Estimation of soil carbon pools under major cropping systems of Mayiladuthurai district of Cauvery Delta Zone, Tamil Nadu, India
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Abstract
Soil organic carbon (SOC) is a potential indicator of soil quality and ecosystem sustainability. The present study aimed to evaluate SOC pools under major cropping systems of Mayiladuthurai district of Tamil Nadu. The composite samples were collected from two depths (0-15 and 15-30 cm) by stratified random sampling and were analysed for pH, EC (Electrical conductivity), C fractions, inorganic carbon and permanganate oxidisable carbon by standard procedures. The SOC content under different land use was in the order of Forestry > Rice – pulses > Rice – cotton > Sugarcane > Uncultivated. The mean SOC content of the study area was 12.58 Mg ha-1, where the majority of the area falls under low to medium rating of SOC. Hence, cultivation practices should incorporate activities that increase SOC to maintain soil quality. SOC was positively correlated with fractions of carbon – CVL (r = 0.37**), CL (r = 0.65**) and CLL (r = 0.58**), indicating changes in land use would affect the carbon dynamics of the ecosystem. The root biomass, aeration status, microbial activity, nutrient reserves and inherent soil characteristics influenced SOC to decrease with depth. The PCA analysis revealed that the variation in carbon dynamics of the study area was influenced by SOC, CLC, CLL and non-labile carbon due to differences in land management practices. Therefore, such soil management practices will be a powerful tool to sequester carbon, which supplements climate change mitigation.
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Keywords
Cauvery delta zone, Carbon dynamics, Carbon pools, Soil carbon
References
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Bhattacharya, S. S., Kim, K. H., Das, S., Uchimiya, M., Jeon, B. H., Kwona, E. & Szulejko, J. E. (2016). A review on the role of organic inputs in maintaining the soil carbon pool of the terrestrial ecosystem. Journal of Environmental Management, 16, 214-227. doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.201 5.09.042
Bolan, N. S., Adriano, D. C., Kunhikrishnan, A., James, T., McDowell, R. & Senesi, N. (2011). Dissolved organic matter: biogeochemistry, dynamics, and environmental significance in soils. Advances in Agronomy, 110,1-75. doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-385531-2.00001-3.
Bossio, D. A., Cook-Patton, S. C., Ellis, P. W., Fargione, J., Sanderman, J., Smith, P., Wood, S., Zomer, R. J., Unger, M. V., Emmer, I. M. & Griscom, B. W. (2020). The role of soil carbon in natural climate solutions. Nature Sustainability, 3 (5), 391-398. doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-0491-z.
Chan, K. Y., Bowman, A. & Oates, A. (2001). Oxidizible organic carbon fractions and soil quality changes in an oxic paleustalf under different pasture leys. Soil Science, 166 (1), 61-67.
Culman, S. W., Hurisso, T. T. & Wade, J. (2021). Permanganate Oxidizable Carbon: An Indicator of Biologically Active Soil Carbon. Soil Health Series: Volume 2 Laboratory Methods for Soil Health Analysis,152-175. doi.org/10.1002/9780891189831.ch9
Deshmukh, P. W., Rajshri, S., Jadhao, S. D., Kharche, V. K. & Mali, D. V. (2015). Effect of integrated plant nutrient system on passive and active pools of organic carbon in soybean-chickpea sequence, Agropedology, 25 (1),133-139.
Dixit, A. K., Rai, A. K., Prasad, M., Choudhary, M., Kumar, S., Srivastava, M. K., Rai, S. K. & Singh, H. V. (2020). Long-term fertilization effects on carbon pools and carbon management index of loamy soil under grass–forage legumes mixture in semi-arid environment. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 66 (10),1373-1383. doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2019.1670813
Hoffmann, M., Jurisch, N., Alba, J. C., Borraz, E. A., Schmidt, M., Huth, V., Rogasik, H., Rieckh, H., Verch, G. & Sommer, M. (2017). Detecting small-scale spatial heterogeneity and temporal dynamics of soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks: a comparison between automatic chamber-derived C budgets and repeated soil inventories. Biogeosciences, 14 (4), 1003-1019. doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-1003-2017
Jackson, M. L. (1973). Soil chemical analysis, Pentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, India, 498,151-154.
Kubar, K. A., Huang, L., Lu, J., Li, X., Xue, B. & Yin, Z. (2018). Integrative effects of no-tillage and straw returning on soil organic carbon and water stable aggregation under rice-rape rotation. Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research, 78(2),205-215. dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-58392018000200205
Leno, N., Sudharmaidevi, C. R., Byju, G., Thampatti, K. C. M., Krishnaprasad, P. U., Jacob, G. & Gopinath, P. P. (2021). Thermochemical digestate fertilizer from solid waste: Characterization, labile carbon dynamics, dehydrogenase activity, water holding capacity and biomass allocation in banana. Waste Management, 123, 1-14. doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2021.01.002
Luo, Z., Feng, W., Luo, Y., Baldock, J. & Wang, E. (2017). Soil organic carbon dynamics jointly controlled by climate, carbon inputs, soil properties and soil carbon fractions. Global Change Biology, 23 (10), 4430-4439. doi.org/10.11 11/gcb.13767
Mirchooli, F., Kiani-Harchegani, M., Darvishan, A. K., Falahatkar, S. & Sadeghi, S. H. (2020). Spatial distribution dependency of soil organic carbon content to important environmental variables. Ecological Indicators, 116,106473. doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106473
Mishra, G. & Sarkar, A. (2020). Studying the relationship between total organic carbon and soil carbon pools under different land management systems of Garo hills, Meghalaya. Journal of Environmental Management, 257,110002. doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.110002
Moharana, P. C., Naitam, R.K., Verma, T. P., Meena, R. L., Kumar, S., Tailor, B. L., Singh, R. S., Singh, S. K. & Samal, S.K. (2017). Effect of long-term cropping systems on soil organic carbon pools and soil quality in western plain of hot arid India. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 63 (12), 1661-1675. doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2017.1304 637
Nandan, R., Singh, V., Singh, S. S., Kumar, V., Hazra, K. K., Nath, C. P., Poonia, S., Malik, R. K., Bhattacharyya, R. & McDonald, A. (2019). Impact of conservation tillage in rice–based cropping systems on soil aggregation, carbon pools and nutrients. Geoderma, 340, 104-114. doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2019.01.001
Porkodi, G., Shanmugasundaram, R., Saravanapandian, P., Swaminathan, C. & Kumutha, K. (2022). Quantifying spatial variability of available iron and physico-chemical properties in major groundnut growing soils of Cuddalore district, Tamil Nadu. The Pharma Innovation Journal, 11(3), 1262-1268.
Prusty, P. & Farooq, S. H., (2020). Seawater intrusion in the coastal aquifers of India-A review. HydroResearch, 3, 61-74. doi.org/10.1016/j.hydres.2020.06.001
Reza, S. K., Nayak, D. C., Mukhopadhyay, S., Chattopadhyay, T. & Singh, S.K. (2017). Characterizing spatial variability of soil properties in alluvial soils of India using geostatistics and geographical information system. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 63 (11),1489-1498. doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2017.1296134
Richards, L. A. (1954). Diagnosis and Improvement of Saline and Alkali Soils. Handbook, 60,129-134.
Saderne, V., Geraldi, N. R., Macreadie, P. I., Maher, D. T., Middelburg, J. J., Serrano, O., Almahasheer, H., Arias-Ortiz, A., Cusack, M. & Eyre, B. D. (2019). Role of carbonate burial in Blue Carbon budgets. Nature Communications, 10 (1),1106. doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08842-6
Sahoo, U. M., Singh, S. L., Gogoi, A., Kenye, A. & Sahoo, S. S. (2019). Active and passive soil organic carbon pools as affected by different land use types in Mizoram, Northeast India. PloS one, 14 (7), e0219969. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0219969
Sarkar, D., Baishya, L. K., Meitei, C. B. & Zimik, L. (2022). Soil Organic Carbon Pools in Rice Growing Inceptisols of Northeast India. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,1-11. doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2022.214 6313
Somasundaram, J., Chaudhary, R. S., Kumar, D. A., Biswas, A. K., Sinha, N. K., Mohanty, M., Hati, K. M., Jha, P., Sankar, M. & Patra, A. K. (2018). "Effect of contrasting tillage and cropping systems on soil aggregation, carbon pools and aggregate‐associated carbon in rainfed Vertisols. European Journal of Soil Science, 69 (5), 879-891. doi.org/10.1111/ejss.12692
Song, X., Yang, F., Wu, H., Zhang, J., Li, D., Liu, F., Zhao, Y., Yang, J., Ju, B. & Cai, C. (2022). Significant loss of soil inorganic carbon at the continental scale. National Science Review, 9 (2),120. doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwab120
Tajik, S., Ayoubi, S. & Zeraatpisheh, M. (2020). Digital mapping of soil organic carbon using ensemble learning model in Mollisols of Hyrcanian forests, northern Iran. Geoderma Regional, 20, e00256. doi.org/10.1016/j.geodrs.2020.e00256.
Teferi, E., Bewket, W., & Simane, B (2016). Effects of land use and land cover on selected soil quality indicators in the headwater area of the Blue Nile basin of Ethiopia. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 188, 1-12.
Walkley, A., & Black, I. A. (1934). An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science, 37 (1), 29-38.
Weil, R. R., Kandikar, R. I., Stine, M. A., Gruver, J. B. & Samson-Liebig, S. E. (2003). Estimating active carbon for soil quality assessment: A simplified method for laboratory and field use. American Journal of Alternative Agriculture, 18 (1), 3-17. doi.org/10.1079/AJAA200228
Xiang, H., Zhang, L. & Wen, D. (2015). Change of soil carbon fractions and water-stable aggregates in a forest ecosystem succession in South China. Forests, 6 (8), 2703-2718. doi.org/10.3390/f6082703
Yu, P., Li, Q., Jia, H., Li, G., Zheng, W., Shen, X., Diabate, B. & Zhou, D. (2014). Effect of cultivation on dynamics of organic and inorganic carbon stocks in Songnen plain. Agronomy Journal, 106 (5), 1574-1582. doi.org/10.2134/agronj14.0113
Zeraatpisheh, M., Bakhshandeh, E., Hosseini, M. & Alavi, S. M. (2020). Assessing the effects of deforestation and intensive agriculture on the soil quality through digital soil mapping. Geoderma, 363, 114139. doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2019.114139
Zhang, H., Ouyang, Z., Jiang, P., Li, M. & Zhao, X. (2022). Spatial distribution patterns and influencing factors of soil carbon, phosphorus, and C: P ratio on farmlands in southeastern China. Catena, 216, 106409. doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2022.106409
Bhattacharya, S. S., Kim, K. H., Das, S., Uchimiya, M., Jeon, B. H., Kwona, E. & Szulejko, J. E. (2016). A review on the role of organic inputs in maintaining the soil carbon pool of the terrestrial ecosystem. Journal of Environmental Management, 16, 214-227. doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.201 5.09.042
Bolan, N. S., Adriano, D. C., Kunhikrishnan, A., James, T., McDowell, R. & Senesi, N. (2011). Dissolved organic matter: biogeochemistry, dynamics, and environmental significance in soils. Advances in Agronomy, 110,1-75. doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-385531-2.00001-3.
Bossio, D. A., Cook-Patton, S. C., Ellis, P. W., Fargione, J., Sanderman, J., Smith, P., Wood, S., Zomer, R. J., Unger, M. V., Emmer, I. M. & Griscom, B. W. (2020). The role of soil carbon in natural climate solutions. Nature Sustainability, 3 (5), 391-398. doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-0491-z.
Chan, K. Y., Bowman, A. & Oates, A. (2001). Oxidizible organic carbon fractions and soil quality changes in an oxic paleustalf under different pasture leys. Soil Science, 166 (1), 61-67.
Culman, S. W., Hurisso, T. T. & Wade, J. (2021). Permanganate Oxidizable Carbon: An Indicator of Biologically Active Soil Carbon. Soil Health Series: Volume 2 Laboratory Methods for Soil Health Analysis,152-175. doi.org/10.1002/9780891189831.ch9
Deshmukh, P. W., Rajshri, S., Jadhao, S. D., Kharche, V. K. & Mali, D. V. (2015). Effect of integrated plant nutrient system on passive and active pools of organic carbon in soybean-chickpea sequence, Agropedology, 25 (1),133-139.
Dixit, A. K., Rai, A. K., Prasad, M., Choudhary, M., Kumar, S., Srivastava, M. K., Rai, S. K. & Singh, H. V. (2020). Long-term fertilization effects on carbon pools and carbon management index of loamy soil under grass–forage legumes mixture in semi-arid environment. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 66 (10),1373-1383. doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2019.1670813
Hoffmann, M., Jurisch, N., Alba, J. C., Borraz, E. A., Schmidt, M., Huth, V., Rogasik, H., Rieckh, H., Verch, G. & Sommer, M. (2017). Detecting small-scale spatial heterogeneity and temporal dynamics of soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks: a comparison between automatic chamber-derived C budgets and repeated soil inventories. Biogeosciences, 14 (4), 1003-1019. doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-1003-2017
Jackson, M. L. (1973). Soil chemical analysis, Pentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, India, 498,151-154.
Kubar, K. A., Huang, L., Lu, J., Li, X., Xue, B. & Yin, Z. (2018). Integrative effects of no-tillage and straw returning on soil organic carbon and water stable aggregation under rice-rape rotation. Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research, 78(2),205-215. dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-58392018000200205
Leno, N., Sudharmaidevi, C. R., Byju, G., Thampatti, K. C. M., Krishnaprasad, P. U., Jacob, G. & Gopinath, P. P. (2021). Thermochemical digestate fertilizer from solid waste: Characterization, labile carbon dynamics, dehydrogenase activity, water holding capacity and biomass allocation in banana. Waste Management, 123, 1-14. doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2021.01.002
Luo, Z., Feng, W., Luo, Y., Baldock, J. & Wang, E. (2017). Soil organic carbon dynamics jointly controlled by climate, carbon inputs, soil properties and soil carbon fractions. Global Change Biology, 23 (10), 4430-4439. doi.org/10.11 11/gcb.13767
Mirchooli, F., Kiani-Harchegani, M., Darvishan, A. K., Falahatkar, S. & Sadeghi, S. H. (2020). Spatial distribution dependency of soil organic carbon content to important environmental variables. Ecological Indicators, 116,106473. doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106473
Mishra, G. & Sarkar, A. (2020). Studying the relationship between total organic carbon and soil carbon pools under different land management systems of Garo hills, Meghalaya. Journal of Environmental Management, 257,110002. doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.110002
Moharana, P. C., Naitam, R.K., Verma, T. P., Meena, R. L., Kumar, S., Tailor, B. L., Singh, R. S., Singh, S. K. & Samal, S.K. (2017). Effect of long-term cropping systems on soil organic carbon pools and soil quality in western plain of hot arid India. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 63 (12), 1661-1675. doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2017.1304 637
Nandan, R., Singh, V., Singh, S. S., Kumar, V., Hazra, K. K., Nath, C. P., Poonia, S., Malik, R. K., Bhattacharyya, R. & McDonald, A. (2019). Impact of conservation tillage in rice–based cropping systems on soil aggregation, carbon pools and nutrients. Geoderma, 340, 104-114. doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2019.01.001
Porkodi, G., Shanmugasundaram, R., Saravanapandian, P., Swaminathan, C. & Kumutha, K. (2022). Quantifying spatial variability of available iron and physico-chemical properties in major groundnut growing soils of Cuddalore district, Tamil Nadu. The Pharma Innovation Journal, 11(3), 1262-1268.
Prusty, P. & Farooq, S. H., (2020). Seawater intrusion in the coastal aquifers of India-A review. HydroResearch, 3, 61-74. doi.org/10.1016/j.hydres.2020.06.001
Reza, S. K., Nayak, D. C., Mukhopadhyay, S., Chattopadhyay, T. & Singh, S.K. (2017). Characterizing spatial variability of soil properties in alluvial soils of India using geostatistics and geographical information system. Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science, 63 (11),1489-1498. doi.org/10.1080/03650340.2017.1296134
Richards, L. A. (1954). Diagnosis and Improvement of Saline and Alkali Soils. Handbook, 60,129-134.
Saderne, V., Geraldi, N. R., Macreadie, P. I., Maher, D. T., Middelburg, J. J., Serrano, O., Almahasheer, H., Arias-Ortiz, A., Cusack, M. & Eyre, B. D. (2019). Role of carbonate burial in Blue Carbon budgets. Nature Communications, 10 (1),1106. doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-08842-6
Sahoo, U. M., Singh, S. L., Gogoi, A., Kenye, A. & Sahoo, S. S. (2019). Active and passive soil organic carbon pools as affected by different land use types in Mizoram, Northeast India. PloS one, 14 (7), e0219969. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0219969
Sarkar, D., Baishya, L. K., Meitei, C. B. & Zimik, L. (2022). Soil Organic Carbon Pools in Rice Growing Inceptisols of Northeast India. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,1-11. doi.org/10.1080/00103624.2022.214 6313
Somasundaram, J., Chaudhary, R. S., Kumar, D. A., Biswas, A. K., Sinha, N. K., Mohanty, M., Hati, K. M., Jha, P., Sankar, M. & Patra, A. K. (2018). "Effect of contrasting tillage and cropping systems on soil aggregation, carbon pools and aggregate‐associated carbon in rainfed Vertisols. European Journal of Soil Science, 69 (5), 879-891. doi.org/10.1111/ejss.12692
Song, X., Yang, F., Wu, H., Zhang, J., Li, D., Liu, F., Zhao, Y., Yang, J., Ju, B. & Cai, C. (2022). Significant loss of soil inorganic carbon at the continental scale. National Science Review, 9 (2),120. doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwab120
Tajik, S., Ayoubi, S. & Zeraatpisheh, M. (2020). Digital mapping of soil organic carbon using ensemble learning model in Mollisols of Hyrcanian forests, northern Iran. Geoderma Regional, 20, e00256. doi.org/10.1016/j.geodrs.2020.e00256.
Teferi, E., Bewket, W., & Simane, B (2016). Effects of land use and land cover on selected soil quality indicators in the headwater area of the Blue Nile basin of Ethiopia. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 188, 1-12.
Walkley, A., & Black, I. A. (1934). An examination of the Degtjareff method for determining soil organic matter, and a proposed modification of the chromic acid titration method. Soil Science, 37 (1), 29-38.
Weil, R. R., Kandikar, R. I., Stine, M. A., Gruver, J. B. & Samson-Liebig, S. E. (2003). Estimating active carbon for soil quality assessment: A simplified method for laboratory and field use. American Journal of Alternative Agriculture, 18 (1), 3-17. doi.org/10.1079/AJAA200228
Xiang, H., Zhang, L. & Wen, D. (2015). Change of soil carbon fractions and water-stable aggregates in a forest ecosystem succession in South China. Forests, 6 (8), 2703-2718. doi.org/10.3390/f6082703
Yu, P., Li, Q., Jia, H., Li, G., Zheng, W., Shen, X., Diabate, B. & Zhou, D. (2014). Effect of cultivation on dynamics of organic and inorganic carbon stocks in Songnen plain. Agronomy Journal, 106 (5), 1574-1582. doi.org/10.2134/agronj14.0113
Zeraatpisheh, M., Bakhshandeh, E., Hosseini, M. & Alavi, S. M. (2020). Assessing the effects of deforestation and intensive agriculture on the soil quality through digital soil mapping. Geoderma, 363, 114139. doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2019.114139
Zhang, H., Ouyang, Z., Jiang, P., Li, M. & Zhao, X. (2022). Spatial distribution patterns and influencing factors of soil carbon, phosphorus, and C: P ratio on farmlands in southeastern China. Catena, 216, 106409. doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2022.106409
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Estimation of soil carbon pools under major cropping systems of Mayiladuthurai district of Cauvery Delta Zone, Tamil Nadu, India. (2023). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 15(2), 802-810. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v15i2.4600
