Effect of mercury on histological alterations in gill, liver and stomach tissues of Indian catfish, Clarias batrachus
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Abstract
Heavy metal pollution poses a great threat to aquatic ecosystem, ultimately threatening the survival of safe and healthy life on earth. Contaminated water persuades pathological alterations and behavioural changes in fish. Mercury is highly toxic and seriously affects aquatic organisms, ultimately affecting humans.The present study aimed to assess the histological alterations in tissues like gill, liver and stomach of Indian catfish Clarias batrachus. The fish were divided in to four groups i.e. one control (Group I) and three groups of different concentration of mercury chloride treated groups, i.e.0.0002mg/l (Group II), 0.002mg/l(Group III), and 0.02mg/l (Group IV) for 14 days. Each group contained 25 number of fish.The results indicated degenerative changes in gill, liver and stomach tissues of exposed fish. Level of changes were higher with respect to higher in concentration. Rupture of epithelial layer, club shaped gill filament, broken gill lamellae, hyperplasia of interlamellar epithelium, deletion of secondary lamellae, formation of vacuoles, blood conjugation and necrosis in gill filaments were observed in gill tissues of exposed fish. Liver damage included hepatocellular dissociation, inflamed hepatocytes, cloudy swelling, vacuole formation and hydropic degeneration. Besides, stomach tissues showed alterations such as thinner serosa, vacuolization, muscle damage, and necrosis at several points. The study confirmed that mercury is life hazardous even at very low concentration.
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Keywords
Clarias batrachus, Histological alteration, Mercury choride, Toxicity
References
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Chagas, T. Q., da Silva Alvarez, T. G., Montalvão, M. F., Mesak, C., Rocha, T. L., da Costa Araújo, A. P. & Malafaia, G. (2019). Behavioral toxicity of tannery effluent in zebrafish (Danio rerio) used as model system. Science of the Total Environment, 685, 923-933.
Van Dyk, J. C., Marchand, M. J., Pieterse, G. M., Barnhoorn, I. E. & Bornman, M. S. (2009). Histological changes in the gills of Clarias gariepinus (Teleostei: Clariidae) from a polluted South African urban aquatic system. African Journal of Aquatic Science, 34(3), 283-291.
Naz, S., Hussain, R., Ullah, Q., Chatha, A. M. M., Shaheen, A. & Khan, R. U. (2021). Toxic effect of some heavy metals on hematology and histopathology of major carp (Catla catla). Environmental science and pollution research, 28(6), 6533-6539.
Haloi, K., Kalita, M. & Nath, R. (2013). The study on the histopathological changes of stomach of Channa punctatus (Bloch) by used pesticide endosulfan. Global J Sci Front Res Biol Sci, 13, 1-6.
Morovvati, H., Nikpour, Y., Zolgharneine, H., Ronagh, M., Abdi, R. & Roshan, A. (2012). Histological changes in the liver of reared spotted scat (Scatophagus argus L.) after exposure to mercury. Comparative Clinical Pathology, 21(5), 745-753.
Hussan, A., Choudhury, T. G., Ahmed, I., Gita, S., Das, A., Udit, U. K.& Mandal, R. N. (2018). Effect of mercury and cadmium on the oxygen consumption and gill Histology of Catla catla (Ham. 1822). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences, 88(2), 729-738.
Al-Tamimi, A. H., Al-Azzawi, A. J. & Al-A'dhmi, M. A. (2015). Chronic toxicity assessment of histological changes and micronuclei in fish Cyprinus carpio L. after exposed to copper. American Academic Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences, 13(1), 194-210.
Dutta, J., Ahmad, A. & Singh, J. (2018). Study of industrial effluents induced genotoxicity on Allium cepa L. Caryologia, 71(2), 139-145.
Jha, B. S. & Jha, M. M. (1995). Biochemical effects of nickel chloride on the liver and gonads of the freshwater climbing perch, Anabas testudineus (Bloch). Proceedings-national academy of sciences india section B, 65, 39-46.
Jabeen, G., Manzoor, F., Javid, A., Azmat, H., Arshad, M. &Fatima, S. (2018). Evaluation of fish health status and histopathology in gills and liver due to metal contaminated sediments exposure. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 100(4), 492-501.
de Oliveira Ribeiro, C. A., Belger, L., Pelletier, E. & Rouleau, C. (2002). Histopathological evidence of inorganic mercury and methyl mercury toxicity in the arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus). Environmental research, 90(3), 217-225.
Mudgal, V., Madaan, N., Mudgal, A., Singh, R. B. & Mishra, S. (2010). Effect of toxic metals on human health. The open Nutraceuticals journal, 3(1).
Jaiswal, A., Verma, A. & Jaiswal, P. (2018). Detrimental effects of heavy metals in soil, plants, and aquatic ecosystems and in humans. Journal of Environmental Pathology, Toxicology and Oncology, 37(3),183-197.
Maheswaran, R., Devapaul, A., Muralidharan, S., Velmurugan, B. & Ignacimuthu, S. (2008). Haematological studies of fresh water fish, Clarias batrachus (L.) exposed to mercuric chloride. International Journal of Integrative Biology,2(1),50-54.
Vutukuru, S. S. & Basani, K. (2013). Acute effects of mercuric chloride on glycogen and protein content of Zebra fish, Danio rerio. Journal of Environmental Biology, 34(2), 277-281.
Jaishankar, M., Tseten, T., Anbalagan, N., Mathew, B. B. & Beeregowda, K. N. (2014). Toxicity, mechanism and health effects of some heavy metals. Interdisciplinary toxicology, 7(2), 60.
APHA (2005), Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 21th ed. Washington DC: American Public Health Association.
Selvanathan, J., Vincent, S. & Nirmala, A. (2013). Histopathology changes in freshwater fish Clarias batrachus(Linn.) exposed to mercury and cadmium. International Journal of Life Sciences and Pharma Research, 3(2), 11-21.
Pariza, A. A. F. M., Ahmad, S. A., Fadzil, N. I., Basirun, A. A., Sha'arani, S. A. W., Asri, N. A. M. & Shukor, M. Y. (2019). Histopathological and cholinesterase changes in the gills of Clarias gariepinusas a result of cadmium exposure. Journal of Environmental Biology, 40(4), 683-690.
Shahin, M. I. H., Chandra, K. J., Das, D. R. & Khalil, S. M. I. (2013). Morphology and histopathology of alimentary canal of Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus) and Heteropneustesfossilis (Bloch). International Research Journal of Applied Life Sciences, 2(2), 11-20.
Abiona, O. O., Anifowose, A. J., Awojide, S. H., Adebisi, O. C., Adesina, B. T. & Ipinmoroti, M. O. (2019). Histopathological biomarking changes in the internal organs of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and catfish (Clarias gariepinus) exposed to heavy metals contamination from Dandaru pond, Ibadan, Nigeria. Journal of Taibah University for Science, 13(1), 903-911.
Zulkipli, S. Z., Liew, H. J., Ando, M., Lim, L. S., Wang, M., Sung, Y. Y. & Mok, W. J. (2021). A review of mercury pathological effects on organs specific of fishes. Environmental Pollutants and Bioavailability, 33(1), 76-87.
Zheng, N. A., Wang, S., Dong, W. U., Hua, X., Li, Y., Song, X. & Li, Y. (2019). The toxicological effects of mercury exposure in marine fish. Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology, 102(5), 714-720.
Malik, D. S., Sharma, A. K., Sharma, A. K., Thakur, R. & Sharma, M. (2020). A review on impact of water pollution on freshwater fish species and their aquatic environment. Advances in Environmental Pollution Management: Wastewater Impacts and Treatment Technologies, 1, 10-28.
Dane, H., & Şi̇şman, T. (2020). A morpho-histopathological study in the digestive tract of three fish species influenced with heavy metal pollution. Chemosphere, 242, 125212.
Sun, Y., Li, Y., Rao, J., Liu, Z. & Chen, Q. (2018). Effects of inorganic mercury exposure on histological structure, antioxidant status and immune response of immune organs in yellow catfish (Pelteobagrusfulvidraco). Journal of Applied Toxicology, 38(6), 843-854.
Jayakumar, N. & Subburaj, A. (2017). Sub-lethal cadmium toxicity induced histopathological alterations in the gill, liver and kidney of freshwater catfish (Heteropneustesfossilis). Journal of Entomolgy and Zoology Studies, 5(5), 1339-1345.
Alimba, C. G., Adekoya, K. O. & Soyinka, O. O. (2019). Exposure to effluent from pharmaceutical industry induced cytogenotoxicity, hematological and histopathological alterations in Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). Excli journal, 18, 63-78.
Vardhan, K. H., Kumar, P. S. & Panda, R. C. (2019). A review on heavy metal pollution, toxicity and remedial measures: Current trends and future perspectives. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 290, 111197.
Kumar, V., Parihar, R. D., Sharma, A., Bakshi, P., Sidhu, G. P. S., Bali, A. S. & Rodrigo-Comino, J. (2019). Global evaluation of heavy metal content in surface water bodies: A meta-analysis using heavy metal pollution indices and multivariate statistical analyses. Chemosphere, 236, 124364.
K AL Taee, S. & Al-Mallah, K. H. (2020). Review on some heavy metals toxicity on freshwater fishes. Journal of Applied Veterinary Sciences, 5(3), 78-86.
Younis, E. M., Abdel-Warith, A. A., Al-Asgah, N. A., Ebaid, H. & Mubarak, M. (2013). Histological changes in the liver and intestine of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, exposed to sublethal concentrations of cadmium. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 45(3), 833-841.
Panigrahi, A. K., Bakshi, A. & Pattanayak, S. (2021). A comprehensive review on the uptake by and accumulation of some heavy metals in fresh water fishes. Biosc. Biotech. Res. Comm, 14(1), 10-21786.
Sonone, S. S., Jadhav, S., Sankhla, M. S. & Kumar, R. (2020). Water contamination by heavy metals and their toxic effect on aquaculture and human health through food Chain. Lett. Appl. NanoBioScience, 10(2), 2148-2166.
Chagas, T. Q., da Silva Alvarez, T. G., Montalvão, M. F., Mesak, C., Rocha, T. L., da Costa Araújo, A. P. & Malafaia, G. (2019). Behavioral toxicity of tannery effluent in zebrafish (Danio rerio) used as model system. Science of the Total Environment, 685, 923-933.
Van Dyk, J. C., Marchand, M. J., Pieterse, G. M., Barnhoorn, I. E. & Bornman, M. S. (2009). Histological changes in the gills of Clarias gariepinus (Teleostei: Clariidae) from a polluted South African urban aquatic system. African Journal of Aquatic Science, 34(3), 283-291.
Naz, S., Hussain, R., Ullah, Q., Chatha, A. M. M., Shaheen, A. & Khan, R. U. (2021). Toxic effect of some heavy metals on hematology and histopathology of major carp (Catla catla). Environmental science and pollution research, 28(6), 6533-6539.
Haloi, K., Kalita, M. & Nath, R. (2013). The study on the histopathological changes of stomach of Channa punctatus (Bloch) by used pesticide endosulfan. Global J Sci Front Res Biol Sci, 13, 1-6.
Morovvati, H., Nikpour, Y., Zolgharneine, H., Ronagh, M., Abdi, R. & Roshan, A. (2012). Histological changes in the liver of reared spotted scat (Scatophagus argus L.) after exposure to mercury. Comparative Clinical Pathology, 21(5), 745-753.
Hussan, A., Choudhury, T. G., Ahmed, I., Gita, S., Das, A., Udit, U. K.& Mandal, R. N. (2018). Effect of mercury and cadmium on the oxygen consumption and gill Histology of Catla catla (Ham. 1822). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B: Biological Sciences, 88(2), 729-738.
Al-Tamimi, A. H., Al-Azzawi, A. J. & Al-A'dhmi, M. A. (2015). Chronic toxicity assessment of histological changes and micronuclei in fish Cyprinus carpio L. after exposed to copper. American Academic Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences, 13(1), 194-210.
Dutta, J., Ahmad, A. & Singh, J. (2018). Study of industrial effluents induced genotoxicity on Allium cepa L. Caryologia, 71(2), 139-145.
Jha, B. S. & Jha, M. M. (1995). Biochemical effects of nickel chloride on the liver and gonads of the freshwater climbing perch, Anabas testudineus (Bloch). Proceedings-national academy of sciences india section B, 65, 39-46.
Jabeen, G., Manzoor, F., Javid, A., Azmat, H., Arshad, M. &Fatima, S. (2018). Evaluation of fish health status and histopathology in gills and liver due to metal contaminated sediments exposure. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 100(4), 492-501.
de Oliveira Ribeiro, C. A., Belger, L., Pelletier, E. & Rouleau, C. (2002). Histopathological evidence of inorganic mercury and methyl mercury toxicity in the arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus). Environmental research, 90(3), 217-225.
Mudgal, V., Madaan, N., Mudgal, A., Singh, R. B. & Mishra, S. (2010). Effect of toxic metals on human health. The open Nutraceuticals journal, 3(1).
Jaiswal, A., Verma, A. & Jaiswal, P. (2018). Detrimental effects of heavy metals in soil, plants, and aquatic ecosystems and in humans. Journal of Environmental Pathology, Toxicology and Oncology, 37(3),183-197.
Maheswaran, R., Devapaul, A., Muralidharan, S., Velmurugan, B. & Ignacimuthu, S. (2008). Haematological studies of fresh water fish, Clarias batrachus (L.) exposed to mercuric chloride. International Journal of Integrative Biology,2(1),50-54.
Vutukuru, S. S. & Basani, K. (2013). Acute effects of mercuric chloride on glycogen and protein content of Zebra fish, Danio rerio. Journal of Environmental Biology, 34(2), 277-281.
Jaishankar, M., Tseten, T., Anbalagan, N., Mathew, B. B. & Beeregowda, K. N. (2014). Toxicity, mechanism and health effects of some heavy metals. Interdisciplinary toxicology, 7(2), 60.
APHA (2005), Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 21th ed. Washington DC: American Public Health Association.
Selvanathan, J., Vincent, S. & Nirmala, A. (2013). Histopathology changes in freshwater fish Clarias batrachus(Linn.) exposed to mercury and cadmium. International Journal of Life Sciences and Pharma Research, 3(2), 11-21.
Pariza, A. A. F. M., Ahmad, S. A., Fadzil, N. I., Basirun, A. A., Sha'arani, S. A. W., Asri, N. A. M. & Shukor, M. Y. (2019). Histopathological and cholinesterase changes in the gills of Clarias gariepinusas a result of cadmium exposure. Journal of Environmental Biology, 40(4), 683-690.
Shahin, M. I. H., Chandra, K. J., Das, D. R. & Khalil, S. M. I. (2013). Morphology and histopathology of alimentary canal of Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus) and Heteropneustesfossilis (Bloch). International Research Journal of Applied Life Sciences, 2(2), 11-20.
Abiona, O. O., Anifowose, A. J., Awojide, S. H., Adebisi, O. C., Adesina, B. T. & Ipinmoroti, M. O. (2019). Histopathological biomarking changes in the internal organs of Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and catfish (Clarias gariepinus) exposed to heavy metals contamination from Dandaru pond, Ibadan, Nigeria. Journal of Taibah University for Science, 13(1), 903-911.
Zulkipli, S. Z., Liew, H. J., Ando, M., Lim, L. S., Wang, M., Sung, Y. Y. & Mok, W. J. (2021). A review of mercury pathological effects on organs specific of fishes. Environmental Pollutants and Bioavailability, 33(1), 76-87.
Zheng, N. A., Wang, S., Dong, W. U., Hua, X., Li, Y., Song, X. & Li, Y. (2019). The toxicological effects of mercury exposure in marine fish. Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology, 102(5), 714-720.
Malik, D. S., Sharma, A. K., Sharma, A. K., Thakur, R. & Sharma, M. (2020). A review on impact of water pollution on freshwater fish species and their aquatic environment. Advances in Environmental Pollution Management: Wastewater Impacts and Treatment Technologies, 1, 10-28.
Dane, H., & Şi̇şman, T. (2020). A morpho-histopathological study in the digestive tract of three fish species influenced with heavy metal pollution. Chemosphere, 242, 125212.
Sun, Y., Li, Y., Rao, J., Liu, Z. & Chen, Q. (2018). Effects of inorganic mercury exposure on histological structure, antioxidant status and immune response of immune organs in yellow catfish (Pelteobagrusfulvidraco). Journal of Applied Toxicology, 38(6), 843-854.
Jayakumar, N. & Subburaj, A. (2017). Sub-lethal cadmium toxicity induced histopathological alterations in the gill, liver and kidney of freshwater catfish (Heteropneustesfossilis). Journal of Entomolgy and Zoology Studies, 5(5), 1339-1345.
Alimba, C. G., Adekoya, K. O. & Soyinka, O. O. (2019). Exposure to effluent from pharmaceutical industry induced cytogenotoxicity, hematological and histopathological alterations in Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822). Excli journal, 18, 63-78.
Vardhan, K. H., Kumar, P. S. & Panda, R. C. (2019). A review on heavy metal pollution, toxicity and remedial measures: Current trends and future perspectives. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 290, 111197.
Kumar, V., Parihar, R. D., Sharma, A., Bakshi, P., Sidhu, G. P. S., Bali, A. S. & Rodrigo-Comino, J. (2019). Global evaluation of heavy metal content in surface water bodies: A meta-analysis using heavy metal pollution indices and multivariate statistical analyses. Chemosphere, 236, 124364.
K AL Taee, S. & Al-Mallah, K. H. (2020). Review on some heavy metals toxicity on freshwater fishes. Journal of Applied Veterinary Sciences, 5(3), 78-86.
Younis, E. M., Abdel-Warith, A. A., Al-Asgah, N. A., Ebaid, H. & Mubarak, M. (2013). Histological changes in the liver and intestine of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, exposed to sublethal concentrations of cadmium. Pakistan Journal of Zoology, 45(3), 833-841.
Panigrahi, A. K., Bakshi, A. & Pattanayak, S. (2021). A comprehensive review on the uptake by and accumulation of some heavy metals in fresh water fishes. Biosc. Biotech. Res. Comm, 14(1), 10-21786.
Sonone, S. S., Jadhav, S., Sankhla, M. S. & Kumar, R. (2020). Water contamination by heavy metals and their toxic effect on aquaculture and human health through food Chain. Lett. Appl. NanoBioScience, 10(2), 2148-2166.
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Effect of mercury on histological alterations in gill, liver and stomach tissues of Indian catfish, Clarias batrachus. (2023). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 15(2), 685-691. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v15i2.4467
