##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.main##

R. Surya Raj S.V. Krishnamoorthy A. Suganthi C. Kavitha S. Karthikeyan Ashok Kumar Karedla P. Karthik J. Kousika

Abstract

Emamectin benzoate has been frequently used in the banana ecosystem to combat the damage of pseudostem weevil. Therefore, the present study was conducted to validate the method, to assess harvest time residues and monitor emamectin benzoate residues in mature banana peel and pulp samples through LC-MS/MS. The validated method was used to determine emamectin benzoate residue in market banana samples. The study used Waters Alliance LC and Acquity TQD with an electrospray ionization interface in the positive ion mode. An isocratic flow of 0.1% formic acid (HCOOH) in water and 0.1% HCOOH in acetonitrile (CH3CN) was utilised for separation. CH3CN was utilised to extract emamectin benzoate residue from the samples, and a dispersive solid-phase extraction technique was used for subsequent cleanup. Linearity tests were performed with standard solutions containing 0.01 to 0.1 g mL-1, with three replicates for each concentration. For mature banana peel & pulp and mature banana pulp matrices, satisfactory recoveries of 79.85 to 95.09% and 89.20 to 100.94%, respectively and high precision relative standard deviations of 0.56 to 2.34% and 2.33 to 6.88%, respectively were obtained. For mature banana (peel and pulp, pulp alone) fruits, the lower detection and quantification limits were (0.003, 0.008), and (0.002, 0.007). The validated approach was utilised to analyse mature banana fruit samples obtained from emamectin benzoate treated fields and banana samples purchased from the local market.  Results showed satisfactory validation of parameters like linearity, the limit of detection and quantification, and recovery for determining emamectin benzoate residues in banana fruit.

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##

##plugins.themes.bootstrap3.article.details##

Keywords

Emamectin benzoate, LC-MS/MS, Mature banana, Recovery, Residues

References
Khoozani, A., Birch, J.& Bekhit, A. E. D. A. (2019). Production, application and health effects of banana pulp and peel flour in the food industry. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 56, 548-559. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-018-03562-z
Anastassiades, M., Lehotay, S. J., Štajnbaher, D. & Schenck, F. J. (2003). Fast and easy multiresidue method employing acetonitrile extraction/partitioning and “dispersive solid-phase extraction” for the determination of pesticide residues in produce. Journal of AOAC International, 86(2), 412-431.https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/8 6.2.4 12
Boots, A. W., Haenen, G. R. & Bast, A. (2008). Health effects of quercetin: from antioxidant to nutraceutical. European Journal of Pharmacology, 585(2-3), 325-337.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.03.008
Central insecticide board and registration committee (2023). Major uses of insecticides. Retrieved from https://ppqs.gov.in/divisions/cib-rc/major-uses-of-pesticides.
Chowdhury, S. K. (2015). Study on Major Insect Pests Andmajor Diseases of Banana of Malda, West Bengal, India. Indian Journal of Applied Research, 5(8).
Deng, L., Chen, L., Guan, S., Liu, J., Liang, J., Li, X. & Li, Z. (2020). Dissipation of emamectin benzoate residues in rice and rice-growing environments. Molecules, 25(3), 483.https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25030483
Dybas, R. A., Hilton, N. J., Babu, J. R., Preiser, F. A. & Dolce, G. J. (1989). Novel second-generation avermectin insecticides and miticides for crop protection. Novel Microbial Products for Medicine and Agriculture, 203-212.
Fu, J., Li, Z., Huang, R., Wang, S., Huang, C., Cheng, D. &Zhang, Z. (2016). Dissipation, residue, and distribution of pyraclostrobin in banana and soil under field conditions in South China. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 96(14), 1367-1377.https://doi.org/10.10 80/03067319.2016.1255734
Grosman, D. M. & Upton, W. W. (2006). Efficacy of systemic insecticides for protection of loblolly pine against southern pine engraver beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) and wood borers (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae). Journal of Economic Entomology, 99(1), 94-101.https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/99.1.94
Hernandez-Borges, J., Cabrera, J. C., Rodríguez-Delgado, M. Á., Hernández-Suárez, E. M. & Sauco, V. G. (2009). Analysis of pesticide residues in bananas harvested in the Canary Islands (Spain). Food Chemistry, 113(1), 313-319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2008.07.042
Jansson, R. K., Peterson, R. F., Halliday, W. R., Mookerjee, P. K. &Dybas, R. A. (1996). Efficacy of solid formulations of emamectin benzoate at controlling lepidopterous pests. Florida Entomologist, 434-434.
Jyot, G., Mandal, K., Chahil, G. S. & Singh, B. (2014). Persistence and risk assessment of emamectin benzoate residues on okra fruits and soil. Environmental Technology, 35(14), 1736-1743.https://doi.org/10.1080/09593 330.2014.881420
Kannan, M.,Padmanaban, B., Anbalagan, S. & Krishnan, M. (2021). A review on monitoring and Integrated management of Banana Pseudostem Weevil, Odoiporuslongicollis Oliver (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in India. International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42690-021-00594-5
Liu, S., Zhang, F., Wang, L. & Pan, C. (2012). Dissipation and residues of emamectin benzoate in cabbage. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 89, 654-657. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-012-0729-1
Malhat, F., Fayz, A. E. S., Loutfy, N. M. & Ahmed, M. T. (2013). Residues and dissipation of the pesticide emamectin benzoate under Egyptian field condition: a case study. Toxicological & Environmental Chemistry, 95(7), 1099-1107.https://doi.org/10.1080/02772248.20n 13.8 65908
Masson-Matthee, M. D. (2007). The Codex Alimentarius Commission and its standards. The Hague: TMC Asser Press.
Ouyang, X., Fan, Q., Chen, A. & Huang, J. (2023). Effects of trunk injection with emamectin benzoate on arthropod diversity. Pest Management Science, 79(3), 935-946. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.7264
Padmanaban, B. (2018). Pests of banana. Pests and Their Management, 441-455. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8687-8_13
Paranthaman, R., Sudha, A. & Kumaravel, S. (2012). Determination of pesticide residues in banana by using high performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, 8(1), 1-6.
Reddy, B. K. K., Bhuvaneswari, K.,Suganthi, A., Paramasivam, M. & Geetha, P. (2021). Dissipation kinetics and dietary risk of emamectin benzoate in grapes using liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometry. ANGRAU, 1.
Reddy, D. S., Madhumati, C. & Nagaraju, R. (2020). Evaluation of insecticdes and non-edible oils against Banana stem weevil. Indian Journal of Entomology, 82(2), 393-39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/0974-8172.2020.00086.3
SANTE (11312/2021) – Guidance document on analytical quality control and method validation procedures for pesticide residue analysis in food and feed. European Commission Directorate – General for Health and Safety.
Santilio, A., Girolimetti, S. & Barbini, D. A. (2014). Estimation of the validation parameters for a fast analysis of herbicide residues by LC-MS/MS. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 31(5), 845-851.https://doi.org/10.108 0/19440049.2014.891296
Singh, B., Singh, J. P., Kaur, A. &Singh, N. (2016). Bioactive compounds in banana and their associated health benefits–A review. Food Chemistry, 206, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.03.033
Smeraglia, J., Baldrey, S. F. & Watson, D. (2002). Matrix effects and selectivity issues in LC-MS-MS. Chromatographia, 55, S95-S99.https://doi.org/10.10 07/BF02493363
Suganthi, A., Nikita, S. A.,Kousika, J., Bhuvaneswari, K. & Sridharan, S. (2018). Determination of thiamethoxam residues in banana stem and fruit through LC-MS/MS.  Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 190(5), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-018-6655-x
Wang, L., Zhao, P., Zhang, F., Li, Y., Du, F. & Pan, C. (2012). Dissipation and residue behavior of emamectin benzoate on apple and cabbage field application. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 78, 260-264.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2011.11.031
Wang, R., Liu, B., Zheng, Q., Qin, D., Luo, P., Zhao, W. & Zhang, Z. (2021). Residue and dissipation of two formulations of emamectin benzoate in tender cowpea and old cowpea and a risk assessment of dietary intake. Food Chemistry, 361, 130043.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodche m.2021.130043
Zhang, K., Wong, J. W., Yang, P., Tech, K., DiBenedetto, A. L., Lee, N. S. & Schreiber, A. (2011). Multiresidue pesticide analysis of agricultural commodities using acetonitrile salt-out extraction, dispersive solid-phase sample cleanup, and high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 59(14), 7636-7646. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf2010723
Zhou, L., Luo, F., Zhang, X., Jiang, Y., Lou, Z. & Chen, Z. (2016). Dissipation, transfer and safety evaluation of emamectin benzoate in tea. Food Chemistry, 202, 199-204.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.11.069
Section
Research Articles

How to Cite

Method validation and monitoring of emamectin benzoate in mature banana fruit with peel and pulp through Liquid chromatography-Mass spectrometry/ Mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). (2023). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 15(3), 1230-1236. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v15i3.4828