Evaluation of water quality of Mundeswari River in eastern India: a water quality index (WQI) based approach
Article Main
Abstract
The Mundeswari River is the western distributary of the Damodar River system in eastern India. The water of this river is extensively used for domestic purposes and agricultural irrigation. This study aimed to evaluate the spatial and temporal water quality variation of the Mundeswari River and assess the water quality status of this river using the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index (CCME-WQI). Water quality was monitored monthly at four selected sampling stations (M1, M2, M3, and M4) during 2020-2022, considering twelve selected water quality indicators. The obtained water quality data were analysed using different statistical techniques. Water quality at different monitoring stations was appraised through the use of CCME-WQI. The results revealed that the overall water quality of most of the monitoring stations based on CCME-WQI values was “marginal.” The highest WQI value (82.01) was observed at M1, and the lowest WQI (41.24) was recorded at M3. One-way ANOVA indicated a statistically significant difference in WQI values between sampling sites (P <0.05). The water quality of the M3 sampling station was found to be in degraded condition throughout the study period. Cluster analysis from the perspective of WQI values revealed two distinct clusters of the sampling stations. Substantial seasonal variation in water quality was also observed. This river had putrid water quality during the pre-monsoon period, and relatively better water quality was evident after the monsoon. This study revealed that the water of the Mundeswari River is utterly unsafe for human consumption and it requires significant treatments before it can be safely used for domestic purposes like cooking, washing etc.
Article Details
Article Details
Keywords
CCME, Correlation, Mundeswari River, Water quality, WQI
References
Abbasi, T. & Abbasi, S. A. (2012). Water-Quality Indices: Looking Back, Looking Ahead In: Water Quality Indices (pp 353–356). Elsevier, Amsterdam. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-444-54304-2.00016-6
Abdel-Satar, A. M., Ali, M. H. & Goher, M. E. (2017). Indices of water quality & metal pollution of Nile River, Egypt. The Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, 43(1), 21–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejar.2016.12.006
Akhtar, N., Ishak, M. I. S., Ahmad, M. I., Umar, K., Md Yusuff, M. S., Anees, M. T. … Ali Almanasir, Y. K. (2021). Modification of the Water Quality Index (WQI) Process for Simple Calculation Using the Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) Method: A Review. Water, 13(7), 905. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13070905
American Public Health Association (2017). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 23rd Ed. American Water Works Association, Washington DC, USA.
Ayogu, C. N., Maduka, R. I., Ayogu, N. O., Njoku, C. N. & Chinedu-Asogwa, N. C. (2020). Hydro-geochemical analysis & quality evaluation of surface water in the Mamu River basin, southeastern Nigeria. Applied Water Science, 10(7), 159. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-020-01247-7
Barakat, A., El Baghdadi, M., Rais, J., Aghezzaf, B. & Slassi, M. (2016). Assessment of spatial and seasonal water quality variation of Oum Er Rbia River (Morocco) using multivariate statistical techniques. International Soil and Water Conservation Research, 4(4), 284–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iswcr.2016.11.002
Bilgin, A. (2018). Evaluation of surface water quality by using Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index (CCME WQI) method and discriminant analysis method: A case study Coruh River Basin. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 190(9), 554. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-018-6927-5
Bora, M. & Goswami, D. C. (2017). Water quality assessment in terms of water quality index (WQI): Case study of the Kolong River, Assam, India. Applied Water Science, 7(6), 3125–3135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-016-0451-y
Chen, P., Li, L. & Zhang, H. (2015). Spatio-Temporal Variations and Source Apportionment of Water Pollution in Danjiangkou Reservoir Basin, Central China. Water, 7(6), 2591–2611. https://doi.org/10.3390/w7062591
Cho, Y.-C., Choi, H., Lee, M.-G., Kim, S.-H. & Im, J.-K. (2022). Identification and Apportionment of Potential Pollution Sources Using Multivariate Statistical Techniques & APCS-MLR Model to Assess Surface Water Quality in Imjin River Watershed, South Korea. Water, 14(5), 793. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14050793
Chou, J.-S., Ho, C.-C. & Hoang, H.-S. (2018). Determining quality of water in reservoir using machine learning. Ecological Informatics, 44, 57–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2018.01.005
Choudhury, M., Pervez, A., Sharma, A. & Mehta, J. (2022). Human-induced stresses on the rivers beyond their assimilation and regeneration capacity In: Ecological Significance of River Ecosystems (pp 281–298). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-85045-2.00019-4
George, J., Thakur, S. K., Tripathi, R. C., Ram, L. C., Gupta, A. & Prasad, S. (2010). Impact of coal industries on the quality of Damodar river water. Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry, 92(9), 1649–1664. https://doi.org/10.1080/02772241003783737.
Ghosh, P. & Panigrahi, A. K. (2018). A comprehensive study on correlation of gastropod diversity with some hydroenvironmental parameters of selected waterbodies of lower Damodar basin, West Bengal, India. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 10(4), 1259–1265. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v10i4.1933
Gitau, M. W., Chen, J. & Ma, Z. (2016). Water Quality Indices as Tools for Decision Making and Management. Water Resources Management,30(8),2591–2610. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-016-1311-0
Gupta, S. & Gupta, S. K. (2021). A critical review on water quality index tool: Genesis, evolution and future directions. Ecological Informatics,63,101299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2021.101299
Haji Gholizadeh, M., Melesse, A. M. & Reddi, L. (2016). Water quality assessment and apportionment of pollution sources using APCS-MLR and PMF receptor modeling techniques in three major rivers of South Florida. Science of The Total Environment, 566–567, 1552–1567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.046
Haldar, D., Halder, S., Das, P. & Halder, G. (2014). Assessment of water quality of Damodar River in South Bengal region of India by Canadian Council of Ministers of Environment (CCME) Water Quality Index: A case study. Desalination and Water Treatment, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2014.987168
Hamlat, A., Guidoum, A. & Koulala, I. (2016). Status and trends of water quality in the Tafna catchment: A comparative study using water quality indices. Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination, 7(2), 228–245. https://doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2016.155
Hassan, F., Shaawiat, A. & Al Obaidy, A. H. (2018). Evaluation of Al-Shamiyah River water quality using the Canadian Council of Ministries of the Environment (CCME) water quality index and factor analysis. Desalination and Water Treatment, 116, 342–348. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2018.22553
Hossain, M. & Patra, P. K. (2020). Water pollution index – A new integrated approach to rank water quality. Ecological Indicators, 117,106668. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106668
Khan, M. Y. A., Gani, K. M. & Chakrapani, G. J. (2015). Assessment of surface water quality and its spatial variation. A case study of Ramganga River, Ganga Basin, India. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 9(1), 28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-015-2134-7
Kothari, V., Vij, S., Sharma, S. & Gupta, N. (2021). Correlation of various water quality parameters & water quality index of districts of Uttarakhand. Environmental and Sustainability Indicators, 9, 100093. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indic.2020.100093
Lee, K.-H., Kang, T.-W., Ryu, H.-S., Hwang, S.-H. & Kim, K. (2020). Analysis of spatiotemporal variation in river water quality using clustering techniques: A case study in the Yeongsan River, Republic of Korea. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(23), 29327–29340. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09276-0
Lumb, A., Sharma, T. C. & Bibeault, J.-F. (2011). A Review of Genesis and Evolution of Water Quality Index (WQI) and Some Future Directions. Water Quality, Exposure and Health, 3(1), 11–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-011-0040-0
Mamun, M. & An, K.-G. (2021). Application of Multivariate Statistical Techniques & Water Quality Index for the Assessment of Water Quality and Apportionment of Pollution Sources in the Yeongsan River, South Korea. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(16), 8268. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168268
Marselina, M., Wibowo, F. & Mushfiroh, A. (2022). Water quality index assessment methods for surface water: A case study of the Citarum River in Indonesia. Heliyon, 8(7), e09848. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09848
Matta, G., Nayak, A., Kumar, A. & Kumar, P. (2020). Water quality assessment using NSFWQI, OIP and multivariate techniques of Ganga River system, Uttarakhand, India. Applied Water Science, 10(9), 206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-020-01288-y
Meng, C., Song, X., Tian, K., Ye, B. & Si, T. (2020). Spatiotemporal Variation Characteristics of Water Pollution & the Cause of Pollution Formation in a Heavily Polluted River in the Upper Hai River. Journal of Chemistry, 2020, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/6617227
Mitra, S., Ghosh, S., Satpathy, K. K., Bhattacharya, B. D., Sarkar, S. K., Mishra, P. & Raja, P. (2018). Water quality assessment of the ecologically stressed Hooghly River Estuary, India: A multivariate approach. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 126, 592–599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.09.053
Mukate, S., Wagh, V., Panaskar, D., Jacobs, J. A. & Sawant, A. (2019). Development of new integrated water quality index (IWQI) model to evaluate the drinking suitability of water. Ecological Indicators, 101, 348–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.01.034
Mukherjee, D., S Lata Dora, R. T. & Tiwary,R.K. (2012). Evaluation of Water Quality Index For Drinking Purposes In The Case of Damodar River, Jharkhand and West Bengal Region, India. Journal of Bioremediation and Biodegradation, 03(09). https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6199.1000161
Munna, G. M., Chowdhury, M. M. I., Ahmed, A. A. M. & Chowdhury, S. (2013). A Canadian Water Quality Guideline-Water Quality Index (CCME-WQI) based assessment study of water quality in Surma River. Journal of Civil Engineering and Construction Technology, 4(3), 81–89. https://doi.org/10.5897/JCECT12.074
Najah Ahmed, A., Binti Othman, F., Abdulmohsin Afan, H., Khaleel Ibrahim, R., Ming Fai, C., Shabbir Hossain, M. … Elshafie, A. (2019). Machine learning methods for better water quality prediction. Journal of Hydrology, 578, 124084. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.124084
Panagopoulos, Y., Alexakis, D. E., Skoulikidis, N. T., Laschou, S., Papadopoulos, A. & Dimitriou, E. (2022). Implementing the CCME water quality index for the evaluation of the physicochemical quality of Greek rivers. Water, 14(17), 2738. doi: 10.3390/w14172738
Pramanik, A. K., Majumdar, D. & Chatterjee, A. (2020). Factors affecting lean, wet-season water quality of Tilaiya reservoir in Koderma District, India during 2013–2017. Water Science, 34, 85–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/11104929.2020.1765451
Regmi, R. K., Mishra, B. K., Masago, Y., Luo, P., Toyozumi-Kojima, A. & Jalilov, S.-M. (2017). Applying a water quality index model to assess the water quality of the major rivers in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 189(8), 382. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-017-6090-4
Rehana, S. & Mujumdar, P. P. (2011). River water quality response under hypothetical climate change scenarios in Tunga-Bhadra river, India. Hydrological Processes, 25(22), 3373–3386. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.8057
Saha, A., Ramya, V. L., Jesna, P. K., Mol, S. S., Panikkar, P., Vijaykumar, M. E. … Das, B. K. (2021). Evaluation of Spatio-temporal Changes in Surface Water Quality and Their Suitability for Designated Uses, Mettur Reservoir, India. Natural Resources Research, 30(2), 1367–1394. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11053-020-09790-5
Sanyal, J., Carbonneau, P. & Densmore, A. L. (2014). Low-cost inundation modelling at the reach scale with sparse data in the Lower Damodar River basin, India. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 59(12), 2086–2102. https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2014.884718
Semy, K. & Singh, M. R. (2021). Quality assessment of Tsurang River water affected by coal mining along the Tsurangkong Range, Nagaland, India. Applied Water Science, 11(7), 115. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-021-01444-y
Şener, Ş., Şener, E. & Davraz, A. (2017). Evaluation of water quality using water quality index (WQI) method and GIS in Aksu River (SW-Turkey). Science of The Total Environment, 584–585, 131–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.102
Shah, K. A. & Joshi, G. S. (2017). Evaluation of water quality index for River Sabarmati, Gujarat, India. Applied Water Science, 7(3), 1349–1358. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-015-0318-7
Sharma, D. & Kansal, A. (2011). Water quality analysis of River Yamuna using water quality index in the national capital territory, India (2000–2009). Applied Water Science, 1(3), 147–157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-011-0011-4
Singh, K. K., Tewari, G. & Kumar, S. (2020). Evaluation of Groundwater Quality for Suitability of Irrigation Purposes: A Case Study in the Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. Journal of Chemistry, 2020, e6924026. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/6924026
Singh, K. P., Malik, A. & Sinha, S. (2005). Water quality assessment & apportionment of pollution sources of Gomti river (India) using multivariate statistical techniques—A case study. Analytica Chimica Acta, 538(1),355–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2005.02.006
Singh, R., Chaturvedi, A. & Kumari, K. (2019). Water-quality assessment of Damodar River and its tributaries & subtributaries in Dhanbad Coal mining areas of India based on WQI. Sustainable Water Resources Management, 5(2),381–386. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-017-0159-7
Singh, R., Villuri, V., Pasupuleti, S. & Nune, R. (2020). Hydrodynamic modeling for identifying flood vulnerability zones in lower Damodar river of eastern India. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2020.01.011
Terrado, M., Barceló, D., Tauler, R., Borrell, E., Campos, S. de & Barceló, D. (2010). Surface-water-quality indices for the analysis of data generated by automated sampling networks. Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 29(1),40–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2009.10.001
Uddin, Md. G., Nash, S. & Olbert, A. I. (2021). A review of water quality index models and their use for assessing surface water quality. Ecological Indicators, 122, 107218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.107218
Ustaoğlu, F. & Tepe, Y. (2019). Water quality & sediment contamination assessment of Pazarsuyu Stream, Turkey using multivariate statistical methods and pollution indicators. International Soil and Water Conservation Research,7(1),47–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iswcr.2018.0 9.001
Varol, M. (2020). Use of water quality index and multivariate statistical methods for the evaluation of water quality of a stream affected by multiple stressors: A case study. Environmental Pollution, 266, 115417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115417
Verma, R. K., Murthy, S., Tiwary, R. K. & Verma, S. (2019). Development of simplified WQIs for assessment of spatial and temporal variations of surface water quality in upper Damodar river basin, eastern India. Applied Water Science, 9(1), 21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-019-0893-0
von Schiller, D., Acuña, V., Aristi, I., Arroita, M., Basaguren, A., Bellin, A. … Elosegi, A. (2017). River ecosystem processes: A synthesis of approaches, criteria of use and sensitivity to environmental stressors. Science of The Total Environment, 596–597, 465–480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.081
World Health Organization (2018). Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality (4th ed.). Geneva: World Health Organization. Retrieved from https://apps.who.int/iris/h&le/10665/2 76001
Yotova, G., Varbanov, M., Tcherkezova, E. & Tsakovski, S. (2021). Water quality assessment of a river catchment by the composite water quality index & self-organizing maps. Ecological Indicators, 120, 106872. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106872
Abdel-Satar, A. M., Ali, M. H. & Goher, M. E. (2017). Indices of water quality & metal pollution of Nile River, Egypt. The Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, 43(1), 21–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejar.2016.12.006
Akhtar, N., Ishak, M. I. S., Ahmad, M. I., Umar, K., Md Yusuff, M. S., Anees, M. T. … Ali Almanasir, Y. K. (2021). Modification of the Water Quality Index (WQI) Process for Simple Calculation Using the Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) Method: A Review. Water, 13(7), 905. https://doi.org/10.3390/w13070905
American Public Health Association (2017). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 23rd Ed. American Water Works Association, Washington DC, USA.
Ayogu, C. N., Maduka, R. I., Ayogu, N. O., Njoku, C. N. & Chinedu-Asogwa, N. C. (2020). Hydro-geochemical analysis & quality evaluation of surface water in the Mamu River basin, southeastern Nigeria. Applied Water Science, 10(7), 159. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-020-01247-7
Barakat, A., El Baghdadi, M., Rais, J., Aghezzaf, B. & Slassi, M. (2016). Assessment of spatial and seasonal water quality variation of Oum Er Rbia River (Morocco) using multivariate statistical techniques. International Soil and Water Conservation Research, 4(4), 284–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iswcr.2016.11.002
Bilgin, A. (2018). Evaluation of surface water quality by using Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index (CCME WQI) method and discriminant analysis method: A case study Coruh River Basin. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 190(9), 554. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-018-6927-5
Bora, M. & Goswami, D. C. (2017). Water quality assessment in terms of water quality index (WQI): Case study of the Kolong River, Assam, India. Applied Water Science, 7(6), 3125–3135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-016-0451-y
Chen, P., Li, L. & Zhang, H. (2015). Spatio-Temporal Variations and Source Apportionment of Water Pollution in Danjiangkou Reservoir Basin, Central China. Water, 7(6), 2591–2611. https://doi.org/10.3390/w7062591
Cho, Y.-C., Choi, H., Lee, M.-G., Kim, S.-H. & Im, J.-K. (2022). Identification and Apportionment of Potential Pollution Sources Using Multivariate Statistical Techniques & APCS-MLR Model to Assess Surface Water Quality in Imjin River Watershed, South Korea. Water, 14(5), 793. https://doi.org/10.3390/w14050793
Chou, J.-S., Ho, C.-C. & Hoang, H.-S. (2018). Determining quality of water in reservoir using machine learning. Ecological Informatics, 44, 57–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2018.01.005
Choudhury, M., Pervez, A., Sharma, A. & Mehta, J. (2022). Human-induced stresses on the rivers beyond their assimilation and regeneration capacity In: Ecological Significance of River Ecosystems (pp 281–298). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-85045-2.00019-4
George, J., Thakur, S. K., Tripathi, R. C., Ram, L. C., Gupta, A. & Prasad, S. (2010). Impact of coal industries on the quality of Damodar river water. Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry, 92(9), 1649–1664. https://doi.org/10.1080/02772241003783737.
Ghosh, P. & Panigrahi, A. K. (2018). A comprehensive study on correlation of gastropod diversity with some hydroenvironmental parameters of selected waterbodies of lower Damodar basin, West Bengal, India. Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 10(4), 1259–1265. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v10i4.1933
Gitau, M. W., Chen, J. & Ma, Z. (2016). Water Quality Indices as Tools for Decision Making and Management. Water Resources Management,30(8),2591–2610. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11269-016-1311-0
Gupta, S. & Gupta, S. K. (2021). A critical review on water quality index tool: Genesis, evolution and future directions. Ecological Informatics,63,101299. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoinf.2021.101299
Haji Gholizadeh, M., Melesse, A. M. & Reddi, L. (2016). Water quality assessment and apportionment of pollution sources using APCS-MLR and PMF receptor modeling techniques in three major rivers of South Florida. Science of The Total Environment, 566–567, 1552–1567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.046
Haldar, D., Halder, S., Das, P. & Halder, G. (2014). Assessment of water quality of Damodar River in South Bengal region of India by Canadian Council of Ministers of Environment (CCME) Water Quality Index: A case study. Desalination and Water Treatment, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/19443994.2014.987168
Hamlat, A., Guidoum, A. & Koulala, I. (2016). Status and trends of water quality in the Tafna catchment: A comparative study using water quality indices. Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination, 7(2), 228–245. https://doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2016.155
Hassan, F., Shaawiat, A. & Al Obaidy, A. H. (2018). Evaluation of Al-Shamiyah River water quality using the Canadian Council of Ministries of the Environment (CCME) water quality index and factor analysis. Desalination and Water Treatment, 116, 342–348. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2018.22553
Hossain, M. & Patra, P. K. (2020). Water pollution index – A new integrated approach to rank water quality. Ecological Indicators, 117,106668. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106668
Khan, M. Y. A., Gani, K. M. & Chakrapani, G. J. (2015). Assessment of surface water quality and its spatial variation. A case study of Ramganga River, Ganga Basin, India. Arabian Journal of Geosciences, 9(1), 28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-015-2134-7
Kothari, V., Vij, S., Sharma, S. & Gupta, N. (2021). Correlation of various water quality parameters & water quality index of districts of Uttarakhand. Environmental and Sustainability Indicators, 9, 100093. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indic.2020.100093
Lee, K.-H., Kang, T.-W., Ryu, H.-S., Hwang, S.-H. & Kim, K. (2020). Analysis of spatiotemporal variation in river water quality using clustering techniques: A case study in the Yeongsan River, Republic of Korea. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27(23), 29327–29340. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-09276-0
Lumb, A., Sharma, T. C. & Bibeault, J.-F. (2011). A Review of Genesis and Evolution of Water Quality Index (WQI) and Some Future Directions. Water Quality, Exposure and Health, 3(1), 11–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12403-011-0040-0
Mamun, M. & An, K.-G. (2021). Application of Multivariate Statistical Techniques & Water Quality Index for the Assessment of Water Quality and Apportionment of Pollution Sources in the Yeongsan River, South Korea. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(16), 8268. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18168268
Marselina, M., Wibowo, F. & Mushfiroh, A. (2022). Water quality index assessment methods for surface water: A case study of the Citarum River in Indonesia. Heliyon, 8(7), e09848. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09848
Matta, G., Nayak, A., Kumar, A. & Kumar, P. (2020). Water quality assessment using NSFWQI, OIP and multivariate techniques of Ganga River system, Uttarakhand, India. Applied Water Science, 10(9), 206. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-020-01288-y
Meng, C., Song, X., Tian, K., Ye, B. & Si, T. (2020). Spatiotemporal Variation Characteristics of Water Pollution & the Cause of Pollution Formation in a Heavily Polluted River in the Upper Hai River. Journal of Chemistry, 2020, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/6617227
Mitra, S., Ghosh, S., Satpathy, K. K., Bhattacharya, B. D., Sarkar, S. K., Mishra, P. & Raja, P. (2018). Water quality assessment of the ecologically stressed Hooghly River Estuary, India: A multivariate approach. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 126, 592–599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.09.053
Mukate, S., Wagh, V., Panaskar, D., Jacobs, J. A. & Sawant, A. (2019). Development of new integrated water quality index (IWQI) model to evaluate the drinking suitability of water. Ecological Indicators, 101, 348–354. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2019.01.034
Mukherjee, D., S Lata Dora, R. T. & Tiwary,R.K. (2012). Evaluation of Water Quality Index For Drinking Purposes In The Case of Damodar River, Jharkhand and West Bengal Region, India. Journal of Bioremediation and Biodegradation, 03(09). https://doi.org/10.4172/2155-6199.1000161
Munna, G. M., Chowdhury, M. M. I., Ahmed, A. A. M. & Chowdhury, S. (2013). A Canadian Water Quality Guideline-Water Quality Index (CCME-WQI) based assessment study of water quality in Surma River. Journal of Civil Engineering and Construction Technology, 4(3), 81–89. https://doi.org/10.5897/JCECT12.074
Najah Ahmed, A., Binti Othman, F., Abdulmohsin Afan, H., Khaleel Ibrahim, R., Ming Fai, C., Shabbir Hossain, M. … Elshafie, A. (2019). Machine learning methods for better water quality prediction. Journal of Hydrology, 578, 124084. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2019.124084
Panagopoulos, Y., Alexakis, D. E., Skoulikidis, N. T., Laschou, S., Papadopoulos, A. & Dimitriou, E. (2022). Implementing the CCME water quality index for the evaluation of the physicochemical quality of Greek rivers. Water, 14(17), 2738. doi: 10.3390/w14172738
Pramanik, A. K., Majumdar, D. & Chatterjee, A. (2020). Factors affecting lean, wet-season water quality of Tilaiya reservoir in Koderma District, India during 2013–2017. Water Science, 34, 85–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/11104929.2020.1765451
Regmi, R. K., Mishra, B. K., Masago, Y., Luo, P., Toyozumi-Kojima, A. & Jalilov, S.-M. (2017). Applying a water quality index model to assess the water quality of the major rivers in the Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 189(8), 382. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-017-6090-4
Rehana, S. & Mujumdar, P. P. (2011). River water quality response under hypothetical climate change scenarios in Tunga-Bhadra river, India. Hydrological Processes, 25(22), 3373–3386. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.8057
Saha, A., Ramya, V. L., Jesna, P. K., Mol, S. S., Panikkar, P., Vijaykumar, M. E. … Das, B. K. (2021). Evaluation of Spatio-temporal Changes in Surface Water Quality and Their Suitability for Designated Uses, Mettur Reservoir, India. Natural Resources Research, 30(2), 1367–1394. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11053-020-09790-5
Sanyal, J., Carbonneau, P. & Densmore, A. L. (2014). Low-cost inundation modelling at the reach scale with sparse data in the Lower Damodar River basin, India. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 59(12), 2086–2102. https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2014.884718
Semy, K. & Singh, M. R. (2021). Quality assessment of Tsurang River water affected by coal mining along the Tsurangkong Range, Nagaland, India. Applied Water Science, 11(7), 115. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-021-01444-y
Şener, Ş., Şener, E. & Davraz, A. (2017). Evaluation of water quality using water quality index (WQI) method and GIS in Aksu River (SW-Turkey). Science of The Total Environment, 584–585, 131–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.01.102
Shah, K. A. & Joshi, G. S. (2017). Evaluation of water quality index for River Sabarmati, Gujarat, India. Applied Water Science, 7(3), 1349–1358. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-015-0318-7
Sharma, D. & Kansal, A. (2011). Water quality analysis of River Yamuna using water quality index in the national capital territory, India (2000–2009). Applied Water Science, 1(3), 147–157. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-011-0011-4
Singh, K. K., Tewari, G. & Kumar, S. (2020). Evaluation of Groundwater Quality for Suitability of Irrigation Purposes: A Case Study in the Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand. Journal of Chemistry, 2020, e6924026. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/6924026
Singh, K. P., Malik, A. & Sinha, S. (2005). Water quality assessment & apportionment of pollution sources of Gomti river (India) using multivariate statistical techniques—A case study. Analytica Chimica Acta, 538(1),355–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2005.02.006
Singh, R., Chaturvedi, A. & Kumari, K. (2019). Water-quality assessment of Damodar River and its tributaries & subtributaries in Dhanbad Coal mining areas of India based on WQI. Sustainable Water Resources Management, 5(2),381–386. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40899-017-0159-7
Singh, R., Villuri, V., Pasupuleti, S. & Nune, R. (2020). Hydrodynamic modeling for identifying flood vulnerability zones in lower Damodar river of eastern India. Ain Shams Engineering Journal, 11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2020.01.011
Terrado, M., Barceló, D., Tauler, R., Borrell, E., Campos, S. de & Barceló, D. (2010). Surface-water-quality indices for the analysis of data generated by automated sampling networks. Trends in Analytical Chemistry, 29(1),40–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trac.2009.10.001
Uddin, Md. G., Nash, S. & Olbert, A. I. (2021). A review of water quality index models and their use for assessing surface water quality. Ecological Indicators, 122, 107218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.107218
Ustaoğlu, F. & Tepe, Y. (2019). Water quality & sediment contamination assessment of Pazarsuyu Stream, Turkey using multivariate statistical methods and pollution indicators. International Soil and Water Conservation Research,7(1),47–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iswcr.2018.0 9.001
Varol, M. (2020). Use of water quality index and multivariate statistical methods for the evaluation of water quality of a stream affected by multiple stressors: A case study. Environmental Pollution, 266, 115417. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115417
Verma, R. K., Murthy, S., Tiwary, R. K. & Verma, S. (2019). Development of simplified WQIs for assessment of spatial and temporal variations of surface water quality in upper Damodar river basin, eastern India. Applied Water Science, 9(1), 21. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-019-0893-0
von Schiller, D., Acuña, V., Aristi, I., Arroita, M., Basaguren, A., Bellin, A. … Elosegi, A. (2017). River ecosystem processes: A synthesis of approaches, criteria of use and sensitivity to environmental stressors. Science of The Total Environment, 596–597, 465–480. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.081
World Health Organization (2018). Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality (4th ed.). Geneva: World Health Organization. Retrieved from https://apps.who.int/iris/h&le/10665/2 76001
Yotova, G., Varbanov, M., Tcherkezova, E. & Tsakovski, S. (2021). Water quality assessment of a river catchment by the composite water quality index & self-organizing maps. Ecological Indicators, 120, 106872. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2020.106872
Issue
Section
Research Articles
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
This work is licensed under Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) © Author (s)
How to Cite
Evaluation of water quality of Mundeswari River in eastern India: a water quality index (WQI) based approach. (2023). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 15(1), 379-390. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v15i1.4340
