Evaluation of macro, micro, and toxic minerals in Dates fodder in Basra, Southern Iraq
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Abstract
Mineral concentrations in plants are affected by a number of factors, which in turn affect the amounts available directly or indirectly to animals, so the concentration of some nutrients may be insufficient for the needs of animals. The article aimed to evaluate a wide variety of chemical elements in date fodder often used to feed cows, buffaloes, and sheep in Basra Governorate, Southern Iraq. In addition, it establishes the acceptability of chemical element concentrations in the dates, which included macro-minerals, micro-elements, and hazardous metals. The feed was prepared to be digested and then all minerals were analyzed using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) equipment to determine the amounts of macro-minerals, micro-elements, and hazardous elements in the feed. Where macro-minerals included (calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and sulfur) and micro-elements included (iron, copper, nickel, selenium, chromium, tin, silicon, vanadium, and molybdenum, while toxic elements included (aluminium, arsenic, cadmium, uranium, and lead). Most major and minor elements had low values compared to the critical level determined for their presence in fodders, as all elements did not reach the maximum tolerable(4.5% of macro-minerals and 40 ppm of micro-elements) and much less than the minimum limit(<0.06 of macro-minerals and <0.20ppm of micro-elements), whereas the toxic elements in the chosen dates fodder had low and acceptable concentrations compared to the risk index for their presence in fodder(100 mg Kg-1). The current study helps farmers in Basra Governorate in their understanding of the mineral nutritional needs of cattle while relying significantly on this type of fodder.
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Keywords
Dates Fodder, Macro, Micro, Minerals, Southern Iraq, Toxic
References
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Alrubayae, I. M. & Kadhim, F. K. (2020). Mycodiesel Production from some Isolates of Oleaginous Fungi Isolated from Oil-Rich Soils in Basrah. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 12(4), 4710-4716. doi.org/10.31838/ijpr/2020.12.04.640
Bhalakiya, N., Haque, N., Patel, P. & Joshi, P. (2019). Role of trace minerals in animal production and reproduction. International Journal of Livestock Research, 9(9), 1-12. doi: 10.5455/ijlr.20190222105609
Binning, K. & Baird, D. (2001). Survey of heavy metals in the sediments of the Swartkops River Estuary, Port Elizabeth South Africa. Water SA, 27(4), 461-466. doi.org/10.4314/wsa.v27i4.4958
Council, N. R. (2005). Mineral Tolerance of Animals: Second Revised Edition, 2005. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
Crawford, G. (2012). Avoiding Mineral Toxicity in Cattle. University of Minnesota Extension.https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/wbic/files/2010/12/Factsheet_MineralToxicity.pdf
der Poel, A. F. B. v., Abdollahi, M. R., Cheng, H., Colovic, R., den Hartog, L. A., Miladinovic, D., et al. (2020). Future directions of animal feed technology research to meet the challenges of a changing world. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 270, 114692. doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114692
Eruvbetine, D. (2003). Canine Nutrition and Health: A paper presented at the seminar organized by Kensington Pharmaceuticals Nig. Ltd., Lagos on, 21.
Gall, J. E., Boyd, R. S. & Rajakaruna, N. (2015). Transfer of heavy metals through terrestrial food webs: a review. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 187(4), 201. doi.org/10.1007/s10661-015-4436-3
Hill, G. M. & Shannon, M. C. (2019). Copper and zinc nutritional issues for agricultural animal production. Biological trace element research, 188(1), 148-159. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-018-1578-5
Kadhim, K. F., Haseeb, M., Amer, A. M., AL-Rubayae, I. M. & Kadhim, A. F. (2022). Study of trace metals concentration in local whey cheese Southern Iraq and comparison with guideline of WHO. In AIP Conference Proceedings, 2394 (1), p. 020013. AIP Publishing LLC https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121155.
Kadhim, K. F. & Jasim, M. K. (2022). An Assessment of The Clean Milk Production Practices in Basra Province. International Journal of Recent Research in Life Sciences, 9 (4), 8-15 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7463279.
Korish, M. A. & Attia, Y. A. (2020). Evaluation of heavy metal content in feed, litter, meat, meat products, liver, and table eggs of chickens. Animals, 10(4), 727. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10040727
KO, S., CO, O. & O, E. O. (2010). The importance of mineral elements for humans, domestic animals and plants-A review. African journal of food science, 4(5), 200-222. Available online http://www.academicjournals.org/ajfs
López-Alonso, M. (2012). 9 - Animal feed contamination by toxic metals. In J. Fink-Gremmels (Ed.), Animal Feed Contamination (pp. 183-204): Woodhead Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1533/9780857093615.2.183
Makkar, H. P. S. (2012). Towards sustainable animal diets: Optimization of Feed Use Efficiency in Ruminant Production Systems. Paper presented at the FAO Symposium, Bangkok, Thailand. http://www.nap.org.pk/docs/Feed-Use-Efficiency.pdf#page=75
Masters, D. G., Purser, D. B., Yu, S. X., Wang, Z. S., Yang, R. Z., Liu, N., et al. (1993). Mineral nutrition of grazing sheep in northern china I. Macro-minerals in pasture, feed supplements and sheep. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci, 6(1), 99-105. doi.org/10.5713/ajas.1993.99
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2001). Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, p 773. https://doi.org/10.17226/10026.
Özcan, M. (2004). Mineral contents of some plants used as condiments in Turkey. Food Chemistry, 84(3), 437-440. doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(03)00263-2
Pandey, A. K., Kumar, P., & Saxena, M. J. (2019). Feed Additives in Animal Health. In R. C. Gupta, A. Srivastava, & R. Lall (Eds.), Nutraceuticals in Veterinary Medicine (pp. 345-362). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://booksdo.com/wp-content/uploads/XPreview/Toxicology/3/nutraceuticals-in-veterinary-medicine-by-ramesh-c-gupta.pdf
Rajaganapathy, V., Xavier, F., Sreekumar, D., & Mandal, P. K. (2011). Heavy metal contamination in soil, water and fodder and their presence in livestock and products: a review. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 4(3), 234-249. http://scialert.net/fulltext/?doi=jes...
Salami, S. A., Luciano, G., O'Grady, M. N., Biondi, L., Newbold, C. J., Kerry, J. P. & Priolo, A. (2019). Sustainability of feeding plant by-products: A review of the implications for ruminant meat production. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 251, 37-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.02.006
Saun, R. J. V. (2001). Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle. 7th revised edn.(National Academy of Sciences: Washington, DC).
Simsek, A., & Aykut, O. (2007). Evaluation of the microelement profile of Turkish hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) varieties for human nutrition and health. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 58(8), 677-688. doi.org/10.1080/09637480701403202
Singh, R., Gautam, N., Mishra, A., & Gupta, R. (2011). Heavy metals and living systems: An overview. Indian J Pharmacol, 43(3), 246-253. doi.org/10.4103/0253-7613.81505
Tangahu, B. V., Sheikh Abdullah, S. R., Basri, H., Idris, M., Anuar, N., & Mukhlisin, M. (2011). A Review on Heavy Metals (As, Pb, and Hg) Uptake by Plants through Phytoremediation. International Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2011, 939161. doi.org/10.1155/2011/939161
Tchounwou, P. B., Yedjou, C. G., Patlolla, A. K., & Sutton, D. J. (2012). Heavy metal toxicity and the environment. Exp Suppl, 101, 133-164. doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-8340-4_6
Weston, R., Lindsay, J., Purser, D., Gordon, G., & Davis, P. (1988). Feed intake and digestion responses in sheep to the addition of inorganic sulfur to a herbage diet of low sulfur content. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 39(6), 1107-1119. doi.org/10.1071/AR9881107
Wild, K. J., Siegert, W., Windisch, W. M., Südekum, K. H. & Rodehutscord, M. (2021). Meta-analysis-based estimates of efficiency of calcium utilisation by ruminants. Animal, 15(8), 100315. doi.org/10.1016/j.animal.2021.100315
Yan, X., Zhang, F., Zeng, C., Zhang, M., Devkota, L. P. & Yao, T. (2012). Relationship between Heavy Metal Concentrations in Soils and Grasses of Roadside Farmland in Nepal. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 9(9), 3209-3226. doi.org/10.1155/2011/939161
Van Zanten, H. H., Herrero, M., Van Hal, O., Röös, E., Muller, A., Garnett, T., ... & De Boer, I. J. (2018). Defining a land boundary for sustainable livestock consumption. Global change biology, 24(9), 4185-4194.https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14321
Vaswani, P. K. G. S. (2020). Basic information about vanadium ‘ultra-trace element or occasionally beneficial element’and its various functions in animals: A review article. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies , 8(6), 645-653.
Alagawany, M., Farag, M. R., Sahfi, M. E., Elnesr, S. S., Alqaisi, O., El-Kassas, S., ... & Abd E-Hack, M. E. (2022). Phytochemical characteristics of Paulownia trees wastes and its use as unconventional feedstuff in animal feed. Animal Biotechnology, 33(3), 586-593. https://doi.org/10.1080/10495398.2020.1806074
Alrubayae, I. M. & Kadhim, F. K. (2020). Mycodiesel Production from some Isolates of Oleaginous Fungi Isolated from Oil-Rich Soils in Basrah. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 12(4), 4710-4716. doi.org/10.31838/ijpr/2020.12.04.640
Bhalakiya, N., Haque, N., Patel, P. & Joshi, P. (2019). Role of trace minerals in animal production and reproduction. International Journal of Livestock Research, 9(9), 1-12. doi: 10.5455/ijlr.20190222105609
Binning, K. & Baird, D. (2001). Survey of heavy metals in the sediments of the Swartkops River Estuary, Port Elizabeth South Africa. Water SA, 27(4), 461-466. doi.org/10.4314/wsa.v27i4.4958
Council, N. R. (2005). Mineral Tolerance of Animals: Second Revised Edition, 2005. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
Crawford, G. (2012). Avoiding Mineral Toxicity in Cattle. University of Minnesota Extension.https://fyi.extension.wisc.edu/wbic/files/2010/12/Factsheet_MineralToxicity.pdf
der Poel, A. F. B. v., Abdollahi, M. R., Cheng, H., Colovic, R., den Hartog, L. A., Miladinovic, D., et al. (2020). Future directions of animal feed technology research to meet the challenges of a changing world. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 270, 114692. doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114692
Eruvbetine, D. (2003). Canine Nutrition and Health: A paper presented at the seminar organized by Kensington Pharmaceuticals Nig. Ltd., Lagos on, 21.
Gall, J. E., Boyd, R. S. & Rajakaruna, N. (2015). Transfer of heavy metals through terrestrial food webs: a review. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 187(4), 201. doi.org/10.1007/s10661-015-4436-3
Hill, G. M. & Shannon, M. C. (2019). Copper and zinc nutritional issues for agricultural animal production. Biological trace element research, 188(1), 148-159. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12011-018-1578-5
Kadhim, K. F., Haseeb, M., Amer, A. M., AL-Rubayae, I. M. & Kadhim, A. F. (2022). Study of trace metals concentration in local whey cheese Southern Iraq and comparison with guideline of WHO. In AIP Conference Proceedings, 2394 (1), p. 020013. AIP Publishing LLC https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0121155.
Kadhim, K. F. & Jasim, M. K. (2022). An Assessment of The Clean Milk Production Practices in Basra Province. International Journal of Recent Research in Life Sciences, 9 (4), 8-15 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7463279.
Korish, M. A. & Attia, Y. A. (2020). Evaluation of heavy metal content in feed, litter, meat, meat products, liver, and table eggs of chickens. Animals, 10(4), 727. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10040727
KO, S., CO, O. & O, E. O. (2010). The importance of mineral elements for humans, domestic animals and plants-A review. African journal of food science, 4(5), 200-222. Available online http://www.academicjournals.org/ajfs
López-Alonso, M. (2012). 9 - Animal feed contamination by toxic metals. In J. Fink-Gremmels (Ed.), Animal Feed Contamination (pp. 183-204): Woodhead Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1533/9780857093615.2.183
Makkar, H. P. S. (2012). Towards sustainable animal diets: Optimization of Feed Use Efficiency in Ruminant Production Systems. Paper presented at the FAO Symposium, Bangkok, Thailand. http://www.nap.org.pk/docs/Feed-Use-Efficiency.pdf#page=75
Masters, D. G., Purser, D. B., Yu, S. X., Wang, Z. S., Yang, R. Z., Liu, N., et al. (1993). Mineral nutrition of grazing sheep in northern china I. Macro-minerals in pasture, feed supplements and sheep. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci, 6(1), 99-105. doi.org/10.5713/ajas.1993.99
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2001). Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, p 773. https://doi.org/10.17226/10026.
Özcan, M. (2004). Mineral contents of some plants used as condiments in Turkey. Food Chemistry, 84(3), 437-440. doi.org/10.1016/S0308-8146(03)00263-2
Pandey, A. K., Kumar, P., & Saxena, M. J. (2019). Feed Additives in Animal Health. In R. C. Gupta, A. Srivastava, & R. Lall (Eds.), Nutraceuticals in Veterinary Medicine (pp. 345-362). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://booksdo.com/wp-content/uploads/XPreview/Toxicology/3/nutraceuticals-in-veterinary-medicine-by-ramesh-c-gupta.pdf
Rajaganapathy, V., Xavier, F., Sreekumar, D., & Mandal, P. K. (2011). Heavy metal contamination in soil, water and fodder and their presence in livestock and products: a review. Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 4(3), 234-249. http://scialert.net/fulltext/?doi=jes...
Salami, S. A., Luciano, G., O'Grady, M. N., Biondi, L., Newbold, C. J., Kerry, J. P. & Priolo, A. (2019). Sustainability of feeding plant by-products: A review of the implications for ruminant meat production. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 251, 37-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2019.02.006
Saun, R. J. V. (2001). Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle. 7th revised edn.(National Academy of Sciences: Washington, DC).
Simsek, A., & Aykut, O. (2007). Evaluation of the microelement profile of Turkish hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) varieties for human nutrition and health. International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition, 58(8), 677-688. doi.org/10.1080/09637480701403202
Singh, R., Gautam, N., Mishra, A., & Gupta, R. (2011). Heavy metals and living systems: An overview. Indian J Pharmacol, 43(3), 246-253. doi.org/10.4103/0253-7613.81505
Tangahu, B. V., Sheikh Abdullah, S. R., Basri, H., Idris, M., Anuar, N., & Mukhlisin, M. (2011). A Review on Heavy Metals (As, Pb, and Hg) Uptake by Plants through Phytoremediation. International Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2011, 939161. doi.org/10.1155/2011/939161
Tchounwou, P. B., Yedjou, C. G., Patlolla, A. K., & Sutton, D. J. (2012). Heavy metal toxicity and the environment. Exp Suppl, 101, 133-164. doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-8340-4_6
Weston, R., Lindsay, J., Purser, D., Gordon, G., & Davis, P. (1988). Feed intake and digestion responses in sheep to the addition of inorganic sulfur to a herbage diet of low sulfur content. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 39(6), 1107-1119. doi.org/10.1071/AR9881107
Wild, K. J., Siegert, W., Windisch, W. M., Südekum, K. H. & Rodehutscord, M. (2021). Meta-analysis-based estimates of efficiency of calcium utilisation by ruminants. Animal, 15(8), 100315. doi.org/10.1016/j.animal.2021.100315
Yan, X., Zhang, F., Zeng, C., Zhang, M., Devkota, L. P. & Yao, T. (2012). Relationship between Heavy Metal Concentrations in Soils and Grasses of Roadside Farmland in Nepal. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 9(9), 3209-3226. doi.org/10.1155/2011/939161
Van Zanten, H. H., Herrero, M., Van Hal, O., Röös, E., Muller, A., Garnett, T., ... & De Boer, I. J. (2018). Defining a land boundary for sustainable livestock consumption. Global change biology, 24(9), 4185-4194.https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14321
Vaswani, P. K. G. S. (2020). Basic information about vanadium ‘ultra-trace element or occasionally beneficial element’and its various functions in animals: A review article. Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies , 8(6), 645-653.
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Evaluation of macro, micro, and toxic minerals in Dates fodder in Basra, Southern Iraq. (2023). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 15(1), 34-40. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v15i1.4164
