Estimation of Sensor-based site specific variable rate fertilizer application for maize (Zea mays L.) crop
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Abstract
Optical spectrometry sensors in crops offer a remarkable technological breakthrough in the field of variable-rate nitrogen fertilization. A field study was conducted during rainy (kharif) season of 2021 at the research farm of the Agricultural Engineering College and Research Institute Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Coimbatore to estimate maize crop nitrogen (N), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) value and chlorophyll content in hybrid maize COH (M) 8. Fertilizers were administered to the plots following the recommendations (250:75:75 kg NPK ha-1) given under Soil Test Crop Response, with a goal yield of 9t ha-1 predicted based on the initial soil available N, P, and K values. The experimental findings revealed a significant impact of nitrogen rate (P<0.001) on the percentage of nitrogen content in the leaves (% N leaf content). Additionally, there was a decrease in maize leaf chlorophyll content index over time, with ranges of 32.96 to 50.57, 28.78 to 41.78, 24.81 to 35.86, 22.12 to 28.54, and 14.34 to 20.56. On the contrary, the NDVI experienced an increase throughout the season, with ranges of 0.32 to 0.49, 0.30 to 0.55, 0.28 to 0.66, 0.46 to 0.88, and 0.56 to 0.84. The study will help foster sustainability within modern intensive farming practices by emphasizing the importance of reducing environmental pollution caused by applying Sensor-based site-specific nitrogen fertilizer for maize crop.
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Keywords
Chlorophyll content Index, Optical sensors, NDVI Value, Nitrogen fertilization
References
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Arnon, D.I. (1949). Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts Polyphenoloxidase in Beta vulgaris. Plant Physiology, 24,115.
Barbieri, P., Pellerin, S., Seufert, V.; Smith, L., Ramankutty, N. & Nesme, T. (2021).Global option space for organic agriculture is delimited by nitrogen availability. Nat. Food., 2, 363–372.
Bojtor,C., Illés, A., Mohammad, S.N., Sze´les, A., To´th, B., Nagy, J.& Marton., C.L.(2021). Evaluation of the nutrient composition of maize in different NPK fertilizer levels based on multivariate method analysis. International Journal of Agronomy, 2021, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5537549.
Burns, B.W., Steven, G.V., Hashem, A.A., Massey, J.H., Shew, A.M., Arlene, M. A., Borbe, A. & Milad, M. (2022). Determining nitrogen defciencies for maize using various remote sensing indices. Precision Agriculture, 23, 791–811. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11119-021-09861-4
Cornell University. Nutrient Management Spear Program, Agronomy Fact Sheet 84 (2019). Crop Vigor Sensing for Variable-Rate Nitrogen. Ithaca, USA. http://nmsp.cals.cornell.edu/guidelines/factsheets.
Crain, J., Ortiz-Monasterio, I. & Raun, B. (2012). Evaluation of a reduced cost active NDVI sensor for crop nutrient management. Journal of Sensors, 2012, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/582028
Department of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, Government of India (2022). State of Indian Agriculture. Retrieved from https://agricoop.nic.in/Documents/annual_report_english_2022
Dhakal ,K., Baral,B.R., Pokhrel,K.R., Pandit ,N.R., Gaihre,Y.K. & Vista,S.P.(2021).Optimizing N fertilization for increasing yield and profits of rainfed maize grown under sandy loam soil. Nitrogen, 2, 359–377. https://doi.org/10.3390/nitrogen2030025
Deng, F., Li, W., Wang, L., Hu, H., Liao, S., Pu, S.L., Tao, Y.F., Li, G.H.& Ren, W.J.(2021).Effect of controlled-release fertilizers on leaf characteristics, grain yield, and nitrogen use efficiency of machine-transplanted rice in southwest China. Arch. Agron. Soil Sci., 67, 1739–1753.
Elsaid, E. & Silva, R. (2017). Potential of sun hemp residue to provide potato with adequate nitrogen .Journal of Plant Nutrition, 40(6), 851-860. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2016.1262397
Edalat,M., Naderi,R. & Egan,T.P.(2019).Corn nitrogen management using NDVI and SPAD sensorbased data under conventional vs. reduced tillage systems. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 42(18), 2310–2322. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2019.1648686
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Rome (2021).World Food and Agriculture Statistical Yearbook. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/3/a-i4324e.pdf
Ghasemi, M., Arzani, K., Yadollahi, A., Ghasemi, S. & Khorrami, S.S. (2011). Estimate of leaf chlorophyll and nitrogen content in asian pear (Pyrus serotina Rehd.) by CCM-200. Notulae Scientia Biologicae, 3(1), 91-97. DOI: 10.15835/nsb315623.
Hiscox, J.D. & Israelstam, G.F. (1979). A method for the extraction of chlorophyll from leaf tissue without maceration. Canadian Journal of Botany, 57, 1332-1334.
Jackson, M. L. (1967). Soil chemical analysis. Prentice Hall of India Private Limited. New Delhi.
Jackson, M. L. (1973). Soil Chemical Analysis. Prentice Hall India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
Jaroonchon, N., Krisanapook, K. & Phavaphutanon, L. (2010). Correlation between pummelo leaf nitrogen concentrations determined by combustion method and kjeldahl method and their relationship with SPAD Values from portable chlorophyll meter. Kasetsart J. Nat. Sci., 44, 800 - 807.
Jiang, J., Wang, C., Wang, H., Fu, Z., Cao, Q., Tian, Y., Zhu, Y., Cao, W. & Liu, X. (2021). Evaluation of three portable optical sensors for non-destructive diagnosis of nitrogen status in winter wheat. Sensors, 21, 5579. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21165579
Johnson, G. V. & Raun, W. R. (2003). Nitrogen response index as a guide to fertilizer management. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 26, 249–262.
Johnston, A. M., Khurana, H. S., Majumdar, K. & Satyanarayana, T. (2009). Site specific nutrient management-concept, current research and future challenges in Indian agriculture. J. Ind. Soc. Soil Sci., 57(1), 1-10.
Kim, Y.J., Kim, H.J., Ryu, K.H. & Rhee, J.Y. (2008). Fertiliser application performance of a variable-rate pneumatic granular applicator for rice production. Biosyst. Eng., 100, 498–510.
Kowalczyk-Jusko A. & Koscik, B. (2002). Possible use of the chlorophyll meter (SPAD-502) for evaluation nitrogen nutrition of the Virginia tobacco. Electronic Journal of Polish Agricultural Universities, 5(1), 05.
Kronzucker, H.J., Schjoering, J.K., Erner, Y., Kirk, G.J.D., Siddiqi, M.Y. & Glass, A.D.M. (1998). Dynamic interactions between root influx and long distance N translocation in rice: insights into feedback processes. Plant Cell Physiology, 39, 1287–1293.
Liang, H., Yang, S., Xu, J. & Hu, K. (2021). Modeling water consumption, N fates, and rice yield for water-saving and conventional rice production systems. Soil Tillage Res., 209, 104944.
Li, L., Qin, Y., Liu, Y., Hu, Y. & Fan, M. (2012). Leaf positions of potato suitable for determination of nitrogen content with a SPAD meter. Plant Production Science, 15(4), 317-322. https://doi.org/10.1626/pps.15.317
Li, R., Chen, J., Qin, Y. & Fan, M. (2019). Possibility of using a SPAD chlorophyll meter to establish a normalized threshold index of nitrogen status in different potato cultivars.Journal of Plant Nutrition, 42(8), 834-841, https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2019.1584215
Mirzakhaninafchi, H., Singh, M., Dixit, A.K., Prakash, A., Sharda, S., Kaur, J. & Nafchi, A.M. (2022). Performance Assessment of a Sensor-Based Variable-Rate Real-Time Fertilizer Applicator for Rice Crop. Sustainability, 14, 11209. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141811209
Modolo, L.V., Da-Silva, C.J., Brandão, D.S. & Chaves, I.S. (2018). A mini review on what we have learned about urease inhibitors of agricultural interest since mid-2000s. J. Adv. Res., 13, 29–37.
Naser, M. A., Khosla, R., Longchamps, L. & Dahal,S. (2020).Using NDVI to differentiate wheat genotypes productivity under dryland and irrigated conditions. Remote Sens., 12, 824. doi:10.3390/rs12050824
Okalebo, J. R., Gathua, K. W. & Woomer, P. L. (2002). Laboratory methods of soil and plant analysis: a working manual second edition. Sacred Africa, Nairobi, 21.
Package of Practices for the Crops of Punjab. Rabi 2019–2020.
Piper, C. S. (1966). Soil and Plant Analysis, Academic Press New York USA, 47-77.
Piper, C. S. (2002). Soil and Plant Analysis, Academic Press, New York USA, 47-77.
Preza Fontes, G., Bhattarai, R., Christianson, L. E. & Pittelkow, C. M. (2019). Combining environmental monitoring and remote sensing technologies to evaluate cropping system nitrogen dynamics at the feld-scale. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 3, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2019.00008.
Raun, W.R., Solie, J.B., Martin, K.L., Freeman, K.W., Stone, M.L., Johnson, G.V. & Mullen, R.W. (2005). Growth stage, development, and spatial variability in corn evaluated using optical sensor readings. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 28 (1), 173- 180.
Sandhu, N., Sethi, M., Kumar, A., Dang, D., Singh, J.& Chhuneja, P. (2021).Biochemical and genetic approaches improving nitrogen use efficiency in cereal crops: a review. Front. Plant Sci.,12, 657629. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2021.657629
Shi,Z., Liu,D., Luo,W., Hafeez,M.B., Li,J, Wen,P. & Wang,X.(2022). Combined nitrogen and phosphorus management based on nitrate nitrogen threshold for balancing crop yield and soil nitrogen supply capacity. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, 58, 337., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2022.108071
Singh, A., Sarkar, S., Jaswal, A. and Sahoo, S. (2022). On-farm Evaluation of leaf colour chart and chlorophyll meter for need-based nitrogen management in kharif maize (Zea mays L.). Legume Research, 1-5. https://DOI: 10.18805/LR-4972.
Singh, J. & Singh, V. (2022).Chlorophyll meter based precision nitrogen management in spring maize. Journal Of Plant Nutrition ,17-27.https://doi.org/10.1080/0190 4167.2022.2071727
Singh, V., Kaur, K., Singh, M.R., Singh, M., Singh, H. & Singh, B. (2021). Prediction of grain yield and nitrogen uptake by basmati rice through in-season proximal sensing with a canopy reflectance sensor. Precis. Agric. 2021, 23, 733–747.
Soil Test Crop Response Studies (STCR) ICAR – AICRP Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry, TNAU, Coimbatore, 2018.
Subbiah, B.V. & Asija, G.L. (1956). A rapid procedure for the determination of available nitrogen in soils. Current Science, 25, 259-260.
Walkley, A. J. & Black, C. A. (1973). An examination of the method for determining soil organic matter and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration. J. Soil Sci., 37, 28-29.
Wang,Y. & Lu,Y.(2020).Evaluating the potential health and economic effects of nitrogen fertilizer application in grain production systems of China. J. Clean. Prod., 264, 121635.
Wilkinson, S., Weston, A. K. & Marks, D. J. (2019). Stabilising Urea amine nitrogen increases potato tuber yield by increasing chlorophyll content, reducing shoot growth rate and increasing biomass partitioning to roots and tubers. Potato Research, 63,217–239.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11540-019-09436-x.
Xu, J., Peng, S., Yang, S. & Wang, W. (2012).Ammonia volatilization losses from a rice paddy with different irrigation and nitrogen managements. Agric. Water Manag., 104, 184–192.
Arnon, D.I. (1949). Copper enzymes in isolated chloroplasts Polyphenoloxidase in Beta vulgaris. Plant Physiology, 24,115.
Barbieri, P., Pellerin, S., Seufert, V.; Smith, L., Ramankutty, N. & Nesme, T. (2021).Global option space for organic agriculture is delimited by nitrogen availability. Nat. Food., 2, 363–372.
Bojtor,C., Illés, A., Mohammad, S.N., Sze´les, A., To´th, B., Nagy, J.& Marton., C.L.(2021). Evaluation of the nutrient composition of maize in different NPK fertilizer levels based on multivariate method analysis. International Journal of Agronomy, 2021, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/5537549.
Burns, B.W., Steven, G.V., Hashem, A.A., Massey, J.H., Shew, A.M., Arlene, M. A., Borbe, A. & Milad, M. (2022). Determining nitrogen defciencies for maize using various remote sensing indices. Precision Agriculture, 23, 791–811. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11119-021-09861-4
Cornell University. Nutrient Management Spear Program, Agronomy Fact Sheet 84 (2019). Crop Vigor Sensing for Variable-Rate Nitrogen. Ithaca, USA. http://nmsp.cals.cornell.edu/guidelines/factsheets.
Crain, J., Ortiz-Monasterio, I. & Raun, B. (2012). Evaluation of a reduced cost active NDVI sensor for crop nutrient management. Journal of Sensors, 2012, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/582028
Department of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare, Government of India (2022). State of Indian Agriculture. Retrieved from https://agricoop.nic.in/Documents/annual_report_english_2022
Dhakal ,K., Baral,B.R., Pokhrel,K.R., Pandit ,N.R., Gaihre,Y.K. & Vista,S.P.(2021).Optimizing N fertilization for increasing yield and profits of rainfed maize grown under sandy loam soil. Nitrogen, 2, 359–377. https://doi.org/10.3390/nitrogen2030025
Deng, F., Li, W., Wang, L., Hu, H., Liao, S., Pu, S.L., Tao, Y.F., Li, G.H.& Ren, W.J.(2021).Effect of controlled-release fertilizers on leaf characteristics, grain yield, and nitrogen use efficiency of machine-transplanted rice in southwest China. Arch. Agron. Soil Sci., 67, 1739–1753.
Elsaid, E. & Silva, R. (2017). Potential of sun hemp residue to provide potato with adequate nitrogen .Journal of Plant Nutrition, 40(6), 851-860. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2016.1262397
Edalat,M., Naderi,R. & Egan,T.P.(2019).Corn nitrogen management using NDVI and SPAD sensorbased data under conventional vs. reduced tillage systems. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 42(18), 2310–2322. https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2019.1648686
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Rome (2021).World Food and Agriculture Statistical Yearbook. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/3/a-i4324e.pdf
Ghasemi, M., Arzani, K., Yadollahi, A., Ghasemi, S. & Khorrami, S.S. (2011). Estimate of leaf chlorophyll and nitrogen content in asian pear (Pyrus serotina Rehd.) by CCM-200. Notulae Scientia Biologicae, 3(1), 91-97. DOI: 10.15835/nsb315623.
Hiscox, J.D. & Israelstam, G.F. (1979). A method for the extraction of chlorophyll from leaf tissue without maceration. Canadian Journal of Botany, 57, 1332-1334.
Jackson, M. L. (1967). Soil chemical analysis. Prentice Hall of India Private Limited. New Delhi.
Jackson, M. L. (1973). Soil Chemical Analysis. Prentice Hall India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
Jaroonchon, N., Krisanapook, K. & Phavaphutanon, L. (2010). Correlation between pummelo leaf nitrogen concentrations determined by combustion method and kjeldahl method and their relationship with SPAD Values from portable chlorophyll meter. Kasetsart J. Nat. Sci., 44, 800 - 807.
Jiang, J., Wang, C., Wang, H., Fu, Z., Cao, Q., Tian, Y., Zhu, Y., Cao, W. & Liu, X. (2021). Evaluation of three portable optical sensors for non-destructive diagnosis of nitrogen status in winter wheat. Sensors, 21, 5579. https://doi.org/10.3390/s21165579
Johnson, G. V. & Raun, W. R. (2003). Nitrogen response index as a guide to fertilizer management. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 26, 249–262.
Johnston, A. M., Khurana, H. S., Majumdar, K. & Satyanarayana, T. (2009). Site specific nutrient management-concept, current research and future challenges in Indian agriculture. J. Ind. Soc. Soil Sci., 57(1), 1-10.
Kim, Y.J., Kim, H.J., Ryu, K.H. & Rhee, J.Y. (2008). Fertiliser application performance of a variable-rate pneumatic granular applicator for rice production. Biosyst. Eng., 100, 498–510.
Kowalczyk-Jusko A. & Koscik, B. (2002). Possible use of the chlorophyll meter (SPAD-502) for evaluation nitrogen nutrition of the Virginia tobacco. Electronic Journal of Polish Agricultural Universities, 5(1), 05.
Kronzucker, H.J., Schjoering, J.K., Erner, Y., Kirk, G.J.D., Siddiqi, M.Y. & Glass, A.D.M. (1998). Dynamic interactions between root influx and long distance N translocation in rice: insights into feedback processes. Plant Cell Physiology, 39, 1287–1293.
Liang, H., Yang, S., Xu, J. & Hu, K. (2021). Modeling water consumption, N fates, and rice yield for water-saving and conventional rice production systems. Soil Tillage Res., 209, 104944.
Li, L., Qin, Y., Liu, Y., Hu, Y. & Fan, M. (2012). Leaf positions of potato suitable for determination of nitrogen content with a SPAD meter. Plant Production Science, 15(4), 317-322. https://doi.org/10.1626/pps.15.317
Li, R., Chen, J., Qin, Y. & Fan, M. (2019). Possibility of using a SPAD chlorophyll meter to establish a normalized threshold index of nitrogen status in different potato cultivars.Journal of Plant Nutrition, 42(8), 834-841, https://doi.org/10.1080/01904167.2019.1584215
Mirzakhaninafchi, H., Singh, M., Dixit, A.K., Prakash, A., Sharda, S., Kaur, J. & Nafchi, A.M. (2022). Performance Assessment of a Sensor-Based Variable-Rate Real-Time Fertilizer Applicator for Rice Crop. Sustainability, 14, 11209. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141811209
Modolo, L.V., Da-Silva, C.J., Brandão, D.S. & Chaves, I.S. (2018). A mini review on what we have learned about urease inhibitors of agricultural interest since mid-2000s. J. Adv. Res., 13, 29–37.
Naser, M. A., Khosla, R., Longchamps, L. & Dahal,S. (2020).Using NDVI to differentiate wheat genotypes productivity under dryland and irrigated conditions. Remote Sens., 12, 824. doi:10.3390/rs12050824
Okalebo, J. R., Gathua, K. W. & Woomer, P. L. (2002). Laboratory methods of soil and plant analysis: a working manual second edition. Sacred Africa, Nairobi, 21.
Package of Practices for the Crops of Punjab. Rabi 2019–2020.
Piper, C. S. (1966). Soil and Plant Analysis, Academic Press New York USA, 47-77.
Piper, C. S. (2002). Soil and Plant Analysis, Academic Press, New York USA, 47-77.
Preza Fontes, G., Bhattarai, R., Christianson, L. E. & Pittelkow, C. M. (2019). Combining environmental monitoring and remote sensing technologies to evaluate cropping system nitrogen dynamics at the feld-scale. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 3, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2019.00008.
Raun, W.R., Solie, J.B., Martin, K.L., Freeman, K.W., Stone, M.L., Johnson, G.V. & Mullen, R.W. (2005). Growth stage, development, and spatial variability in corn evaluated using optical sensor readings. Journal of Plant Nutrition, 28 (1), 173- 180.
Sandhu, N., Sethi, M., Kumar, A., Dang, D., Singh, J.& Chhuneja, P. (2021).Biochemical and genetic approaches improving nitrogen use efficiency in cereal crops: a review. Front. Plant Sci.,12, 657629. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2021.657629
Shi,Z., Liu,D., Luo,W., Hafeez,M.B., Li,J, Wen,P. & Wang,X.(2022). Combined nitrogen and phosphorus management based on nitrate nitrogen threshold for balancing crop yield and soil nitrogen supply capacity. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, 58, 337., https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2022.108071
Singh, A., Sarkar, S., Jaswal, A. and Sahoo, S. (2022). On-farm Evaluation of leaf colour chart and chlorophyll meter for need-based nitrogen management in kharif maize (Zea mays L.). Legume Research, 1-5. https://DOI: 10.18805/LR-4972.
Singh, J. & Singh, V. (2022).Chlorophyll meter based precision nitrogen management in spring maize. Journal Of Plant Nutrition ,17-27.https://doi.org/10.1080/0190 4167.2022.2071727
Singh, V., Kaur, K., Singh, M.R., Singh, M., Singh, H. & Singh, B. (2021). Prediction of grain yield and nitrogen uptake by basmati rice through in-season proximal sensing with a canopy reflectance sensor. Precis. Agric. 2021, 23, 733–747.
Soil Test Crop Response Studies (STCR) ICAR – AICRP Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry, TNAU, Coimbatore, 2018.
Subbiah, B.V. & Asija, G.L. (1956). A rapid procedure for the determination of available nitrogen in soils. Current Science, 25, 259-260.
Walkley, A. J. & Black, C. A. (1973). An examination of the method for determining soil organic matter and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration. J. Soil Sci., 37, 28-29.
Wang,Y. & Lu,Y.(2020).Evaluating the potential health and economic effects of nitrogen fertilizer application in grain production systems of China. J. Clean. Prod., 264, 121635.
Wilkinson, S., Weston, A. K. & Marks, D. J. (2019). Stabilising Urea amine nitrogen increases potato tuber yield by increasing chlorophyll content, reducing shoot growth rate and increasing biomass partitioning to roots and tubers. Potato Research, 63,217–239.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11540-019-09436-x.
Xu, J., Peng, S., Yang, S. & Wang, W. (2012).Ammonia volatilization losses from a rice paddy with different irrigation and nitrogen managements. Agric. Water Manag., 104, 184–192.
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Estimation of Sensor-based site specific variable rate fertilizer application for maize (Zea mays L.) crop. (2023). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 15(3), 1109-1118. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v15i3.4724
