Influence of distinctive Osmoprotectnats foliar spray in alleviating the harmful effects of water stress at sensitive growth stages of Maize (Zea mays L.)
Article Main
Abstract
Water availability is becoming a significant concern for crop production worldwide. In light of this, a study was conducted in maize crop to explore the effectiveness of various osmoprotectants including sodium nitroprusside nanoparticles (SNP NP) at a concentration of 90 ppm, melatonin (MEL), at 25 ppm and salicylic acid (SA) at 100 ppm in mitigating the adverse effects of drought, by evaluating their impact on morpho-physiological, biochemical and yield attributes of maize (Zea mays L.). Drought stress was induced by withholding irrigation during both the vegetative and reproductive stages of maize and then drought-stressed plants were foliar sprayed with different osmoprotectants. Results revealed that among the osmoprotectants tested, foliar application of salicylic acid at 100 ppm exhibited the most substantial improvement in morpho-physiological parameters (plant height, stem diameter, leaf number, root length, leaf area index, relative water content, leaf chlorophyll and carotenoid content) as well as biochemical parameteters like proline and soluble protein content increased, and enhanced membrane stability under drought conditions. The use of SA proved outstanding as it led to a remarkable 75% higher biological yield than plants subjected to drought stress. On the other hand, the SA foliar spray was successful, resulting in a 78.8% in grain yield. However, the extent of improvement varied depending on the growth stage at which the osmoprotectants were applied. While the foliar application of osmoprotectants showed promising results during the vegetative phase than the reproductive phase of maize. Nonetheless, the osmoprotectants' foliar spray exhibited a yield advantage by preserving photosynthetic pigments and the maize plants' ability to produce seeds under drought stress.
Article Details
Article Details
Keywords
Drought, Maize, Melatonin, Reproductive stages, Salicylic acid, Sodium nitroprusside nanoparticles, Vegetative stages
References
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Abid, M., Ali, S., Qi, L.K., Zahoor, R., Tian, Z., Jiang, D., Snider, J.L., & Dai, T. (2018). Physiological and biochemical changes during drought and recovery periods at tillering and jointing stages in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Sci. Rep. 8 (1), 4615 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-21441-7.
Ahammed, G. J., Li, X., Yang, Y., Liu, C., Zhou, G., Wan, H., & Cheng, Y. (2020). Tomato WRKY81 acts as a negative regulator for drought tolerance by modulating guard cell H2O2–mediated stomatal closure. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 171, 103960.
Ali, E. A., & Mahmoud, A. M. (2013). Effect of foliar spray by different salicylic acid and zinc concentrations on seed yield and yield components of mungbean in sandy soil. Asian J. Crop Sci. 5(1), 33-40 (2013). DOI: 10.3923/ajcs.2013.33.40.
Anosheh, H. P., Emam, Y., Ashraf, M., & Foolad, M. R. (2012). Exogenous application of salicylic acid and chlormequat chloride alleviates negative effects of drought stress in wheat. Adv. Stud. Biol, 4(11), 501-520.
Arif, Y., Sami, F., Siddiqui, H., Bajguz, A., & Hayat, S. (2020). Salicylic acid in relation to other phytohormones in plant: A study towards physiology and signal transduction under challenging environment. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 175, 104040.
Arnon, D.I. (1949). Cooper enzymes in isolated chloroplast: Polyphenoloxidase in (Beta Vulgaris). Plant Physiol. 24, 1-15.
Azimi, M. S., Daneshian, J., Sayfzadeh, S., & Zare, S. (2013). Evaluation of amino acid and salicylic acid application on yield and growth of wheat under water deficit. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences, 5(8), 816.
Baroowa, B., & Gogoi, N. (2016). Morpho-physiological and yield responses of black gram (Vigna mungo L.) and green gram (Vigna radiata L.) genotypes under drought at different growth stages. Res. J. Recent Sci, 2277, 2502.
Bates, L.S., Waldren, R.P. & Teare, I.D. (1973). Rapid determination of free proline for water stress studies. Plant and Soil. 29, 205-207 (1973). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00018060.
Bhat, J.A. Faizan, M. Bhat, M.A. Huang, F. Yu, D. Ahmad, A. Bajguz, A. & Ahmad, P. (2022). Defense interplay of the zinc-oxide nanoparticles and melatonin in alleviating the arsenic stress in soybean (Glycine max L.). Chemosphere 288, 132471.
Bijanzadeh, E., Naderi, R., & Egan, T. P. (2019). Exogenous application of humic acid and salicylic acid to alleviate seedling drought stress in two corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 42(13), 1483-1495.
Bradford, M. M. (1976). A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical biochemistry, 72(1-2), 248-254.
Cakir R. (2004). Effect of water stress at different development stages on vegetative and reproductive growth of corn. Field Crops Res. 89, 1-16.
Cassman, K. G., Dobermann, A., Walters, D. T. & Yang, H. (2003). Meeting cereal demand while protecting natural resources and improving environmental quality. Annu. Rev. Environ.Resour.28,315358.https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.28.040202.122858.https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.28.040202.122858
Chen, L. Liu, L. Lu, B. Ma, T. Jiang, D. Li, J Zhang, K. Sun, H. Zhang, Y. & Bai, Z. (2020). Exogenous melatonin promotes seed germination and osmotic regulation under salt stress in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). PLOS ONE 2020, 15, 022824. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0228241.
Daryanto, S., Wang, L. & Jacinthe, P. A. (2016). Global synthesis of drought effects on maize and wheat production. PLOS ONE 11, 0156362 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0156362
Desikan, R., Griffiths, R., Hancock, J., & Neill, S. (2002). A new role for an old enzyme: Nitrate reductase-mediated nitric oxide generation is required for abscisic acid-induced stomatal closure in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 99, 16314–16318.
Farooq, M., Basra, S. M. A., Wahid, A. & Rehman, H. (2009). Exogenously applied nitric oxide enhances the drought tolerance in fine grain aromatic rice (Oryza sativa L.). Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 195, 254–261 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-037X.2009.00367.
Garcia-Mata, C., & Lamattina, L. (2001). Nitric oxide induces stomatal closure and enhances the adaptive plant responses against drought stress. Plant Physiology, 126, 1196–1204 (2001). doi: 10.1104/pp.126.3.1196.
Ghazi, D. A. (2017). Impact of drought stress on maize (Zea mays L.) plant in presence or absence of salicylic acid spraying. J. Soil Sci. Agric. Eng. Mansoura Univ. 8, 223–229 (2017). DOI: 10.21608/jssae.2017.37382.
Hao, G. P., Xing, Y., & Zhang, J. H. (2008). Role of nitric oxide dependence on nitric oxide synthase-like activity in the water stress signaling of maize seedlings. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology, 50, 435–442.
Hasan, B. S., & Rasul, S. A. (2022). Foliar application Effect of Salicylic Acid and Drought Stress on Growth and Yield of Mung bean (Vigna radiata). Zanco Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 34(5), 103-113.
Hasan, M., Ma, F., Prodhan, Z., Li, F., Shen, H., Chen, Y., & Wang, X. (2018). Molecular and physio-biochemical characterization of cotton species for assessing drought stress tolerance. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 19 (9), 2636 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms1909263.
Hussain, H. A., Men, S., Hussain, S., Chen, Y., Ali, S., Zhang, S. & Wang, L. (2019). Interactive effects of drought and heat stresses on morpho-physiological attributes, yield, nutrient uptake and oxidative status in maize hybrids. Scientific reports, 9(1), 3890.
Hussain, H. A., Men, S., Hussain, S., Zhang, Q., Ashraf, U., Anjum, S. A. & Wang, L. (2020). Maize tolerance against drought and chilling stresses varied with root morphology and antioxidative defense system. Plants, 9(6), 720.
Jadhav, S. H. & Bhamburdekar, S. B. (2011). Effect of salicylic acid on germination performance in groundnut. International Journal of Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Technology, 2(4), 224-227.
Khodarahmpour Z & Hamidi J (2012). Study of yield and yield components of corn (Zea mays L.) inbred lines to drought stress. Afr. J. Biotech. 11, 3099-3105 (2012). DOI: 10.5897/AJB11.2974
Laspina, N. V., Groppa, M. D., Tomaro, M. L. & Benavides, M. P. (2005). Nitric oxide protects sunflower leaves against Cd-induced oxidative stress. Plant Science, 169, 323–330.
Latif, F., Ullah, F., Mehmood, S., Khattak, A., Khan, A. U., Khan, S., & Husain, I. (2016). Effects of salicylic acid on growth and accumulation of phenolics in (Zea mays L.) under drought stress. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B—Soil & Plant Science, 66(4), 325-332.
Li, Q. Y., Niu, H. B., Yin, J., Wang, M. B., Shao, H. B., Deng, D. Z., & Li, Y. C. (2008). Protective role of exogenous nitric oxide against oxidative- stress induced by salt stress in barley (Hordeum vulgare). Colloids Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 65, 220–225.
Lichtenthaler, H.K. & Wellburn, A.R. (1983). Determination of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b of leaf extracts in different solvents. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 11, 591-592.
Maruri-López, I., Aviles-Baltazar, N. Y., Buchala, A. & Serrano, M. (2019). Intra and extracellular journey of the phytohormone salicylic acid. Front. Plant Sci.28 (3), 56-67.
Maswada, H. F., Abd El-Razek, U. A., El-Sheshtawy, A. N. A., & Elzaawely, A. A. (2018). Morpho-physiological and yield responses to exogenous moringa leaf extract and salicylic acid in maize (Zea mays L.) under water stress. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 64(7), 994-1010.
Nazar, R., Umar, S., Khan, N. A., & Sareer, O. (2015). Salicylic acid supplementation improves photosynthesis and growth in mustard through changes in proline accumulation and ethylene formation under drought stress. South African Journal of Botany, 98, 84-94.
Noreen, S., Athar, H. U. R., & Ashraf, M. (2013). Interactive effects of watering regimes and exogenously applied osmoprotectants on earliness indices and leaf area index in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) crop. Pak J Bot, 45(6), 1873-1881.
Noreen, S., Fatima, K., Athar, H. U. R., Ahmad, S., & Hussain, K. (2017). Enhancement of physio-biochemical parameters of wheat through exogenous application of salicylic acid under drought stress. JAPS:Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences, 27(1).
Premchandra, G.S., Saneoka, H. & Ogata. (1990). Cellmembrane stability an indicator of drought tolerance as affected by applied N in soybean. J. Agric. Soc. Camp. 115, 63-66.
Qaseem, M.F., Qureshi, R. & Shaheen, H. (2019). Effects of pre-anthesis drought, heat and their combination on the growth, yield and physiology of diverse wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes varying in sensitivity to heat and drought stress. Sci. Rep. 9 (1), 6955 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-43477.
Qasim, M., Aziz, M., Nawaz, F., & Arif, M. (2019). Role of salicylic acid and ascorbic acid in alleviating the harmful effects of water stress in Maize (Zea mays L.). Asian Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 7(3), 442-449.
Rao, S. R., Qayyum, A., Razzaq, A., Ahmad, M., Mahmood, I., & Sher, A. (2012). Role of foliar application of salicylic acid and l-tryptophan in drought tolerance of maize. J. Anim. Plant Sci, 22(3), 768-772.
Sedaghat, M., Tahmasebi-Sarvestani, Z., Emam, Y., & Mokhtassi-Bidgoli, A. (2017). Physiological and antioxidant responses of winter wheat cultivars to strigolactone and salicylic acid in drought. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 119, 59-69.
Sharma, A. Wang, J. Xu, D. Tao, S. Chong, S. Yan, D. Li, Z. Yuan, H. & Zheng, B. (2020) Melatonin regulates the functional components of photosynthesis, antioxidant system, gene expression, and metabolic pathways to induce drought resistance in grafted Carya cathayensis plants. Sci. Total Environ. 2020, 713, 136675.
Shemi, R., Wang, R., Gheith, E. S., Hussain, H. A., Hussain, S., Irfan, M., & Wang, L. (2021). Effects of salicylic acid, zinc and glycine betaine on morpho-physiological growth and yield of maize under drought stress. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 1-14 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-82264-7.
Silveira, N.M., Seabra, A.B., Marcos, F.C., Pelegrino, M.T., Machado, E.C., & Ribeiro, R.V. (2019). Encapsulation of S-nitrosoglutathione into chitosan nanoparticles improves drought tolerance of sugarcane plants. Nitric Oxide 84, 38–44.
Sohag, A. A. M., Tahjib-Ul-Arif, M., Brestic, M., Afrin, S., Sakil, M. A., Hossain, M. T. & Hossain, M. A. (2020). Exogenous salicylic acid and hydrogen peroxide attenuate drought stress in rice. Plant, Soil and Environment, 66(1), 7-13.
Song, L., Ding, W., Zhao, M., Sun, B., & Zhang, L. (2006). Nitric oxide protects against oxidative stress under heat stress in the calluses from two ecotypes of reed. Plant Science, 171, 449–458.
Tayyab, N., Naz, R., Yasmin, H., Nosheen, A., Keyani, R., Sajjad, M. & Roberts, T. H. (2020). Combined seed and foliar pre-treatments with exogenous methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid mitigate drought-induced stress in maize. PLoS One, 15(5), e0232269.
Turner NC (1981). Techniques and experimental approaches for the measurement of plant water status. Plant and Soil 58, 339-366.
Wellburn, A.R. (1994). The spectral determination of chlorophyll a & b, as well as total carotenoids, using various solvents with spectrophotometers of different resolution. J. Plant Physiol. 14, 307-313.
Zamaninejad M, KhavariKhorasani S, Jami Moeini M, & Heidarian AR. (2013). Effect of salicylic acid on morphological characteristics, yield and yield components of corn (Zea mays L.) under drought condition. Eur. J. Exp. Biol. 3(2), 153–161.
Ziyomo C, & Bernardo R. (2013). Drought tolerance in maize: indirect selection through secondary traits versus genome wide selection. Crop Sci. 53, 1269–1275.
Abid, M., Ali, S., Qi, L.K., Zahoor, R., Tian, Z., Jiang, D., Snider, J.L., & Dai, T. (2018). Physiological and biochemical changes during drought and recovery periods at tillering and jointing stages in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Sci. Rep. 8 (1), 4615 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-21441-7.
Ahammed, G. J., Li, X., Yang, Y., Liu, C., Zhou, G., Wan, H., & Cheng, Y. (2020). Tomato WRKY81 acts as a negative regulator for drought tolerance by modulating guard cell H2O2–mediated stomatal closure. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 171, 103960.
Ali, E. A., & Mahmoud, A. M. (2013). Effect of foliar spray by different salicylic acid and zinc concentrations on seed yield and yield components of mungbean in sandy soil. Asian J. Crop Sci. 5(1), 33-40 (2013). DOI: 10.3923/ajcs.2013.33.40.
Anosheh, H. P., Emam, Y., Ashraf, M., & Foolad, M. R. (2012). Exogenous application of salicylic acid and chlormequat chloride alleviates negative effects of drought stress in wheat. Adv. Stud. Biol, 4(11), 501-520.
Arif, Y., Sami, F., Siddiqui, H., Bajguz, A., & Hayat, S. (2020). Salicylic acid in relation to other phytohormones in plant: A study towards physiology and signal transduction under challenging environment. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 175, 104040.
Arnon, D.I. (1949). Cooper enzymes in isolated chloroplast: Polyphenoloxidase in (Beta Vulgaris). Plant Physiol. 24, 1-15.
Azimi, M. S., Daneshian, J., Sayfzadeh, S., & Zare, S. (2013). Evaluation of amino acid and salicylic acid application on yield and growth of wheat under water deficit. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences, 5(8), 816.
Baroowa, B., & Gogoi, N. (2016). Morpho-physiological and yield responses of black gram (Vigna mungo L.) and green gram (Vigna radiata L.) genotypes under drought at different growth stages. Res. J. Recent Sci, 2277, 2502.
Bates, L.S., Waldren, R.P. & Teare, I.D. (1973). Rapid determination of free proline for water stress studies. Plant and Soil. 29, 205-207 (1973). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00018060.
Bhat, J.A. Faizan, M. Bhat, M.A. Huang, F. Yu, D. Ahmad, A. Bajguz, A. & Ahmad, P. (2022). Defense interplay of the zinc-oxide nanoparticles and melatonin in alleviating the arsenic stress in soybean (Glycine max L.). Chemosphere 288, 132471.
Bijanzadeh, E., Naderi, R., & Egan, T. P. (2019). Exogenous application of humic acid and salicylic acid to alleviate seedling drought stress in two corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 42(13), 1483-1495.
Bradford, M. M. (1976). A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical biochemistry, 72(1-2), 248-254.
Cakir R. (2004). Effect of water stress at different development stages on vegetative and reproductive growth of corn. Field Crops Res. 89, 1-16.
Cassman, K. G., Dobermann, A., Walters, D. T. & Yang, H. (2003). Meeting cereal demand while protecting natural resources and improving environmental quality. Annu. Rev. Environ.Resour.28,315358.https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.28.040202.122858.https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.28.040202.122858
Chen, L. Liu, L. Lu, B. Ma, T. Jiang, D. Li, J Zhang, K. Sun, H. Zhang, Y. & Bai, Z. (2020). Exogenous melatonin promotes seed germination and osmotic regulation under salt stress in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). PLOS ONE 2020, 15, 022824. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0228241.
Daryanto, S., Wang, L. & Jacinthe, P. A. (2016). Global synthesis of drought effects on maize and wheat production. PLOS ONE 11, 0156362 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0156362
Desikan, R., Griffiths, R., Hancock, J., & Neill, S. (2002). A new role for an old enzyme: Nitrate reductase-mediated nitric oxide generation is required for abscisic acid-induced stomatal closure in Arabidopsis thaliana. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 99, 16314–16318.
Farooq, M., Basra, S. M. A., Wahid, A. & Rehman, H. (2009). Exogenously applied nitric oxide enhances the drought tolerance in fine grain aromatic rice (Oryza sativa L.). Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 195, 254–261 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-037X.2009.00367.
Garcia-Mata, C., & Lamattina, L. (2001). Nitric oxide induces stomatal closure and enhances the adaptive plant responses against drought stress. Plant Physiology, 126, 1196–1204 (2001). doi: 10.1104/pp.126.3.1196.
Ghazi, D. A. (2017). Impact of drought stress on maize (Zea mays L.) plant in presence or absence of salicylic acid spraying. J. Soil Sci. Agric. Eng. Mansoura Univ. 8, 223–229 (2017). DOI: 10.21608/jssae.2017.37382.
Hao, G. P., Xing, Y., & Zhang, J. H. (2008). Role of nitric oxide dependence on nitric oxide synthase-like activity in the water stress signaling of maize seedlings. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology, 50, 435–442.
Hasan, B. S., & Rasul, S. A. (2022). Foliar application Effect of Salicylic Acid and Drought Stress on Growth and Yield of Mung bean (Vigna radiata). Zanco Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 34(5), 103-113.
Hasan, M., Ma, F., Prodhan, Z., Li, F., Shen, H., Chen, Y., & Wang, X. (2018). Molecular and physio-biochemical characterization of cotton species for assessing drought stress tolerance. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 19 (9), 2636 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms1909263.
Hussain, H. A., Men, S., Hussain, S., Chen, Y., Ali, S., Zhang, S. & Wang, L. (2019). Interactive effects of drought and heat stresses on morpho-physiological attributes, yield, nutrient uptake and oxidative status in maize hybrids. Scientific reports, 9(1), 3890.
Hussain, H. A., Men, S., Hussain, S., Zhang, Q., Ashraf, U., Anjum, S. A. & Wang, L. (2020). Maize tolerance against drought and chilling stresses varied with root morphology and antioxidative defense system. Plants, 9(6), 720.
Jadhav, S. H. & Bhamburdekar, S. B. (2011). Effect of salicylic acid on germination performance in groundnut. International Journal of Applied Biology and Pharmaceutical Technology, 2(4), 224-227.
Khodarahmpour Z & Hamidi J (2012). Study of yield and yield components of corn (Zea mays L.) inbred lines to drought stress. Afr. J. Biotech. 11, 3099-3105 (2012). DOI: 10.5897/AJB11.2974
Laspina, N. V., Groppa, M. D., Tomaro, M. L. & Benavides, M. P. (2005). Nitric oxide protects sunflower leaves against Cd-induced oxidative stress. Plant Science, 169, 323–330.
Latif, F., Ullah, F., Mehmood, S., Khattak, A., Khan, A. U., Khan, S., & Husain, I. (2016). Effects of salicylic acid on growth and accumulation of phenolics in (Zea mays L.) under drought stress. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B—Soil & Plant Science, 66(4), 325-332.
Li, Q. Y., Niu, H. B., Yin, J., Wang, M. B., Shao, H. B., Deng, D. Z., & Li, Y. C. (2008). Protective role of exogenous nitric oxide against oxidative- stress induced by salt stress in barley (Hordeum vulgare). Colloids Surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 65, 220–225.
Lichtenthaler, H.K. & Wellburn, A.R. (1983). Determination of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b of leaf extracts in different solvents. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 11, 591-592.
Maruri-López, I., Aviles-Baltazar, N. Y., Buchala, A. & Serrano, M. (2019). Intra and extracellular journey of the phytohormone salicylic acid. Front. Plant Sci.28 (3), 56-67.
Maswada, H. F., Abd El-Razek, U. A., El-Sheshtawy, A. N. A., & Elzaawely, A. A. (2018). Morpho-physiological and yield responses to exogenous moringa leaf extract and salicylic acid in maize (Zea mays L.) under water stress. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 64(7), 994-1010.
Nazar, R., Umar, S., Khan, N. A., & Sareer, O. (2015). Salicylic acid supplementation improves photosynthesis and growth in mustard through changes in proline accumulation and ethylene formation under drought stress. South African Journal of Botany, 98, 84-94.
Noreen, S., Athar, H. U. R., & Ashraf, M. (2013). Interactive effects of watering regimes and exogenously applied osmoprotectants on earliness indices and leaf area index in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) crop. Pak J Bot, 45(6), 1873-1881.
Noreen, S., Fatima, K., Athar, H. U. R., Ahmad, S., & Hussain, K. (2017). Enhancement of physio-biochemical parameters of wheat through exogenous application of salicylic acid under drought stress. JAPS:Journal of Animal & Plant Sciences, 27(1).
Premchandra, G.S., Saneoka, H. & Ogata. (1990). Cellmembrane stability an indicator of drought tolerance as affected by applied N in soybean. J. Agric. Soc. Camp. 115, 63-66.
Qaseem, M.F., Qureshi, R. & Shaheen, H. (2019). Effects of pre-anthesis drought, heat and their combination on the growth, yield and physiology of diverse wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes varying in sensitivity to heat and drought stress. Sci. Rep. 9 (1), 6955 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-43477.
Qasim, M., Aziz, M., Nawaz, F., & Arif, M. (2019). Role of salicylic acid and ascorbic acid in alleviating the harmful effects of water stress in Maize (Zea mays L.). Asian Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 7(3), 442-449.
Rao, S. R., Qayyum, A., Razzaq, A., Ahmad, M., Mahmood, I., & Sher, A. (2012). Role of foliar application of salicylic acid and l-tryptophan in drought tolerance of maize. J. Anim. Plant Sci, 22(3), 768-772.
Sedaghat, M., Tahmasebi-Sarvestani, Z., Emam, Y., & Mokhtassi-Bidgoli, A. (2017). Physiological and antioxidant responses of winter wheat cultivars to strigolactone and salicylic acid in drought. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 119, 59-69.
Sharma, A. Wang, J. Xu, D. Tao, S. Chong, S. Yan, D. Li, Z. Yuan, H. & Zheng, B. (2020) Melatonin regulates the functional components of photosynthesis, antioxidant system, gene expression, and metabolic pathways to induce drought resistance in grafted Carya cathayensis plants. Sci. Total Environ. 2020, 713, 136675.
Shemi, R., Wang, R., Gheith, E. S., Hussain, H. A., Hussain, S., Irfan, M., & Wang, L. (2021). Effects of salicylic acid, zinc and glycine betaine on morpho-physiological growth and yield of maize under drought stress. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 1-14 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-82264-7.
Silveira, N.M., Seabra, A.B., Marcos, F.C., Pelegrino, M.T., Machado, E.C., & Ribeiro, R.V. (2019). Encapsulation of S-nitrosoglutathione into chitosan nanoparticles improves drought tolerance of sugarcane plants. Nitric Oxide 84, 38–44.
Sohag, A. A. M., Tahjib-Ul-Arif, M., Brestic, M., Afrin, S., Sakil, M. A., Hossain, M. T. & Hossain, M. A. (2020). Exogenous salicylic acid and hydrogen peroxide attenuate drought stress in rice. Plant, Soil and Environment, 66(1), 7-13.
Song, L., Ding, W., Zhao, M., Sun, B., & Zhang, L. (2006). Nitric oxide protects against oxidative stress under heat stress in the calluses from two ecotypes of reed. Plant Science, 171, 449–458.
Tayyab, N., Naz, R., Yasmin, H., Nosheen, A., Keyani, R., Sajjad, M. & Roberts, T. H. (2020). Combined seed and foliar pre-treatments with exogenous methyl jasmonate and salicylic acid mitigate drought-induced stress in maize. PLoS One, 15(5), e0232269.
Turner NC (1981). Techniques and experimental approaches for the measurement of plant water status. Plant and Soil 58, 339-366.
Wellburn, A.R. (1994). The spectral determination of chlorophyll a & b, as well as total carotenoids, using various solvents with spectrophotometers of different resolution. J. Plant Physiol. 14, 307-313.
Zamaninejad M, KhavariKhorasani S, Jami Moeini M, & Heidarian AR. (2013). Effect of salicylic acid on morphological characteristics, yield and yield components of corn (Zea mays L.) under drought condition. Eur. J. Exp. Biol. 3(2), 153–161.
Ziyomo C, & Bernardo R. (2013). Drought tolerance in maize: indirect selection through secondary traits versus genome wide selection. Crop Sci. 53, 1269–1275.
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Influence of distinctive Osmoprotectnats foliar spray in alleviating the harmful effects of water stress at sensitive growth stages of Maize (Zea mays L.). (2023). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 15(3), 1147-1157. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v15i3.4855
