of Indian cotton and fibre requirements. Paper presented at the Nation. Symp. On Changing World Order–Cotton Res. and Dev. and Policy in Context.
Tripathi, S., Shahidi, T., Nagbhushan, S. & Gupta, N. (2018). Zero Budget Natural Farming for the Sustainable Development Goals (Council on Energy, Environment and Water, ). Council on Energy, Environment and Water.
Vani, K., Rekha, B. & Nalini, N. (2021). Yield and nutrient uptake of Bt cotton as influenced by composted waste, organic and inorganic fertilizers. Chemical Science Review and Letters, 9(34), 432-441.
Varsha, P., Prasad, V.M., Topno, S.E. & Bahadur, V. (2022). Effect of Organic Manures and Inorganic Fertilizers on Growth, Yield and Quality of Broccoli (Brassica oleraceae var. italica L.) cv. Green Magic. International Journal of Plant & Soil Science, 34(21), 665-671. doi: https://doi.org/10.9734/ijpss/2022/v34i2131316
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Comparing the influence of natural farming on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) yield and economics with integrated and organic farming. (2023). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 15(3), 1268-1275. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v15i3.4882
