Palcayaco watershed management through environmental zoning in Huancavelica, Peru
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Abstract
The technical and integrated participation of the population in environmental zoning and soil and water conservation techniques and management is a sustainable alternative for watershed management. The objective of the research was to develop an environmental zoning map for the Palcayaco watershed in Huancavelica, Peru (from its socioeconomic aspects to its technical recommendations). The research work was deductive, where all the necessary data were delimited, described, inventoried, recapitulated and extracted to describe the morphometric parameters, biophysical and socioeconomic situation, environmental zoning and techniques for soil and water conservation. Results: the watershed was perennial, an average slope of 29.65%, a time of concentration of 180.6 min and a balanced hypsometric curve type (B). It also had low population density, unpaved roads, scarce basic services, and poor education and health services infrastructure. The watershed presented different ecoregions, life zones, climatic classification and altitudinal sector, current land use for agricultural, livestock and silvopastoral production, steep type, forest pasture use and protection capacity. The conflict area was in good use, and economic-ecological zoning was in protection, conservation, recovery, water, productive, and urban-industrial. The environmental zoning designed for the Palcayaco watershed preserved the most important natural resources for rural communities, improving their biophysical and socioeconomic status. Through soil and water conservation techniques and management, it will prevent the degradation of the watershed for a better and sustainable future.
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Keywords
Biophysical and socioeconomic situation, Environmental zoning, Morphometric parameters, Soil and water conservation
References
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Sun, Y., Hao, R., Qiao, J., & Xue, H. (2020). Function zoning and spatial management of small watersheds based on ecosystem disservice bundles. Journal of Cleaner Production, 255, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120285
Tiga, R. (2019). Determinación de la zonificación ambiental y la implementación de sistemas de información geográfica –SIG según guía técnica para la formulación de los planes de ordenación y manejo de cuencas hidrográficas (POMCAS). Estudio de caso: cuenca hidrográfica d. Militar University of New Granada, 15, 1–22.
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Wu, S., Yin, P., Wang, M., Zhou, L., & Geng, R. (2020). A new watershed eco-zoning scheme for evaluate agricultural nonpoint source pollution at national scale. Journal of Cleaner Production, 273, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclep ro.2020.123033
Wu, W., Gao, P., Xu, Q., Zheng, T., Zhang, J., Wang, J., Liu, N., Bi, J., Zhou, Y., & Jiang, H. (2019). How to allocate discharge permits more fairly in China?-A new perspective from watershed and regional allocation comparison on socio-natural equality. Science of the Total Environment, 684, 390–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.104
Blanco, H. & Lal, R. (2010). Principles of soil conservation and management. In Springer (Ed.), Springer Science (Springer). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-8709-7
Boris, D. & Gimenez, M. (2015). Zonificación y codificación hidrográfica en Santa Cruz (Patagonia Austral, Argentina). CONAGUA (XXV National Water Congress) 2015, 25 (19 de Junio), 1-14.
Boschet, C., & Rambonilaza, T. (2015). Integrating water resource management and land-use planning at the rural-urban interface: Insights from a political economy approach. Water Resources and Economics, 9, 45–59. https://doi.org/10.10 16/j.wre.2014.11.005
Breton, B. (2014). Propuesta de zonificación para la comuna de Huara-Primera Región. Líder: Revista Labor Interdisciplinaria de Desarrollo Regional, 24(24), 63–93.
Brown, M. G., & Quinn, J. E. (2018). Zoning does not improve the availability of ecosystem services in urban watersheds. A case study from Upstate South Carolina, USA. Ecosystem Services, 34, 254–265. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2018.04.009
Castañeda, P. (2014). Zonificación climatológica según el modelo Caldas – Lang de la cuenca Rio Negro mediante el uso del sistema de información geográfica SIG. Militar University of New Granada, 1–21.
Coral, A. (2016). Zonificación en cuencas hidrográficas para la implementación de políticas de incentivos a la conservación y restauración de ecosistemas. Caso Cuenca Hidrográfica del Río Buena Vista, Ecuador. Entorno Geográfico, 12, 50–68. https://doi.org/10.25100/eg.v0i12.3544
Deng, F., Lin, T., Zhao, Y., & Yuan, Y. (2017). Zoning and analysis of control units for water pollution control in the Yangtze River Basin, China. Sustainability (Switzerland), 9(8), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9081374
dos Santos, G. M., Cemin, G., Bortolin, T. A., & Schneider, V. E. (2020). Edaphoclimatic zoning: Methodology and application to apple cultivation in a Brazilian watershed. Revista Brasileira de Cartografia, 72(2), 190–200. https://doi.org/10.14393/rbc v72n2-48890
Guo, X., Tankpa, V., Wang, L., Ma, F., & Wang, Y. (2021). Framework of multi-level regionalization schemes based on non-point source pollution to advance the environmental management of small watersheds. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(24), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-12000-7
Hall, J. (2020). The Planning Board in New Hampshire. A Handbook for Local Officials. In OSI (Ed.), NH Office of Strategic Initiatives (Concord, N, Vol. 1, Issue March). NH Office of Strategic Initiatives.
Hidalgo, H. (2014). Zonificación de susceptibilidad por fenómenos de remoción en masa mediante geoprocesamiento con herramientas SIG en la cuenca del Río Azufral. Militar University of New Granada, 8 de Julio, 1–22.
James, A. J., Batchelor, J., Bassi, N., & Milne, G. (2019). Catchment assessment and planning for improving effectiveness of watershed development interventions: A case study from South Gujarat. From Catchment Management to Managing River Basins, 1, 103–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-814851-8.00005-7
Le Page, M., Fakir, Y., & Aouissi, J. (2020). Modeling for integrated water resources management in the Mediterranean region. Water Resources in the Mediterranean Region, 157–190. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-818086-0.00007-8
Legal norms. (2009). Reglamento de Clasificación de Tierras por Capacidad de Uso Mayor: Decreto Supremo N°.017-2009-AG. In El peruano (pp. 401820–401837). El peruano. https://www.serfor.gob.pe/pdf/normatividad/2009/decresup/DS NÂo 017-2009-AG (Reglamento de Clasif de Tierras).
Mengie, B., Teshome, Y., & Dereje, T. (2019). Effects of soil and water conservation practices on soil physicochemical properties in Gumara watershed , Upper Blue Nile Basin, Ethiopia. Ecological Processes, 8(36), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-019-0188-2
Mohebbi, A., & Mohebbi, G. (2021). Investigation and zoning of geo-environmental risk around the western edge of Khareshk village’s oil transmission line, Iran. Earth Science Informatics, 14(3), 1367–1381. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12145-021-00645-y
Orsag, V. (2010). The soil resource Principles for its management and conservation. In Fobomade (Ed.), Bolivian Forum on Environment and Development (Fobomade) (Fobomade). Heifer Internacional Bolivia.
Quesada, A., & Zamorano, J. (2019). Zonificación de procesos de ladera e inundaciones a partir de un análisis morfométrico en la cuenca alta del río General, Costa Rica. Investigaciones Geograficas, 99, 2448–7279. https://doi.org/10.14350/rig.59843
Reddy, V. R. (2019). Watershed management in Afghanistan: Lessons from South Asia. From Catchment Management to Managing River Basins, 1, 55–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-814851-8.00003-3
Reddy, V. R., Syme, G. J., & Tallapragada, C. (2019). Module I: Key features of sustainable watersheds. Integrated Approaches to Sustainable Watershed Management in Xeric Environments, 7–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-815275-1.00002-4
Senisterra, G. E., Gaspari, F. J., & Delgado, M. I. (2015). Zonificación de la vulnerabilidad ambiental en una cuenca serrana rural, Argentina. Revista Estudios Ambientales, 3(1), 38–58.
Sohoulande, D. (2018). Toward an integrated watershed zoning framework based on the spatio-temporal variability of land-cover and climate: Application in the Volta river basin. Environmental Development, 28, 55–66. https://doi.org/10.101 6/j.envdev.2018.09.006
Sun, Y., Hao, R., Qiao, J., & Xue, H. (2020). Function zoning and spatial management of small watersheds based on ecosystem disservice bundles. Journal of Cleaner Production, 255, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120285
Tiga, R. (2019). Determinación de la zonificación ambiental y la implementación de sistemas de información geográfica –SIG según guía técnica para la formulación de los planes de ordenación y manejo de cuencas hidrográficas (POMCAS). Estudio de caso: cuenca hidrográfica d. Militar University of New Granada, 15, 1–22.
Vasconcelos, V., & Momm, S. (2020). Rapid Environmental Planning Methodology: Developing Strategies for the Planners’ Education. Journal of Education for Sustainable Development, 14(2), 271–296. https://doi.org/10.1177/0973408220980853
Villegas, E. (2014). Las unidades de planificación y gestión territorial como directriz para la zonificación urbana. Agora U.S.B., 14(2), 551–581. https://doi.org/10.21500/16578031.67
Wang, G., Mang, S., Cai, H., Liu, S., Zhang, Z., Wang, L., & Innes, J. L. (2016). Integrated watershed management: evolution, development and emerging trends. Journal of Forestry Research, 27(5), 967–994. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11676-016-0293-3
Williams, E., McMillan, B., Russell, C., Gruttemeyer, P., & Miller, T. (2008). Innovative Land Use Planning Techniques. A Handbook For Sustainable Development. In EPA (Ed.), N.H. Department of Environmental Services (U.S. Envir, Vol. 1, Issue October). U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Wu, S., Yin, P., Wang, M., Zhou, L., & Geng, R. (2020). A new watershed eco-zoning scheme for evaluate agricultural nonpoint source pollution at national scale. Journal of Cleaner Production, 273, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclep ro.2020.123033
Wu, W., Gao, P., Xu, Q., Zheng, T., Zhang, J., Wang, J., Liu, N., Bi, J., Zhou, Y., & Jiang, H. (2019). How to allocate discharge permits more fairly in China?-A new perspective from watershed and regional allocation comparison on socio-natural equality. Science of the Total Environment, 684, 390–401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.104
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Palcayaco watershed management through environmental zoning in Huancavelica, Peru. (2023). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 15(2), 602-615. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v15i2.4450
