Efficacy of concentrates containing tropical weed Chromolaena odorata, methionine hydroxy analog and palm oils in fattening male Bali cattle: A physiological study
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Abstract
Chromolaena odorata is a potential feed source but is low in methionine, which might affect the rumen function. Therefore providing efficient nutrient/s might improve rumen function. The study aimed to assess the efficacy of a concentrate containing Chromolaena odorata meal, hydroxy methionine analog (HMA), and palm oil on blood metabolites of fattened cattle. Sixteen Bali cattle (Bos sondaicus) with an average body weight of 130.5kg ± 32.5 were allotted into four dietary treatments (and four replicates) using a Completely Randomized Block Design with 4 cattle in each Group. The treatments were concentrates with no addition of palm oil and/or HMA as the control diet (Group I) , added with 3 g HMA (CMA) (Group II), added with 0.5% palm oil (Group III) and (CPO) added with a combination of 3 g HMA and 0.5% palm oil (CMO) Group IV). The concentrate was offered to the animals at a rate of 2% liveweight, whilst rice straws were provided ad libitum as the source of fiber. The concentrate contained 18% crude protein and 12 MJ ME/kg DM to target a live weight gain of at least 0.6 kg/day. Blood metabolites measured were total cholesterol levels, plasma glucose, plasma proteins, and plasma urea. Collected data were subjected to analysis of variance with the significance level set at an alpha value of ≤ 0.05. The results showed that providing concentrate-containing. C. odorata with or without HMA and/or palm oil (Group IV) only significantly affected blood plasma proteins, whereas other blood metabolites were unaffected. It might be concluded that there is no benefit of adding palm oil or methionine analog to chromolaena-based concentrate for fattened cattle since it will not affect the concentration of blood metabolites.
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Keywords
Bali cattle, Blood urea, Palm oil, Plasma glucose, Plasma protein, Rice straw
References
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Atik, A., Dohong, S., & Esfandiari, A. (2020). Respon fisiologi domba garut dan domba jonggol jantan dewasa terhadap pemberian pakan limbah tauge pada sore hari. Journal of Tropical Animal Research (JTAR), 1(01), 29-42.
Bira, G.F. (2016). Profil Darah Sapi Bali yang Mendapat Konsentrat Berbahan Semak Bunga Putih (Chromolaena odorata) dengan Level yang Berbeda. Journal of Animal Science, 1(3), 30-31. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.32938/ja.v1i03.45
Bunga, M., Widi, A., & Pandarangga, P. (2019). Profil hematologi dan gambaran morfologi darah sapi bali (Bos sundaicus) yang dipelihara di tempat pembuangan akhir alak Kota Kupang. Jurnal Veteriner Nusantara, 2(2), 72-84. https://doi.org/10.35508/jvn.v2i2.1818
Byers, F. M., & Moxon, A. L. (1980). Protein and selenium levels for growing and finishing beef cattle. Journal of Animal Science, 50(6), 1136–1144. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1980.5061136x
Dessi, S., Batetta, B. (2003). Overview-intracellular cholesterol homeostasis: old and new players. In: Pani A, Dessi S, editors. Cell growth and cholesterol esters. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. p 1–12.
Dewi, A.K.S., Mahardika, I.G. & Dharmawan, N.S. (2018). Total Erythrocytes, Hemoglobin, Hematocrit Of Weaning Bali Cattle Hich Are Feeding Different Level Of Protein And Energy. Indonesia Medicus Veterinus, 7(4): 413-421. DOI: https://doi.org/10.19087/imv.2018.7.4.413
Diparayoga, I.M.G., Dwinata, I.M. & Dharmawan. N.S. (2014). Erythrocytes Total, Hemoglobin, Pack Cell Volume, And Erythrocytes Index Of Bali Cattle Infected With Cysticercusbovis. Indonesia Medicus Veterinus, 3(3):206-212. https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/imv/article/view/11076
Faye, B., Bengoumi, M., Al-Masaud, A., & Konuspayeva, G. (2015). Comparative milk and serum cholesterol content in dairy cow and camel. Journal of King Saud University.- Science. (27): 168 – 175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2014.11.003
Frandson, R.D. (1992). Anatomy and Physiology of Livestock. Gadjah Mada University Press, pp. 919-926.
George, J. W., Snipes, J., & Lane, V. M. (2010). Comparison of bovine hematology reference intervals from 1957 to 2006. Veterinary clinical pathology, 39(2), 138–148. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-165X.2009.00208.x
Giallongo, F., Hristov, A. N., Oh, J., Frederick, T., Weeks, H., Werner, J., Lapierre, H., Patton, R. A., Gehman, A., & Parys, C. (2015). Effects of slow-release urea and rumen-protected methionine and histidine on performance of dairy cows. Journal of dairy science, 98(5), 3292–3308. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8791
Hariono, B. (1993). Haematology. Clinical Pathology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gadjah Mada University.
Hartaningsih., Sudana, I. G., & Malole, M. (1983). Gambaran darah sapi Bali di Bali. Jurnal Hemera Zoa, 71(2):32-39.
IBM. (2017). SPSS version 25.
Irfan, I. Z., Esfandiari, A. & Choliq. C. (2014). Profile of total protein, albumin, globulin and albumin globulin ratio in bulls, Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner, 19(2): 123-129. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14334/jitv.v19i2.1040
Kasthama, I. G. P., & Marhaeniyanto E. (2006). Identifikasi kadar hemoglobin darah kambing peranakan etawah betina dalam keadaan birahi. Buana Sains, 6(2): 189-193. https://doi.org/10.33366/bs.v6i2.110
Kraft, W. & Dürr, U.M. (2005). Klinische Labor diagnostik in derTiermedizin [Clinical laboratory diagnostics in veterinary medicine], 6th ed. Schattauer, Stuttgart, Germany. In German.
Maranatha, G., S. Fattah., J. Nulik., U.R. Lole., Y.U.L Sobang., & F.D.Samba. (2021). Profile of Blood Metabolites of Male Bali Cattle Feeding Results of Integration of Grass - Legume - Food Crops in the Dry Land of Timor Island. Journal of Tropical Animal and Veterinary Science , 11(2): 118 – 124. https://doi.org/10.46549/jipvet.v11i2.130
Mitruka, B.M. & Rawnsley, H.M. (1981). Clinical biochemical and hematological reference values in normal experimental animal and normal humans. 2ed. Year Book Medical Publishers Inc. Chicago, USA.
Mullik, M. L, Jelantik I.G., Mulik, Y. M., Dahlanuddin., Wirawan, I. G. K. O., & Permana, B. (2015). Pemanfaatan Semak Bunga Putih (Chromolaena odorata) Sebagai Pangan Lokal Sumber Protein Untuk Ternak Sapi: Konsumsi, Daya Cerna dan Fermentasi Rumen. Pastura, 5 (1):20-25. https://doi.org/10.24843/Pastura.2015.v0 5.i01.p04
Mulik Y.M, Ridla M, Prihantoro I & Mullik M.L. (2016) Anaerobic fermentation effectively reduces concentration of total tannins in Siam Weed (Chromolaenan odorata). Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner, 21:19-21. https://doi.org/10.14334/jitv.v21i1.1301
National Research Council (NRC). (2000). Nutrient Requirement of Beef Cattle. 8th Edition. National Academy Press, Washington.
Ngozi I. M., Jude,I C. & Catherine C. (2009). Chemical Profile of Chromolaena odorata L. (King and Robinson) Leaves. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 8 (5): 521-524. https://doi.org/ https://doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2009.521.524
Oematan, G., Mulik, Y.M. & Mullik, M.L. (2016). Methane emission from beef cattle production at low andhigh-altitude of east Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Proceeding 3rd Animal Production International Seminar (3rd APIS) & 3rd ASEAN Regional Conference on Animal Production (3rd ARCAP). pp:709-711.
Oematan, G., Hartati, E., Mulik, M. L., & Taratiba, N. (2020). Bio fermentation improves the nutritional values of Chromolaena odorata utilization as bali cattle feed source. International Journal of Science and Research, 9(8): 1524 - 1533.
Perayadhista, K.T.M., Utama, H. & Dharmawan, N.S. (2022). Erythrocyte, Hemoglobin And Hematocrit Profile of Bali Cattle Post Transportation To Pesanggaran Slaughter House Denpasar. Indonesia Medicus Veterinus, 11(2): 246-254. DOI: https://doi.org/10.19087/imv.2022.11.2.246
Preston, R. L., Byers, F., & Stevens, K. R. (1978). Estrogenic activity and growth stimulation in steers fed varying protein levels. Journal of animal science, 46(2), 541–546. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1978.462541x
Radostits, O. M., Gay, C. C., Hinchcliff, K. W. & Constable, P. (2007). Veterinary Medicine: A textbook of the diseases of cattle, sheep, pigs, goats, and horses. Edisi 10, Elsevier Health Sciences, Philadelphia, PA. USA.
Ridla, M., Mulik, Y. M., Prihantoro, I., & Mulik, M. (2016). Penurunan total tanin silase semak bunga putih (Chromolaena odorata) dengan aditif tepung Putak (Coryphaelata robx) dan isi rumen sapi. Buletin Peternakan, 40(3), 165-169. https://doi.org/10.21059/buletinpeternak.v40i3.12838
Roseler, D.K., Ferguson, J.D., Sniffen, C.J. & Herrema, J. (1993). Dietary protein degradibility effect on plasma and milk urea nitrogen and milk non protein nitrogen in holstein cows. Journalof Dairy Science, 76(2),525-534. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(93)77372-5
Sandria, I.R., Hartono, M., Suharyati, S. & Santosa, P.E. (2019). Blood Glucose Value And Total Plasma Protein In Simpo Cattle That Suffer Trematodiasis In Smallholder Farmer at Labuhan Ratu Village East Lampung. Jurnal Riset dan Inovasi Peternakan,3(2): 17-21. http://jrip.fp.unila.ac.id/index.php/JRIP/article/view/21
Septiarini, A. A. A., Suwiti, N.K., & Suartini, I. G. A. A. (2020). Hematological Value Of Total Erythrocytes And Hemoglobin Level Of Bali Cattle With Organic Forage Feed. Buletin Veteriner Udayana, 12(2):144-149. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24843/bulvet.2020.v12.i02.p07
Singh A. (2022). Secondary Metabolites: Definition, Classes, and Functions. Plant Cell Technology. https://www.plantcelltechnology.com/blog/secondary-metabolites-definition-classes-and-functions-part1/
Sutardi, T. (1980). Resistance of food protein to degradation by rumen microbes and its benefits for increasing livestock productivity. Pros. Seminar on Livestock Research and Support, LPP, Bogor.
Syahrir, S., Wiryawan,K. G., Parakkasi, A. & Winugroho, M. (2010). Blood profile of beef cattle receiving mulberry leaf meal as a substitute for feed concentrate. Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Peternakan,1(1):12-18. https://doi.org/10.20956/jitp.v1i1.659
Tahuk, P.K., Dethan, A. A. & Sio, S. (2017). The blood glucose and urea profile of Male Bali Cattle on greenlot fattening at smallholder farms. Agripet, 17(2): 15-22. https://doi.org/10.17969/agripet.v17i2.8114
Wood, D. & Quiroz-Rocha, G.F.(2010), Normal hematology of cattle. In: Schalm’s veterinary hematology, ed. Weiss DJ,Wardrop KJ, 6th ed., pp. 829–835. Wiley, Ames, IA.
Utama, I.H., Kendran, A. A. S., Badiwangsa, I. G. N., & Suartini, K. (2001). Karakteristik Anemia pada Sapi Bali di Daerah Klungkung Berdasarkan Morfologi Eritrositnya. . Jurnal Veteriner, 2 (1): 13-16.
Windi, A.K., Jelantik, I.G.N. & Handayani, H.T. (2016). Pengaruh konsentrat yang mengandung tepung tongkol jagung terhadap kadar glukosa, urea dan hemoglobin pada sapi Bali penggemukan yang mengkonsumsi hijauan. Jurnal Nukleus Peternakan, 3(2) : 115-121. https://doi.org/10.35508/nukleus.v3i2.796
Hsiung, F., McCollum, T., Hefner, E., & Rubio, T. (2013). Comparison of count reproducibility, accuracy, and time to results between a hemocytometer and the TC20 automated cell counter. Bulletin 6003 Rev B, 1-4.
Atik, A., Dohong, S., & Esfandiari, A. (2020). Respon fisiologi domba garut dan domba jonggol jantan dewasa terhadap pemberian pakan limbah tauge pada sore hari. Journal of Tropical Animal Research (JTAR), 1(01), 29-42.
Bira, G.F. (2016). Profil Darah Sapi Bali yang Mendapat Konsentrat Berbahan Semak Bunga Putih (Chromolaena odorata) dengan Level yang Berbeda. Journal of Animal Science, 1(3), 30-31. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.32938/ja.v1i03.45
Bunga, M., Widi, A., & Pandarangga, P. (2019). Profil hematologi dan gambaran morfologi darah sapi bali (Bos sundaicus) yang dipelihara di tempat pembuangan akhir alak Kota Kupang. Jurnal Veteriner Nusantara, 2(2), 72-84. https://doi.org/10.35508/jvn.v2i2.1818
Byers, F. M., & Moxon, A. L. (1980). Protein and selenium levels for growing and finishing beef cattle. Journal of Animal Science, 50(6), 1136–1144. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1980.5061136x
Dessi, S., Batetta, B. (2003). Overview-intracellular cholesterol homeostasis: old and new players. In: Pani A, Dessi S, editors. Cell growth and cholesterol esters. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. p 1–12.
Dewi, A.K.S., Mahardika, I.G. & Dharmawan, N.S. (2018). Total Erythrocytes, Hemoglobin, Hematocrit Of Weaning Bali Cattle Hich Are Feeding Different Level Of Protein And Energy. Indonesia Medicus Veterinus, 7(4): 413-421. DOI: https://doi.org/10.19087/imv.2018.7.4.413
Diparayoga, I.M.G., Dwinata, I.M. & Dharmawan. N.S. (2014). Erythrocytes Total, Hemoglobin, Pack Cell Volume, And Erythrocytes Index Of Bali Cattle Infected With Cysticercusbovis. Indonesia Medicus Veterinus, 3(3):206-212. https://ojs.unud.ac.id/index.php/imv/article/view/11076
Faye, B., Bengoumi, M., Al-Masaud, A., & Konuspayeva, G. (2015). Comparative milk and serum cholesterol content in dairy cow and camel. Journal of King Saud University.- Science. (27): 168 – 175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2014.11.003
Frandson, R.D. (1992). Anatomy and Physiology of Livestock. Gadjah Mada University Press, pp. 919-926.
George, J. W., Snipes, J., & Lane, V. M. (2010). Comparison of bovine hematology reference intervals from 1957 to 2006. Veterinary clinical pathology, 39(2), 138–148. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-165X.2009.00208.x
Giallongo, F., Hristov, A. N., Oh, J., Frederick, T., Weeks, H., Werner, J., Lapierre, H., Patton, R. A., Gehman, A., & Parys, C. (2015). Effects of slow-release urea and rumen-protected methionine and histidine on performance of dairy cows. Journal of dairy science, 98(5), 3292–3308. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8791
Hariono, B. (1993). Haematology. Clinical Pathology Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Gadjah Mada University.
Hartaningsih., Sudana, I. G., & Malole, M. (1983). Gambaran darah sapi Bali di Bali. Jurnal Hemera Zoa, 71(2):32-39.
IBM. (2017). SPSS version 25.
Irfan, I. Z., Esfandiari, A. & Choliq. C. (2014). Profile of total protein, albumin, globulin and albumin globulin ratio in bulls, Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner, 19(2): 123-129. DOI: https://doi.org/10.14334/jitv.v19i2.1040
Kasthama, I. G. P., & Marhaeniyanto E. (2006). Identifikasi kadar hemoglobin darah kambing peranakan etawah betina dalam keadaan birahi. Buana Sains, 6(2): 189-193. https://doi.org/10.33366/bs.v6i2.110
Kraft, W. & Dürr, U.M. (2005). Klinische Labor diagnostik in derTiermedizin [Clinical laboratory diagnostics in veterinary medicine], 6th ed. Schattauer, Stuttgart, Germany. In German.
Maranatha, G., S. Fattah., J. Nulik., U.R. Lole., Y.U.L Sobang., & F.D.Samba. (2021). Profile of Blood Metabolites of Male Bali Cattle Feeding Results of Integration of Grass - Legume - Food Crops in the Dry Land of Timor Island. Journal of Tropical Animal and Veterinary Science , 11(2): 118 – 124. https://doi.org/10.46549/jipvet.v11i2.130
Mitruka, B.M. & Rawnsley, H.M. (1981). Clinical biochemical and hematological reference values in normal experimental animal and normal humans. 2ed. Year Book Medical Publishers Inc. Chicago, USA.
Mullik, M. L, Jelantik I.G., Mulik, Y. M., Dahlanuddin., Wirawan, I. G. K. O., & Permana, B. (2015). Pemanfaatan Semak Bunga Putih (Chromolaena odorata) Sebagai Pangan Lokal Sumber Protein Untuk Ternak Sapi: Konsumsi, Daya Cerna dan Fermentasi Rumen. Pastura, 5 (1):20-25. https://doi.org/10.24843/Pastura.2015.v0 5.i01.p04
Mulik Y.M, Ridla M, Prihantoro I & Mullik M.L. (2016) Anaerobic fermentation effectively reduces concentration of total tannins in Siam Weed (Chromolaenan odorata). Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner, 21:19-21. https://doi.org/10.14334/jitv.v21i1.1301
National Research Council (NRC). (2000). Nutrient Requirement of Beef Cattle. 8th Edition. National Academy Press, Washington.
Ngozi I. M., Jude,I C. & Catherine C. (2009). Chemical Profile of Chromolaena odorata L. (King and Robinson) Leaves. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 8 (5): 521-524. https://doi.org/ https://doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2009.521.524
Oematan, G., Mulik, Y.M. & Mullik, M.L. (2016). Methane emission from beef cattle production at low andhigh-altitude of east Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. Proceeding 3rd Animal Production International Seminar (3rd APIS) & 3rd ASEAN Regional Conference on Animal Production (3rd ARCAP). pp:709-711.
Oematan, G., Hartati, E., Mulik, M. L., & Taratiba, N. (2020). Bio fermentation improves the nutritional values of Chromolaena odorata utilization as bali cattle feed source. International Journal of Science and Research, 9(8): 1524 - 1533.
Perayadhista, K.T.M., Utama, H. & Dharmawan, N.S. (2022). Erythrocyte, Hemoglobin And Hematocrit Profile of Bali Cattle Post Transportation To Pesanggaran Slaughter House Denpasar. Indonesia Medicus Veterinus, 11(2): 246-254. DOI: https://doi.org/10.19087/imv.2022.11.2.246
Preston, R. L., Byers, F., & Stevens, K. R. (1978). Estrogenic activity and growth stimulation in steers fed varying protein levels. Journal of animal science, 46(2), 541–546. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1978.462541x
Radostits, O. M., Gay, C. C., Hinchcliff, K. W. & Constable, P. (2007). Veterinary Medicine: A textbook of the diseases of cattle, sheep, pigs, goats, and horses. Edisi 10, Elsevier Health Sciences, Philadelphia, PA. USA.
Ridla, M., Mulik, Y. M., Prihantoro, I., & Mulik, M. (2016). Penurunan total tanin silase semak bunga putih (Chromolaena odorata) dengan aditif tepung Putak (Coryphaelata robx) dan isi rumen sapi. Buletin Peternakan, 40(3), 165-169. https://doi.org/10.21059/buletinpeternak.v40i3.12838
Roseler, D.K., Ferguson, J.D., Sniffen, C.J. & Herrema, J. (1993). Dietary protein degradibility effect on plasma and milk urea nitrogen and milk non protein nitrogen in holstein cows. Journalof Dairy Science, 76(2),525-534. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(93)77372-5
Sandria, I.R., Hartono, M., Suharyati, S. & Santosa, P.E. (2019). Blood Glucose Value And Total Plasma Protein In Simpo Cattle That Suffer Trematodiasis In Smallholder Farmer at Labuhan Ratu Village East Lampung. Jurnal Riset dan Inovasi Peternakan,3(2): 17-21. http://jrip.fp.unila.ac.id/index.php/JRIP/article/view/21
Septiarini, A. A. A., Suwiti, N.K., & Suartini, I. G. A. A. (2020). Hematological Value Of Total Erythrocytes And Hemoglobin Level Of Bali Cattle With Organic Forage Feed. Buletin Veteriner Udayana, 12(2):144-149. DOI: https://doi.org/10.24843/bulvet.2020.v12.i02.p07
Singh A. (2022). Secondary Metabolites: Definition, Classes, and Functions. Plant Cell Technology. https://www.plantcelltechnology.com/blog/secondary-metabolites-definition-classes-and-functions-part1/
Sutardi, T. (1980). Resistance of food protein to degradation by rumen microbes and its benefits for increasing livestock productivity. Pros. Seminar on Livestock Research and Support, LPP, Bogor.
Syahrir, S., Wiryawan,K. G., Parakkasi, A. & Winugroho, M. (2010). Blood profile of beef cattle receiving mulberry leaf meal as a substitute for feed concentrate. Jurnal Ilmu dan Teknologi Peternakan,1(1):12-18. https://doi.org/10.20956/jitp.v1i1.659
Tahuk, P.K., Dethan, A. A. & Sio, S. (2017). The blood glucose and urea profile of Male Bali Cattle on greenlot fattening at smallholder farms. Agripet, 17(2): 15-22. https://doi.org/10.17969/agripet.v17i2.8114
Wood, D. & Quiroz-Rocha, G.F.(2010), Normal hematology of cattle. In: Schalm’s veterinary hematology, ed. Weiss DJ,Wardrop KJ, 6th ed., pp. 829–835. Wiley, Ames, IA.
Utama, I.H., Kendran, A. A. S., Badiwangsa, I. G. N., & Suartini, K. (2001). Karakteristik Anemia pada Sapi Bali di Daerah Klungkung Berdasarkan Morfologi Eritrositnya. . Jurnal Veteriner, 2 (1): 13-16.
Windi, A.K., Jelantik, I.G.N. & Handayani, H.T. (2016). Pengaruh konsentrat yang mengandung tepung tongkol jagung terhadap kadar glukosa, urea dan hemoglobin pada sapi Bali penggemukan yang mengkonsumsi hijauan. Jurnal Nukleus Peternakan, 3(2) : 115-121. https://doi.org/10.35508/nukleus.v3i2.796
Hsiung, F., McCollum, T., Hefner, E., & Rubio, T. (2013). Comparison of count reproducibility, accuracy, and time to results between a hemocytometer and the TC20 automated cell counter. Bulletin 6003 Rev B, 1-4.
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Efficacy of concentrates containing tropical weed Chromolaena odorata, methionine hydroxy analog and palm oils in fattening male Bali cattle: A physiological study . (2023). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 15(3), 1102-1108. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v15i3.4697
