Reliability of Nonlinear least square broken stick model in quantifying the effects of temperature and photoperiod on flowering of pigeonpea genotypes (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.)
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Abstract
Temperature and photoperiod are two major environmental determinants that affect the flowering time. The information on the effect of temperature and photoperiod on flowering response in pigeonpea is limited and needs updating for new genotypes. The present study aimed to assess the reliability of the Nonlinear least square broken stick model to quantify photothermal effects in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) genotypes. Data at 50 % flowering (FL) from pot, field, and temperature-controlled glasshouse experiments under eight sowing dates were analysed using regression models to describe the individual effect of temperature and photoperiod and photothermal models to quantify the combined effect. The critical photoperiod (Pce)and optimum temperature (To)predicted by the Nonlinear broken stick model for 50 % FL ranged from 12.4 - 13.4 h and 21.0 - 23.5 °C, respectively. The higher Pce reported for extra-early flowering genotype (QPL 1001) indicates that their insensitiveness to a range of photoperiod regimes compared to QPL 941 and ICP 14425 (medium duration). Further, the results also revealed that the time to 50 % FL of genotype QPL 1001 was strongly sensitive to the temperature at sub-optimal range (T < To), with warmer temperatures accelerating reproductive development. In contrast, QPL941 and ICP 14425 were sensitive to supra-optimal temperature (T > To), with flowering being delayed in warmer temperatures. The parameters (To and Pce) derived from Nonlinear least square broken stick model can be used as a proxy to identify photoperiod insensitivity in pigeopea genotypes.
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Keywords
Critical photoperiod, Nonlinear least square broken stick model, Optimum temperature, Photothermal model
References
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Akshaya, M., Geetha, K., Nimalakumar, A., Sharavanan, P.T., Sivakumar, C & Parasuraman, P. (2023). Genetic Variability, Correlation and Principal Component Analysis for Yield Related Traits in Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.].Legume Research - An International Journal 1-5. doi.org/10.18805/LR-5117.
Carberry, P. S. R., Chauhan, Y.S. & Robertson, M.J. (2001). Predicting growth and development of pigeonpea: Flowering response to photoperiod. Field Crop Research, 69, 151-162. doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4290(00)00138-6.
Chauhan, Y. S., Venkadaratnam, N. & Sheldrake, A. R. (2009). Factors affecting growth and yield of short-duration pigeonpea and its potential for multiple harvests. The Journal of Agricultural Science,109, 519 – 529.. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0021859600081739.
Chauhan, Y. S., Wallace, D. H., Johansen, C. & Singh, L. (1998). Genotype-by-environment interaction effect on yield and its physiological bases in short-duration pigeonpea. Field Crops Research, 59, 141-150. doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4290(98)00117-8.
De, Biman., Das, Partha. & Awasthi, D.P., Thangjam, Budhachandra., Das, Banani. & Hazari, Sujoy. (2023). Identifying a viable Agro-technique to improve productivity of medium-duration pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) in north-eastern hills of India. Indian Journal of Agronomy 68 (1), 37 - 43.
Faraway, J. J. (2009). Texts in Statistical Science 'Linear Models with R', Chapman & Hall/CRC.
Hemavathy, Thanga., Anantharaju, P., Kavitha, S. & Dhanushkodi. (2023). Investigation of Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) germplasm for drought tolerance dynamics. The Pharma Innovation Journal 1064 - 1067. http://www.thepharmajournal.com/.
Hussain, M. E., Sharma, H., Joel, A.J. & Kilian, B. (2022). Photoperiod Insensitivity in Pigeonpea Introgression Lines Derived from Wild Cajanus Species, Agronomy, 12 (6), 1370. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12061370.
Imrie, B. C & Lawn, R. J. (2008). Time to Flowering of Mung Bean (Vigna radiata) Genotypes and their Hybrids in Response to Photoperiod and Temperature. Experimental Agriculture, 26, 307-318. doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700018470.
Li, Xinyong., Sheng, Wei., Dong, Qianzhen., Huang, Rui., Dong, Rongshu., Liu, Guodao., Ding, Xipeng & Jingwen, Zhang. (2023). "Analysis of seed production and seed shattering in a new artificial grassland forage: Pigeonpea." Frontiers in Plant Science 1 - 12. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1146398.
Mahendraraj, S., Collins, M., Chauhan, C., Mellor, V. & Rachaputi, RCN. (2021). Genotypic variation in cardinal temperatures and thermal time for germination and seedling emergence of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan [L.} Millps.). Experimental Results, 2, e39. https://doi.org/10.1017/exp.2021.31.
Major, D.J. & Kiniry, J.R. (1990). Predicting crop phenology, Predicting daylength effects on phenological processes, 16 -25.
McPherson, H. G. (1985). The effects of temperature and day length on the rate of development of pigeonpea. Annals of botany, 56, 597-611. doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a087050.
Omanga, P. A., Summerfield, RJ & Qi, A. (2008). Flowering in Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) in Kenya: Responses of Medium- and Late-maturing Genotypes to Location and Date of Sowing. Experimental Agriculture, 32, 111-128. doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a087050.
Omanga, P. A., Summerfield, R.J & Qi, A. (1995). Flowering of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) in Kenya: Response of early-maturing genotypes to location and date of sowing. Field Crop Research, 41, 25-34. doi.org/10.1016/0378-4290(94)00106-M.
Rachaputi, C.N., Motuma Bedane, G., Broad, J.I. & Diefel, S.K. (2018). Genotype, Row Spacing and Environment Interaction for Productivity and Grain Quality of Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) in sub-tropical Australia. Biosciences, Biotechnology Research Asia, 15, 27-38.
Rao, S. C., Saxena, K.B., Pechersk, L.B. & Reddy, V.R. (2002). Modelling pigeonpea phenology. International Journal of Botany, 31, 85-100. http://oar.icrisat.org/id/eprint/4896.
Roberts, E. H., Qi, A., Ellis, R.H., Summerfield, R.J., Lawn, R.J. & Shanmugasundaram, S. (1996). Use of field Observations to characterise genotypic flowering responses to photoperiod and temperature: a Soyabean Exemplar. Theory of Applied Genetics, 93, 519-533. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00417943.
Saxena, K.B., Wallis, E.S., Chauhan, Y.S. & Byth, D.E. (2021). "Inheritance of photoperiod sensitivity in pigeonpea." Indian Journal of Genetics 81(1): 56 - 62. doi: 10.31742/IJGPB.81.1.6.
Sharma, D. L. (1980) International Adaptation of Pigeon pea. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Pigeonpea Improvement, ICRISAT Centre, Patancheru, India. 82-93.
Sharma, P., Singh, Inderjit., Khosala, Gaurav., Singh, Gujreet., Singh, Satinder., Dhaliwal, Sandeep Kaur & Singh, Sarvjeet. (2023). Variability and Association Studies for Yield and Yield Related Traits in Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.]. Legume Research - An International Journal 46 (5): 567 - 573. doi: org/10.18805/LR-4374.
Silim, S. N., Coeb, R., Omanga, P.A. & Gwataa, E.T. (2006). Response of pigeonpea genotypes of different duration types to variation in temperature and photoperiod under field conditions in Kenya. Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, 4, 209-214. http://oar.icrisat.org/id/eprint/2498.
Sindhu, S.K., Kaur, J., Singh, I. (2017). Agroclimatic indices and phenology of pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.]. Journal of Agrometeorology, 19 (2), 129 - 133. https://doi.org/10.54386/jam.v19i2.685.
Soltani, A., Hammer, G. L., Torabi, B., Robertson, M. J & Zeinali, E. (2006). Modelling chickpea growth and
development: Phenological development. Field Crops
Research, 99, 1-13. doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2006.02.004.
Sridhara, Shangarappa., Manoj, Konapura Nagaraja., Gopakkall, Kasyap, Grish R., Das, Bappa., Singh, Kamlesh Kumar Srivastava & Amit Kumar (2023). Evaluation of machine learning approaches for prediction of pigonpea yield based on weather parameters in India. International Journal of Biometeorology 67, 165 - 180. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-022-02396-x
Summerfield, R. J., Hadley, P., Roberts, E. H., Minchin, F. R. & Rawsthorne, S. (2008). Sensitivity of Chickpeas (Cicer arietinum) to Hot Temperatures during the Reproductive Period. Experimental Agriculture, 20, 77-93. doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700017610.
Summerfield, R. J., Roberts, E. H., Ellis, R. H. & Lawn, R. J. (2008). Towards the Reliable Prediction of Time to Flowering in Six Annual Crops. I. The Development of Simple Models for Fluctuating Field Environments. Experimental Agriculture, 27, 11-31. doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700019165.
Summerfield, R. J., Roberts, E.H., Eskine, W. & Ellis, R.H. (1985). Effects of Temperature and Photoperiod in Flowering in Lentils (Lena culinaris Medic) Annals of Botany, 56, 659-671. doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjourn als.aob.a087055.
Tiwari, A K., Kumar, A.K., Bhoware, A & Sahare, D. (2017). Pigeonpea production technology. Directorate of Pulses Development, Bhopal, Government of India. Accessed 1 - 2.
Turnbull, H. L. & Ellis, M.L. (1987). Effect of Incandescent and Fluorescent Lighting. Used in Photoperiod Extension on the Vegetative Growth and Floral Development of Four Lines of Pigeon pea. Field Crop Research, 17, 25-36. doi.org/10.1016/0378-4290(87)90079-7.
Vales, M.I.; Srivastava, R.K.; Sultana, R., Singh, S., Singh, I., Singh, G.; Patil, S.B., Saxena, K.B. Breeding for Earliness in Pigeonpea: Development of New Determinate and Nondeterminate Lines. Crop Sci. 2012, 52, 2507–2516.
Vanaja, M.,Mahenwary,M.,Sathish,P.,Vageera,P., Jothilakshmi,N.,Vijeyakumar,G.,Yadav,S.K., Razzaq,A.,Singh, J. & Sarkar,B. (2015). Genotypic variability in physiological, biomass and yield response to drought stress in pigeonpe, Physiological and Molecular Biology in Plants, 21, 541 - 549. doi: 10.1007/s12298-015-0324-0. Epub 2015 Oct 15.
Yadav, M.K., Patel, C., Singh, R.S., Singh, K.K., Balasubramanian, R., Mall, R.K., Singh, M.K. & Yadav, S.K. (2021). Assessment of climate change impact on different pigeonpea maturity groups in north Indian condition. Journal of Agrometeorology, 23(1), 82 – 92). https://doi.org/10.54386/jam.v23i1.92.
Akshaya, M., Geetha, K., Nimalakumar, A., Sharavanan, P.T., Sivakumar, C & Parasuraman, P. (2023). Genetic Variability, Correlation and Principal Component Analysis for Yield Related Traits in Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.].Legume Research - An International Journal 1-5. doi.org/10.18805/LR-5117.
Carberry, P. S. R., Chauhan, Y.S. & Robertson, M.J. (2001). Predicting growth and development of pigeonpea: Flowering response to photoperiod. Field Crop Research, 69, 151-162. doi.org/10.1016/S0378-4290(00)00138-6.
Chauhan, Y. S., Venkadaratnam, N. & Sheldrake, A. R. (2009). Factors affecting growth and yield of short-duration pigeonpea and its potential for multiple harvests. The Journal of Agricultural Science,109, 519 – 529.. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0021859600081739.
Chauhan, Y. S., Wallace, D. H., Johansen, C. & Singh, L. (1998). Genotype-by-environment interaction effect on yield and its physiological bases in short-duration pigeonpea. Field Crops Research, 59, 141-150. doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4290(98)00117-8.
De, Biman., Das, Partha. & Awasthi, D.P., Thangjam, Budhachandra., Das, Banani. & Hazari, Sujoy. (2023). Identifying a viable Agro-technique to improve productivity of medium-duration pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) in north-eastern hills of India. Indian Journal of Agronomy 68 (1), 37 - 43.
Faraway, J. J. (2009). Texts in Statistical Science 'Linear Models with R', Chapman & Hall/CRC.
Hemavathy, Thanga., Anantharaju, P., Kavitha, S. & Dhanushkodi. (2023). Investigation of Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) germplasm for drought tolerance dynamics. The Pharma Innovation Journal 1064 - 1067. http://www.thepharmajournal.com/.
Hussain, M. E., Sharma, H., Joel, A.J. & Kilian, B. (2022). Photoperiod Insensitivity in Pigeonpea Introgression Lines Derived from Wild Cajanus Species, Agronomy, 12 (6), 1370. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12061370.
Imrie, B. C & Lawn, R. J. (2008). Time to Flowering of Mung Bean (Vigna radiata) Genotypes and their Hybrids in Response to Photoperiod and Temperature. Experimental Agriculture, 26, 307-318. doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700018470.
Li, Xinyong., Sheng, Wei., Dong, Qianzhen., Huang, Rui., Dong, Rongshu., Liu, Guodao., Ding, Xipeng & Jingwen, Zhang. (2023). "Analysis of seed production and seed shattering in a new artificial grassland forage: Pigeonpea." Frontiers in Plant Science 1 - 12. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1146398.
Mahendraraj, S., Collins, M., Chauhan, C., Mellor, V. & Rachaputi, RCN. (2021). Genotypic variation in cardinal temperatures and thermal time for germination and seedling emergence of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan [L.} Millps.). Experimental Results, 2, e39. https://doi.org/10.1017/exp.2021.31.
Major, D.J. & Kiniry, J.R. (1990). Predicting crop phenology, Predicting daylength effects on phenological processes, 16 -25.
McPherson, H. G. (1985). The effects of temperature and day length on the rate of development of pigeonpea. Annals of botany, 56, 597-611. doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a087050.
Omanga, P. A., Summerfield, RJ & Qi, A. (2008). Flowering in Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) in Kenya: Responses of Medium- and Late-maturing Genotypes to Location and Date of Sowing. Experimental Agriculture, 32, 111-128. doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a087050.
Omanga, P. A., Summerfield, R.J & Qi, A. (1995). Flowering of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) in Kenya: Response of early-maturing genotypes to location and date of sowing. Field Crop Research, 41, 25-34. doi.org/10.1016/0378-4290(94)00106-M.
Rachaputi, C.N., Motuma Bedane, G., Broad, J.I. & Diefel, S.K. (2018). Genotype, Row Spacing and Environment Interaction for Productivity and Grain Quality of Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) in sub-tropical Australia. Biosciences, Biotechnology Research Asia, 15, 27-38.
Rao, S. C., Saxena, K.B., Pechersk, L.B. & Reddy, V.R. (2002). Modelling pigeonpea phenology. International Journal of Botany, 31, 85-100. http://oar.icrisat.org/id/eprint/4896.
Roberts, E. H., Qi, A., Ellis, R.H., Summerfield, R.J., Lawn, R.J. & Shanmugasundaram, S. (1996). Use of field Observations to characterise genotypic flowering responses to photoperiod and temperature: a Soyabean Exemplar. Theory of Applied Genetics, 93, 519-533. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00417943.
Saxena, K.B., Wallis, E.S., Chauhan, Y.S. & Byth, D.E. (2021). "Inheritance of photoperiod sensitivity in pigeonpea." Indian Journal of Genetics 81(1): 56 - 62. doi: 10.31742/IJGPB.81.1.6.
Sharma, D. L. (1980) International Adaptation of Pigeon pea. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Pigeonpea Improvement, ICRISAT Centre, Patancheru, India. 82-93.
Sharma, P., Singh, Inderjit., Khosala, Gaurav., Singh, Gujreet., Singh, Satinder., Dhaliwal, Sandeep Kaur & Singh, Sarvjeet. (2023). Variability and Association Studies for Yield and Yield Related Traits in Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.]. Legume Research - An International Journal 46 (5): 567 - 573. doi: org/10.18805/LR-4374.
Silim, S. N., Coeb, R., Omanga, P.A. & Gwataa, E.T. (2006). Response of pigeonpea genotypes of different duration types to variation in temperature and photoperiod under field conditions in Kenya. Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, 4, 209-214. http://oar.icrisat.org/id/eprint/2498.
Sindhu, S.K., Kaur, J., Singh, I. (2017). Agroclimatic indices and phenology of pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.]. Journal of Agrometeorology, 19 (2), 129 - 133. https://doi.org/10.54386/jam.v19i2.685.
Soltani, A., Hammer, G. L., Torabi, B., Robertson, M. J & Zeinali, E. (2006). Modelling chickpea growth and
development: Phenological development. Field Crops
Research, 99, 1-13. doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2006.02.004.
Sridhara, Shangarappa., Manoj, Konapura Nagaraja., Gopakkall, Kasyap, Grish R., Das, Bappa., Singh, Kamlesh Kumar Srivastava & Amit Kumar (2023). Evaluation of machine learning approaches for prediction of pigonpea yield based on weather parameters in India. International Journal of Biometeorology 67, 165 - 180. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-022-02396-x
Summerfield, R. J., Hadley, P., Roberts, E. H., Minchin, F. R. & Rawsthorne, S. (2008). Sensitivity of Chickpeas (Cicer arietinum) to Hot Temperatures during the Reproductive Period. Experimental Agriculture, 20, 77-93. doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700017610.
Summerfield, R. J., Roberts, E. H., Ellis, R. H. & Lawn, R. J. (2008). Towards the Reliable Prediction of Time to Flowering in Six Annual Crops. I. The Development of Simple Models for Fluctuating Field Environments. Experimental Agriculture, 27, 11-31. doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700019165.
Summerfield, R. J., Roberts, E.H., Eskine, W. & Ellis, R.H. (1985). Effects of Temperature and Photoperiod in Flowering in Lentils (Lena culinaris Medic) Annals of Botany, 56, 659-671. doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjourn als.aob.a087055.
Tiwari, A K., Kumar, A.K., Bhoware, A & Sahare, D. (2017). Pigeonpea production technology. Directorate of Pulses Development, Bhopal, Government of India. Accessed 1 - 2.
Turnbull, H. L. & Ellis, M.L. (1987). Effect of Incandescent and Fluorescent Lighting. Used in Photoperiod Extension on the Vegetative Growth and Floral Development of Four Lines of Pigeon pea. Field Crop Research, 17, 25-36. doi.org/10.1016/0378-4290(87)90079-7.
Vales, M.I.; Srivastava, R.K.; Sultana, R., Singh, S., Singh, I., Singh, G.; Patil, S.B., Saxena, K.B. Breeding for Earliness in Pigeonpea: Development of New Determinate and Nondeterminate Lines. Crop Sci. 2012, 52, 2507–2516.
Vanaja, M.,Mahenwary,M.,Sathish,P.,Vageera,P., Jothilakshmi,N.,Vijeyakumar,G.,Yadav,S.K., Razzaq,A.,Singh, J. & Sarkar,B. (2015). Genotypic variability in physiological, biomass and yield response to drought stress in pigeonpe, Physiological and Molecular Biology in Plants, 21, 541 - 549. doi: 10.1007/s12298-015-0324-0. Epub 2015 Oct 15.
Yadav, M.K., Patel, C., Singh, R.S., Singh, K.K., Balasubramanian, R., Mall, R.K., Singh, M.K. & Yadav, S.K. (2021). Assessment of climate change impact on different pigeonpea maturity groups in north Indian condition. Journal of Agrometeorology, 23(1), 82 – 92). https://doi.org/10.54386/jam.v23i1.92.
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Reliability of Nonlinear least square broken stick model in quantifying the effects of temperature and photoperiod on flowering of pigeonpea genotypes (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.). (2024). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 16(2), 508-518. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v16i2.4840
