Agricultural bio-waste recycling through efficient microbial consortia
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Abstract
In India and other countries, rice straw, a byproduct of rice production, is burned in enormous amounts, which contributes to environmental pollution and climate change by releasing greenhouse gases viz., CO2, N2O, CH4, into the atmosphere. This study aimed to accelerate the degradation of this enormous amount of agricultural biomass via microbial inoculants. Four treatments—rice straw (RS), rice straw plus water (RSW), rice straw plus water plus Pusa decomposer (RSWF), and rice straw plus water plus Tamil Nadu Agricultural University (TNAU) biomineralizer (RSWB) were used in the current investigation. The study's findings demonstrated that rice straw treated with microorganisms decomposed more quickly than RS and RSW treatments. According to EDAX spectra of elemental composition, the carbon content of rice straw in the RS, RSW, RSWF, and RSWB treatments was 33.66%, 29.75%, 13.33%, and 20.65% w/w, respectively. The RSWF treatment of rice straw was found to have the highest nitrogen concentration (0.64% w/w), followed by RSWB (0.61% w/w), RSW (0.45%) w/w, and RS (0.43% w/w). Treatments RSWF and RSWB had lower C/N ratios 20.83, and 33.85, respectively, than that RSW (66.11) and RS (78.28). The RSWF and RSWB treatments' porous, distorted, and rough surface structures provided further evidence that both microbial consortia could decompose rice straw more quickly than the RSW and RS treatments. Therefore, the results of this study imply that rice straw could be added to the soil to improve soil fertility for sustainable crop production rather than being burned.
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Keywords
Agricultural bio-waste, Decomposition, Microbial consortia, Recycling, Rice straw
References
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Amido, R. D., Reyes, R. G., Kalaw, S. P., De Leon, A. M. & Aquino, D. L. (2021). Chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of rice straw treated with Pleurotus florida. All Life, 14(1), 657-666. doi: 10.1080/26895 293.20 21.1947392.
AOAC (2006). Official methods of analysis of AOAC International. 18th Ed. Association of official analytical chemists. Washington DC, USA. Journal of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists.
Aye, S. L. (2016). Composting of rice straw with effective microorganisms (em) and its influence on compost quality. Jour. Myano Acad. Am & Sc., 14(1), 317-331.
Bhattacharyya, P., Bisen, J., Bhaduri, D., Priyadarsini, S., Munda, S., Chakraborti, M., Adak, T., Panneerselvam, P., Mukherjee, A. K., Swain, S. L., Dash, P. K., Padhy, S. R., Nayak, A. K., Pathak, H., Kumar, S. & Nimbrayan, P. (2021). Turn the wheel from waste to wealth: Economic and environmental gain of sustainable rice straw management practices over field burning in reference to India. Science of the Total Environment, 775, 1-17. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145896.
Boundzanga, H. M., Cagnon, B., Roulet, M., Persis Sde, Vautrin-Ul, C., & Bonnamy, S. (2020). Contributions of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin to the mass and the porous characteristics of activated carbons produced from biomass residues by phosphoric acid activation. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery. doi: 10.1007/s13399-020-00816-9.
Chivenge, P. (2020). Rice Straw Incorporation Influences Nutrient Cycling and Soil Organic Matter. In: Gummert, M., Hung, N., Chivenge, P., Douthwaite, B. (eds) Sustainable Rice Straw Management. Springer, 131-144.
Chollakup, R., Kongtud, W., Sukatta, U., Premchookiat, M., Piriyasatits, K., Nimitkeatkai, H. & Jarerat, A. (2021). Eco-Friendly Rice Straw Paper Coated with Longan (Dimocarpus longan) Peel Extract as Bio-Based and Antibacterial Packaging. Polymers, 13, 1-13. doi.org/10.3390/polym13183096.
Dash, P. K., Padhy, S. R., Bhattacharyya, P., Pattanayak, A., Routray, S., Panneerselvam, P., Nayak, A. K. & Pathak, H. (2021). Efficient Lignin Decomposing Microbial Consortium to Hasten Rice‑Straw Composting with Moderate GHGs Fluxes. Waste and Biomass Valorization, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-021-01508-9.
El-Hassanin, A. S., Samak, M. R., Radwan, S. R., & El-Chaghaby, G. A. (2020). Preparation and Characterization of Biochar from Rice Straw and Its Application in Soil Remediation. Environment and Natural Resources Journal, 18(3), 283-289. doi: 10.32526/ennrj.18.3.2020.27.
Goodman, B. A. (2020). Utilization of waste straw and husks from rice production: A review. Journal of Bioresources and Bioproducts, 5, 143-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobab.2020.07.001.
Goyal, S. & Sindhu, S. S. (2011). Composting of rice straw using different inocula and analysis of compost quality. Microbiology Journal, 1(4), 126-138. doi:10.3923/mj.2011.126.138.
Huang, W., Wachemo, A. C., Yuan, H. & Li, X. (2019). Full utilization of nutrients in rice straw by integrating mushroom cultivation, biogas production, and fertilizer use. Int J Agric & Biol Eng., 12(4), 174-183. doi: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20191204.4658.
Junpen, A., Pansuk, J., Kamnoet, O., Cheewaphongphan, P. & Garivait, S. (2018). Emission of Air Pollutants from Rice Residue Open Burning in Thailand. Atmosphere, 9, 1-23. doi:10.3390/atmos9110449.
Jusoh, M. L. C., Manaf, L. A. & Latiff, P. A. (2013). Composting of rice straw with effective microorganisms (EM) and its influence on compost quality. Iranian Journal of Environmental Health Sciences & Engineering, 10(17), 1-9.
Kaur, K., & Phutela, U. G. (2018). Morphological and Structural Changes in Paddy Straw Influenced By Alkali and Microbial Pretreatment. Detritus, 3, 30-36. doi:10.31025/2611-4135/2018.13686.
Kedia, S., Pandey, R. & Malhotra, A. (2020). The impact of stubble burning and poor air quality in India during the time of COVID-19. Teri, The Energy and Resources Institute. https://www.teriin.org/article/20/07/2020. Accessed 03 June 2022.
Moradi, F., Amiri, H., Soleimanian-Zad, S., Ehsani, M. R. & Karim, K. (2013). Improvement of acetone, butanol and ethanol production from rice straw by acid and alkaline pretreatments. Fuel, 112, 8–13. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2013.05.011.
Phitsuwan, P., Permsriburasuk, C., Baramee, S., Teeravivattanakit, T. & Ratanakhanokchai, K. (2017). Structural Analysis of Alkaline Pretreated Rice Straw for Ethanol Production. International Journal of Polymer Science, 1-9. doi: 10.1155/2017/4876969.
Phutela, U. G., & Sahni, N. (2013). Microscopic Structural Changes in Paddy Straw Pretreated with Trichoderma reesei MTCC 164 and Coriolus versicolor MTCC 138. Indian J Microbiol., 53(2), 227–231. doi: 10.1007/s12088-012-0321-8.
Rusdy, M. (2022). Chemical composition and nutritional value of urea treated rice straw for ruminants. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 34, 657-666. doi: 10.1080/26895293.2021.1947392.
Sharma, A., Sharma, R., Arora, A., Shah, R., Singh, A., Pranaw, K. & Nain, L. (2014). Insights into rapid composting of paddy straw augmented with efficient microorganism consortium. Int. J. Recycl. Org. Waste Agricult., 3(54), 1-9. doi:10.1007/s40093-014-0054-2.
Sindhu, R., Binod, P., Janu, K. U., Sukumaran, R. K. & Pandey, A. (2012). Organosolvent pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of rice straw for the production of bioethanol. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 28, 473–483. doi: 10.1007/s11274-011-0838-8.
Singh, G., Gupta, M. K. & Chaurasiya, S. (2021). Rice straw burning: a review on its global prevalence and the sustainable alternatives for its effective mitigation. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 28, 32125–32155. doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-14163-3.
Stella, M., Emmyrafedziawati, A. K. (2015). Identification of rice straw degrading microbial consortium. J. Trop. Agric. and Fd. Sc., 43(2), 119 – 127.
USDA (2022). World Agricultural Production, United States Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service Circular Series WAP 5-22 May 2022. https://www.fas.usda.gov. Accessed 26 August 2022.
Xu, J., Xu, X., Liu, Y., Li, H. & Liu, H. (2015). Effect of Microbiological Inoculants DN-1 on Lignocellulose Degradation During Co-Composting of Cattle Manure with Rice Straw Monitored by FTIR and SEM. Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy, 35(2), 345-351. doi: 10.1002/ep.12222.
Yang, Y. H., Wang, B. C., Wang, Q. H., Xiang, L. J. & Duan, C. R. (2004). Research on solid state fermentation on rice chaff with a microbial consortium. Colloides and surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 34, 1-6.
Amido, R. D., Reyes, R. G., Kalaw, S. P., De Leon, A. M. & Aquino, D. L. (2021). Chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of rice straw treated with Pleurotus florida. All Life, 14(1), 657-666. doi: 10.1080/26895 293.20 21.1947392.
AOAC (2006). Official methods of analysis of AOAC International. 18th Ed. Association of official analytical chemists. Washington DC, USA. Journal of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists.
Aye, S. L. (2016). Composting of rice straw with effective microorganisms (em) and its influence on compost quality. Jour. Myano Acad. Am & Sc., 14(1), 317-331.
Bhattacharyya, P., Bisen, J., Bhaduri, D., Priyadarsini, S., Munda, S., Chakraborti, M., Adak, T., Panneerselvam, P., Mukherjee, A. K., Swain, S. L., Dash, P. K., Padhy, S. R., Nayak, A. K., Pathak, H., Kumar, S. & Nimbrayan, P. (2021). Turn the wheel from waste to wealth: Economic and environmental gain of sustainable rice straw management practices over field burning in reference to India. Science of the Total Environment, 775, 1-17. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145896.
Boundzanga, H. M., Cagnon, B., Roulet, M., Persis Sde, Vautrin-Ul, C., & Bonnamy, S. (2020). Contributions of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin to the mass and the porous characteristics of activated carbons produced from biomass residues by phosphoric acid activation. Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery. doi: 10.1007/s13399-020-00816-9.
Chivenge, P. (2020). Rice Straw Incorporation Influences Nutrient Cycling and Soil Organic Matter. In: Gummert, M., Hung, N., Chivenge, P., Douthwaite, B. (eds) Sustainable Rice Straw Management. Springer, 131-144.
Chollakup, R., Kongtud, W., Sukatta, U., Premchookiat, M., Piriyasatits, K., Nimitkeatkai, H. & Jarerat, A. (2021). Eco-Friendly Rice Straw Paper Coated with Longan (Dimocarpus longan) Peel Extract as Bio-Based and Antibacterial Packaging. Polymers, 13, 1-13. doi.org/10.3390/polym13183096.
Dash, P. K., Padhy, S. R., Bhattacharyya, P., Pattanayak, A., Routray, S., Panneerselvam, P., Nayak, A. K. & Pathak, H. (2021). Efficient Lignin Decomposing Microbial Consortium to Hasten Rice‑Straw Composting with Moderate GHGs Fluxes. Waste and Biomass Valorization, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-021-01508-9.
El-Hassanin, A. S., Samak, M. R., Radwan, S. R., & El-Chaghaby, G. A. (2020). Preparation and Characterization of Biochar from Rice Straw and Its Application in Soil Remediation. Environment and Natural Resources Journal, 18(3), 283-289. doi: 10.32526/ennrj.18.3.2020.27.
Goodman, B. A. (2020). Utilization of waste straw and husks from rice production: A review. Journal of Bioresources and Bioproducts, 5, 143-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobab.2020.07.001.
Goyal, S. & Sindhu, S. S. (2011). Composting of rice straw using different inocula and analysis of compost quality. Microbiology Journal, 1(4), 126-138. doi:10.3923/mj.2011.126.138.
Huang, W., Wachemo, A. C., Yuan, H. & Li, X. (2019). Full utilization of nutrients in rice straw by integrating mushroom cultivation, biogas production, and fertilizer use. Int J Agric & Biol Eng., 12(4), 174-183. doi: 10.25165/j.ijabe.20191204.4658.
Junpen, A., Pansuk, J., Kamnoet, O., Cheewaphongphan, P. & Garivait, S. (2018). Emission of Air Pollutants from Rice Residue Open Burning in Thailand. Atmosphere, 9, 1-23. doi:10.3390/atmos9110449.
Jusoh, M. L. C., Manaf, L. A. & Latiff, P. A. (2013). Composting of rice straw with effective microorganisms (EM) and its influence on compost quality. Iranian Journal of Environmental Health Sciences & Engineering, 10(17), 1-9.
Kaur, K., & Phutela, U. G. (2018). Morphological and Structural Changes in Paddy Straw Influenced By Alkali and Microbial Pretreatment. Detritus, 3, 30-36. doi:10.31025/2611-4135/2018.13686.
Kedia, S., Pandey, R. & Malhotra, A. (2020). The impact of stubble burning and poor air quality in India during the time of COVID-19. Teri, The Energy and Resources Institute. https://www.teriin.org/article/20/07/2020. Accessed 03 June 2022.
Moradi, F., Amiri, H., Soleimanian-Zad, S., Ehsani, M. R. & Karim, K. (2013). Improvement of acetone, butanol and ethanol production from rice straw by acid and alkaline pretreatments. Fuel, 112, 8–13. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2013.05.011.
Phitsuwan, P., Permsriburasuk, C., Baramee, S., Teeravivattanakit, T. & Ratanakhanokchai, K. (2017). Structural Analysis of Alkaline Pretreated Rice Straw for Ethanol Production. International Journal of Polymer Science, 1-9. doi: 10.1155/2017/4876969.
Phutela, U. G., & Sahni, N. (2013). Microscopic Structural Changes in Paddy Straw Pretreated with Trichoderma reesei MTCC 164 and Coriolus versicolor MTCC 138. Indian J Microbiol., 53(2), 227–231. doi: 10.1007/s12088-012-0321-8.
Rusdy, M. (2022). Chemical composition and nutritional value of urea treated rice straw for ruminants. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 34, 657-666. doi: 10.1080/26895293.2021.1947392.
Sharma, A., Sharma, R., Arora, A., Shah, R., Singh, A., Pranaw, K. & Nain, L. (2014). Insights into rapid composting of paddy straw augmented with efficient microorganism consortium. Int. J. Recycl. Org. Waste Agricult., 3(54), 1-9. doi:10.1007/s40093-014-0054-2.
Sindhu, R., Binod, P., Janu, K. U., Sukumaran, R. K. & Pandey, A. (2012). Organosolvent pretreatment and enzymatic hydrolysis of rice straw for the production of bioethanol. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 28, 473–483. doi: 10.1007/s11274-011-0838-8.
Singh, G., Gupta, M. K. & Chaurasiya, S. (2021). Rice straw burning: a review on its global prevalence and the sustainable alternatives for its effective mitigation. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 28, 32125–32155. doi: 10.1007/s11356-021-14163-3.
Stella, M., Emmyrafedziawati, A. K. (2015). Identification of rice straw degrading microbial consortium. J. Trop. Agric. and Fd. Sc., 43(2), 119 – 127.
USDA (2022). World Agricultural Production, United States Department of Agriculture, Foreign Agricultural Service Circular Series WAP 5-22 May 2022. https://www.fas.usda.gov. Accessed 26 August 2022.
Xu, J., Xu, X., Liu, Y., Li, H. & Liu, H. (2015). Effect of Microbiological Inoculants DN-1 on Lignocellulose Degradation During Co-Composting of Cattle Manure with Rice Straw Monitored by FTIR and SEM. Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy, 35(2), 345-351. doi: 10.1002/ep.12222.
Yang, Y. H., Wang, B. C., Wang, Q. H., Xiang, L. J. & Duan, C. R. (2004). Research on solid state fermentation on rice chaff with a microbial consortium. Colloides and surfaces B: Biointerfaces, 34, 1-6.
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How to Cite
Agricultural bio-waste recycling through efficient microbial consortia. (2023). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 15(1), 349-355. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v15i1.4304
