Assessing growth performance and agro-meteorological indices of green gram (Vigna radiata L.) varieties influenced by soil amendments and foliar application under sodic soil in Cauvery delta zone of Tamil Nadu
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Abstract
Green gram prefers neutral soil reactions and is sensitive to saline and alkaline soil conditions. Around 2.1 % of the country's geographical area is salt-affected, of which 3.77 million ha is sodic soil. Rehabilitation of salt-affected soil using drainage is expensive and leaching with good quality water is not feasible. To overcome this, a field experiment was conducted at Anbil Dharmalingam Agricultural College and Research Institute, Tiruchirappalli, during summer 2022 to study the effect of soil amendments and foliar nutrition under sodic soil. The experiment was laid out in a split-plot design with three replications. The treatments comprised of different varieties in main plots (M1, M2, M3, M4, M5 and M6) and different soil amendments with foliar application in sub plots (S1, S2 and S3). The results showed that VBN (Gg) 4 + gypsum @ 50 % GR + pressmud @ 10 t ha-1 + FS of brassinosteroid 0.2 ppm (M4S1) registered higher plant height (18.31, 31.52 & 60.63 cm), DMP (907, 1932 & 2969 kg ha-1), CGR (3.02, 6.83 & 4.15 g m-2 d-1) and SPAD value (37.56, 41.62 & 30.57) at 30, 45 DAS and harvest. The same treatments increased grain and haulm yield of 997 and 2232 kg ha-1. It also increased all agro-meteorological indices viz., GDD, HTU, PTU, RTD and HUE of green gram. However, comparable results were obtained with VBN (Gg) 4 + gypsum @ 50 % GR + CSR GROMOR @ 25 kg ha-1 + FS of brassinosteroid 0.2 ppm (M4S2).
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Keywords
Agro-meteorological indices, Foliar nutrition, Green gram, Sodicity, Soil amendments
References
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Ashraf, M. (2004). Some important physiological selection criteria for salt tolerance in plants. Flora-Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants, 199 (7), 361-376. https://doi.org/10.1078/0367-2530-00165
Asija, G.L. & Subbiah, B.V. (1956). A rapid procedure for the estimation of available nitrogen in soils. Current Science, 25, 259-260.
Aslam, M., Ahmad, K., Akhtar, M. A. & Maqbool, M. A. (2017). Salinity stress in crop plants: effects of stress, tolerance mechanisms and breeding strategies for improvement. Journal of Agriculture and Basic Sciences, 2(1), 2518-4210.
Bahar, A.H., Adam, K.I. and Ali, S.A.M. (2015). Effect of variety and sowing date on performance of rain-fed sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) grown at Zalingei Locality in Darfur, Sudan. J. Agric. Sci. Eng., 1(1): 22-27.
Chatterjee, R., Jana, J.C. and Paul, P.K. (2012). Enhancement of head yield and quality of cabbage (Brassica oleracea) by combining different sources of nutrients. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 82: 324-8.
Fujii, S. & Saka, H. (2001). Distribution of assimilates to each organ in rice plants exposed to a low temperature at the ripening stage, and the effect of brassinolide on the distribution. Plant production science, 4:136-144. https://doi.org/10.1626/pps.4.136
Gardiner, D.T. and Miller, R.W. (2004). Soils in our environment. pp. 126-165.
Gomes, M. D. M. D. A., Torres Netto, A., Campostrini, E., Bressan-Smith, R., Zullo, M. A. T., Ferraz, T. M. & Núñez-Vázquez, M. (2013). Brassinosteroid analogue affects the senescence in two papaya genotypes submitted to drought stress. Theoretical and Experimental Plant Physiology, 25, 186-195.
Haider, S.A., Alam, M.Z., Alam, M.F. & Paul, N.K. (2003). Influence of different sowing dates on the phenology and accumulated heat units in wheat. Journal of Biological Sciences., 3 (10):932-939. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v44i1.22730
Hayat, S., Ahmad, A., Hussain, A. & Mobin, M. (2001). Growth of wheat seedlings raised from the grains treated with 28-homobrassinolide. Acta physiologiae plantarum, 23:27-30.
Iwata, F. (1975). Heat unit concept of crop maturity. Physiological Aspects of Dryland Farming. US Gupta, ed.
Jackson, M.L. (1973). Soil Chemical Analysis, (2nd Indian Print) Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi. Pp. 38-336.
Kumar, A., Mann, A., Lata, C., Kumar, N. & Sharma, P. (2019). Salinity-induced physiological and molecular responses of halophytes. In Research developments in saline agriculture, 331-356. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-5832-6_10
Kumar, V. & Chopra, A. K. (2016). Effects of sugarcane pressmud on agronomical characteristics of hybrid cultivar of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) under field conditions. International Journal of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture, 5, 149-162. DOI 10.1007/s40093-016-0125-7
Manivannan, V., Thanunathan, K., Imayavaramban, V. & Ramanathan, N. (2003). Growth and growth analysis of rice-fallow black gram as influenced by foliar application of nutrients with and without Rhizobium seed inoculation. Legume Research-An International Journal, 26:296-299.
Matwa, D., Rao, K., Dhewa, J. & Rajveer, R. (2017). Effect of plant growth regulators (PGRs) and micronutrients on flowering and yield parameters of green gram (Vigna radiate L.). International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 6:2350-2356.
Mondal, M., Puteh, A., Malek, M. & Ashrafuzzaman, M. (2013). Role of flowering pattern and duration on yield of mung bean. Research on Crops, 14:471-477.
Nagpal, R., David, A. A., Thomas, T., Reddy, I. S. & Barthwal, A. (2022). Impact of integrated nutrient management on soil properties, growth and yield attributes of green gram (Vigna radiata L.) var. MH-421. The Pharma Innovation, 11(6), 925-929.
Nithila, S., Venkatasalam, K., Santhoshkumar, D. & Kavipriyan, V. (2002). Physiological characterization of green gram (Vigna radiata L.) genotypes for drought and salt stress tolerance. Seed, 5.
Olsen, S.R., Watanabe, F.S., Cosper, H.R., Larson, W.E. & Nelson, L.B. (1954). Residual phosphorus availability in long-time rotations on calcareous soils. Soil Science, 78, 141-152.
Pandey, R.K. (2013). Effect of sowing dates and varieties on growth, development and yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under irrigated conditions. M.Sc. Thesis. J.N.K.V.V., Jabalpur, 101.
Praveena, J., Dash, S., Behera, L. & Rout, G. R. (2020). Brassinosteroids: A multifunctional phytohormone of plant development and stress responses. Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 39, 174-196. DOI: 10.9734/CJAST/2020/v39i2530896
Rajput, R. (1980). Response of Soyabean (Glycine Max (L.) Crop to Climate and Soil Environments. IARI, Division of Agricultural Physics, New Delhi.
Shahid, M. A., Sarkhosh, A., Khan, N., Balal, R. M., Ali, S., Rossi, L. & Garcia-Sanchez, F. (2020). Insights into the physiological and biochemical impacts of salt stress on plant growth and development. Agronomy, 10(7), 938.
Sridhar, S.M., Supriya, C. & Krishnaveni, S. A. (2020). Productivity Enhancement through Foliar Nutrition in Green Gram (Vigna radiata). International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences,9,807-811. https,//doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.904.096
Srivastava, A. (2011). Practical Agricultural Meteorology, New India Publishing Agency.
Stanford, G. & L. English. (1949). Use of the flame photometer in rapid soil tests for K and Ca. Agronomy journal, 41, 446-447.
Sundhari, T., Thilagavathi, T., Baskar, M., Thuvasan, T. & Eazhilkrishna, N. (2018). Effect of gypsum incubated organics used as an amendment for sodic soil in green gram. International Journal of Chemical Studies, 6, 304-308.
Thavaprakash, N., Jagannatham, R., Velayudham, K. and Gurusamy, L. (2007). Seasonal influence on phenology and accumulated heat units in relation to yield of baby corn, Inter. J. Agric. Res., 2(9), 826-831.
Toth, S.J. & Prince. A. (1949). Estimation of cation exchange capacity and exchangeable calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium contents of soils by flame photometer techniques. Soil Science, 67, 439 - 445.
USSL. 1954. Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils. Vol. 60, U.S. Department Agriculture Handbook.
Wong, V.N., Dalal, R.C. & Greene, R.S. (2008). Salinity and sodicity effects on respiration and microbial biomass of soil. Biology and fertility of soils, 44, 943-953.
Ashraf, M. (2004). Some important physiological selection criteria for salt tolerance in plants. Flora-Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants, 199 (7), 361-376. https://doi.org/10.1078/0367-2530-00165
Asija, G.L. & Subbiah, B.V. (1956). A rapid procedure for the estimation of available nitrogen in soils. Current Science, 25, 259-260.
Aslam, M., Ahmad, K., Akhtar, M. A. & Maqbool, M. A. (2017). Salinity stress in crop plants: effects of stress, tolerance mechanisms and breeding strategies for improvement. Journal of Agriculture and Basic Sciences, 2(1), 2518-4210.
Bahar, A.H., Adam, K.I. and Ali, S.A.M. (2015). Effect of variety and sowing date on performance of rain-fed sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) grown at Zalingei Locality in Darfur, Sudan. J. Agric. Sci. Eng., 1(1): 22-27.
Chatterjee, R., Jana, J.C. and Paul, P.K. (2012). Enhancement of head yield and quality of cabbage (Brassica oleracea) by combining different sources of nutrients. Indian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 82: 324-8.
Fujii, S. & Saka, H. (2001). Distribution of assimilates to each organ in rice plants exposed to a low temperature at the ripening stage, and the effect of brassinolide on the distribution. Plant production science, 4:136-144. https://doi.org/10.1626/pps.4.136
Gardiner, D.T. and Miller, R.W. (2004). Soils in our environment. pp. 126-165.
Gomes, M. D. M. D. A., Torres Netto, A., Campostrini, E., Bressan-Smith, R., Zullo, M. A. T., Ferraz, T. M. & Núñez-Vázquez, M. (2013). Brassinosteroid analogue affects the senescence in two papaya genotypes submitted to drought stress. Theoretical and Experimental Plant Physiology, 25, 186-195.
Haider, S.A., Alam, M.Z., Alam, M.F. & Paul, N.K. (2003). Influence of different sowing dates on the phenology and accumulated heat units in wheat. Journal of Biological Sciences., 3 (10):932-939. https://doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v44i1.22730
Hayat, S., Ahmad, A., Hussain, A. & Mobin, M. (2001). Growth of wheat seedlings raised from the grains treated with 28-homobrassinolide. Acta physiologiae plantarum, 23:27-30.
Iwata, F. (1975). Heat unit concept of crop maturity. Physiological Aspects of Dryland Farming. US Gupta, ed.
Jackson, M.L. (1973). Soil Chemical Analysis, (2nd Indian Print) Prentice-Hall of India Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi. Pp. 38-336.
Kumar, A., Mann, A., Lata, C., Kumar, N. & Sharma, P. (2019). Salinity-induced physiological and molecular responses of halophytes. In Research developments in saline agriculture, 331-356. DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-5832-6_10
Kumar, V. & Chopra, A. K. (2016). Effects of sugarcane pressmud on agronomical characteristics of hybrid cultivar of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) under field conditions. International Journal of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture, 5, 149-162. DOI 10.1007/s40093-016-0125-7
Manivannan, V., Thanunathan, K., Imayavaramban, V. & Ramanathan, N. (2003). Growth and growth analysis of rice-fallow black gram as influenced by foliar application of nutrients with and without Rhizobium seed inoculation. Legume Research-An International Journal, 26:296-299.
Matwa, D., Rao, K., Dhewa, J. & Rajveer, R. (2017). Effect of plant growth regulators (PGRs) and micronutrients on flowering and yield parameters of green gram (Vigna radiate L.). International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 6:2350-2356.
Mondal, M., Puteh, A., Malek, M. & Ashrafuzzaman, M. (2013). Role of flowering pattern and duration on yield of mung bean. Research on Crops, 14:471-477.
Nagpal, R., David, A. A., Thomas, T., Reddy, I. S. & Barthwal, A. (2022). Impact of integrated nutrient management on soil properties, growth and yield attributes of green gram (Vigna radiata L.) var. MH-421. The Pharma Innovation, 11(6), 925-929.
Nithila, S., Venkatasalam, K., Santhoshkumar, D. & Kavipriyan, V. (2002). Physiological characterization of green gram (Vigna radiata L.) genotypes for drought and salt stress tolerance. Seed, 5.
Olsen, S.R., Watanabe, F.S., Cosper, H.R., Larson, W.E. & Nelson, L.B. (1954). Residual phosphorus availability in long-time rotations on calcareous soils. Soil Science, 78, 141-152.
Pandey, R.K. (2013). Effect of sowing dates and varieties on growth, development and yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) under irrigated conditions. M.Sc. Thesis. J.N.K.V.V., Jabalpur, 101.
Praveena, J., Dash, S., Behera, L. & Rout, G. R. (2020). Brassinosteroids: A multifunctional phytohormone of plant development and stress responses. Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 39, 174-196. DOI: 10.9734/CJAST/2020/v39i2530896
Rajput, R. (1980). Response of Soyabean (Glycine Max (L.) Crop to Climate and Soil Environments. IARI, Division of Agricultural Physics, New Delhi.
Shahid, M. A., Sarkhosh, A., Khan, N., Balal, R. M., Ali, S., Rossi, L. & Garcia-Sanchez, F. (2020). Insights into the physiological and biochemical impacts of salt stress on plant growth and development. Agronomy, 10(7), 938.
Sridhar, S.M., Supriya, C. & Krishnaveni, S. A. (2020). Productivity Enhancement through Foliar Nutrition in Green Gram (Vigna radiata). International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences,9,807-811. https,//doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.904.096
Srivastava, A. (2011). Practical Agricultural Meteorology, New India Publishing Agency.
Stanford, G. & L. English. (1949). Use of the flame photometer in rapid soil tests for K and Ca. Agronomy journal, 41, 446-447.
Sundhari, T., Thilagavathi, T., Baskar, M., Thuvasan, T. & Eazhilkrishna, N. (2018). Effect of gypsum incubated organics used as an amendment for sodic soil in green gram. International Journal of Chemical Studies, 6, 304-308.
Thavaprakash, N., Jagannatham, R., Velayudham, K. and Gurusamy, L. (2007). Seasonal influence on phenology and accumulated heat units in relation to yield of baby corn, Inter. J. Agric. Res., 2(9), 826-831.
Toth, S.J. & Prince. A. (1949). Estimation of cation exchange capacity and exchangeable calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium contents of soils by flame photometer techniques. Soil Science, 67, 439 - 445.
USSL. 1954. Diagnosis and improvement of saline and alkali soils. Vol. 60, U.S. Department Agriculture Handbook.
Wong, V.N., Dalal, R.C. & Greene, R.S. (2008). Salinity and sodicity effects on respiration and microbial biomass of soil. Biology and fertility of soils, 44, 943-953.
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Assessing growth performance and agro-meteorological indices of green gram (Vigna radiata L.) varieties influenced by soil amendments and foliar application under sodic soil in Cauvery delta zone of Tamil Nadu. (2023). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 15(2), 570-581. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v15i2.4443
