Response of preservative chemicals on the shelf life of cut lilium (Lilium spp.) flower cv. ‘Pavia’
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Abstract
Lilium cut flowers have commercial importance and extending their vase life is vital. An increase in the vase life quality and quantity can directly increase the viability and price realization of commercially important flowers like lilium. Shelf life of cut lilium flower is influenced by using different preservative chemicals and sucrose added in vase solution. Such an extension of vase life can be achieved via chemical treatment. The trial was carried out to examine the effect of various concentration of two chemicals, AgNO3 (silver nitrate) and 8-HQC (8-Hydroxyquinoline citrate) along with sucrose on the shelf life of lilium cut flower cv. ‘Pavia’ (cross between Asiatic and Longiflorum lilies). In the experiment, sucrose (20%), 8-HQC at 3 concentrations (100, 150, 200 ppm) and AgNO3 at 3 concentrations (50, 75, 100 ppm) and water (distilled) as control were tested alone and with combinations. Cut flowers of lilium were treated at one bud opening stage. The trial was carried out in a completely randomized design (CRD) having 16 treatments and one control in three (3) replications. The fresh weight and relative fresh weight of the cut flower spike, opening of all flowers on a spike, vase solution uptake on a day, total vase solution uptake and vase life of lilium cut flower spike showed the best outcome with AgNO3 (50 ppm) and 20% sucrose treatment combination. Out of the two chemicals, silver nitrate showed better results than 8-HQC as a preservative in enhancing the shelf life of cut Lilium flower cv. ‘Pavia’. Analysis of this new and exciting method will be useful to research institutes, commercial producers, wholesalers, retailers, consumers or anyone to choose right chemical and concentration of holding solution to maximize the post-harvest life of lilium cut flowers.
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Keywords
AgNO3, Cut flowers, 8HQC, Lilium, Sucrose, Vase life
References
Abdel-Kader, H.H. (2012). Effects of nano silver holding and pulse treatments, in comparison with traditional silver nitrate pulse on water relations and vase life and quality of the cut flowers of Rosa hybrida L. cv. “Tineke”. World Applied Sciences Journal 20 (1), 130-137.
Abdel-Kader, H. H., Hamza, A. M., Elbaz, T. T. & Eissa, S. M. (2017). Effects of Some Chemicals on Vase Life of Some Cut Flowers I. Effect of 8-Hydroxyquinoline Sulfate, Silver Nitrate, Silver Nano Particles and Chitosan on Vase Life and Quality of Cut Rose Flowers (Rosa hybrida cv. “Black Magic”). Journal of Plant Production, Mansoura University, 8, 49-53.
An, J., Zhang, M., Wang, S. & Tang, J. (2008). LWT-Food Science and Technology, 41(6), 1100-1107.https://public.wsu.edu/~sjwang/aspa-nano.pdf
Apelbaum, A. and Katchansky, M. (1977). Improving quality and prolonging vase life of bud cut flowers by pretreatment with thiabendazole. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 102, 623–625. https://doi.org/10.21273/JASHS.102.5.623
Avilala, D. P., Lakshmi, K. S., Prasad, T. N. V. K. V., Bhaskar, V. V., Ramaiah, M., &Kadiri, L. (2021). Effect of nano silver and silver nitrate on vase life of gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii) cv. Madagascar. The Pharma Innovation Journal, 10 (4), 967-970.
Bakhsh, A., Khan, M.A., Ayyub, C.M., Shah, M.A. & Afzal, M. (1999). Effect of Various Chemicals on Vase Life and Quality of Cut Tuberose Flowers. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 2 (3), 914-916.
Butt, S. J. (2005). Extending the vase life of roses (Rosa hybrida) with different preservatives. International Journal of Agriculture and Biololgy, 1 (7), 97-99.
Chand, S., Kumar, V. and Kumar, J. (2012). Effect of AgNO3 and 8 HQC on vase life of cut roses. Hort Flora Research Spectrum, 1 (4), 380-382.
Chaudhary, N., Kumar, R., Sindhu, S., Saha,T.N., Arora, A., Sharma, R., Sarkar, S., Kadam, G. & Girish, S. (2016). Effect of post harvest treatments and harvesting stage on vase life and flower quality of cut Oriental lily cv. Avocado, Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 8 (3), 1286-1289.
Da Silva, J.A.T. (2003). The cut flower: Post harvest considerations. Journal of Biological Sciences, 3, 406-442.
Doorn, W.G., Van, Schurer, K. & Witte, Y., De. (1989). Role of endogenous bacteria in vascular block age of cut rose flowers. Journal of Plant Physiology, 134 (3), 375-381.
Elgimabi, M.N. &Sliai, A.M. (2013). Effects of preservative solutions on vase life and postharvest qualities of taif rose cut flowers (Rosa damascene cv. “Trigintipetala”). American-Eurasian Journal of Agriculture and Environment, 13 (1), 72-80.
El-Attar, A. B. E. S. &Sakr, W. R. A. (2022). Extending vase life of carnation flowers by postharvest nano silver, humic acid and Aloe Vera gel treatments. Ornamental Horticulture, 28 (1), 67-77.
Faragher, J., Slater, T., Joyce, D. & Williamson, V. (2002). Postharvest handling of Australian flowers from Australian native plants and related species, a practical workbook., Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation (RIRDC) Barton, ACT, Australia.
Fujino, D. W., Reid, M. S. & Kohl, H. C. (1983). The water relations of maidenhair fronds treated with silver nitrate. Scientific Horticulture, 19, 349–355.
Halevy, A. H., Kofranek, A. M. & Besemer, S. T. (1978). Postharvest handling methods for bird-of-paradise flowers (StrelitziareginaeAit.). Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 103, 165–169.
Halevy, A.H. & Mayak, S. (1981). Senescence and postharvest physiology of cut flowers. 2. Acta Horticulture, 3, 59-143.
Hassan, F. (2005). Improving the postharvest quality of cut flowers. International Journal of Horticultural Science, 10 (4), 101-107.
He, S., Joyce, D.C., Irving, D.E. & Faragher, J.D. (2006). Stem end blockage in cut Grevillea 'Crimson Yul-lo' inflorescences. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 41, 78-84.
Hussein, H. A. A. (1994). Varietal responses of cut flowers to different antimicrobial agents of bacterial contamination and keeping quality. Acta Horticulture, 368, 106–116.
Ichimura, K., Kawabata, Y., Kishimoto, M., Goto, R & Yamada, K. (2002). Variation with the cultivar in the vase life of cut rose flowers. Bulletin of the National Institute of Floricultural Science, 2, 9–20.
Kazemi, M., Hadavi, E. & Hekmati, J. (2011). Role of salicylic acid in decreases of membrane senescence in cut carnation flowers’, International Journal of Agricultural Technology, 7 (5), 1417-1425.
Knee, M. (2000). Selection of biocides for use in floral preservatives. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 18, 227–234.
Kshirsagar, S., Kumar, A., Singh, O., Gallani, R. & Parmar, R. (2021). Effect of postharvest preservatives on vase life of cut rose (Rosa hybrida L.) cv. top secret. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 10(1), 1056-1061.
Kumar, M., Kumar, J & Dev, P., Choudhary, K., Agnihotri, K.,M., & Kumar, A. (2020). Effect of Aluminum Sulphate and Silver Nitrate on Vase Life of Cut Rose cv. First Red. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, Special Issue 11, 3714-3718.
Kumari, S., Kumar, S & Singh, C.P. (2018). Effect of Post Harvest Treatments on Keeping Quality and Vase Life of Asiatic Hybrid Lily cv. Arcachon. International journal of current microbiology and applied sciences, 7(12), 999-1004.
Lü P.; Cao, J. He, S., Liu, J., Li, H., Chenga, G., Dinga, Y. & D.C. Joyce. (2010). Nano-silver pulse treatments improve water relations of cut rose cv. Movie Star flowers. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 57, 96–202.
Marandi, J. R., Hassani, A., Abdollahi, A. & Hanafi, S. (2011). Improvement of the vase life of cut gladiolus flowers by essential oils, salicylic acid and silver thiosulfate. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 5, 5039–5043.
Marousky, F. F. (1968). Influence of 8-HQC and sucrose in extending vase life and improving quality of cut gladiolus. Proceedings of Florida State Horticulture Science, 81, 409-414.
Marousky, F. J. (1969). Vascular blockage, water absorption, stomatal opening and respiration of cut ‘Better Times’ roses treated with 8-hydroxyquinoline citrate and sucrose. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 94, 223–226.
Marousky, F.J. (1972). Water relations, effects of floral preservatives on bud opening and keeping quality of cut flowers. Horticulture Science, 7, 114– 116.
Marwe, J. J. van der, Swaradt, G. H. De. & Burge, L. (1986). The effects of sucrose uptake from a vase medium on the starch metabolism of senescing gladiolus inflorescence. South African Journal of Botany,52 (6), 541- 5453.
Mayak, S., Halevy, A. H., Sagie, S., Bar-Yoseph, A. &Bravdo, B. (1974). The water balance of cut rose flowers. Plant Physiology, 31, 15–22.
Mei-hua, F., Jian-xin, W., Ge, S., Li-na, S. & Ruo-fan, L. (2008). Salicylic acid and 6-BA effects in shelf-life improvement of Gerbera jamesonii cut flowers. Northern Horticulture, 8, 117- 20.
Mohammadiju, S., Jafararpoor, M., &Mohammadkhani, A. (2014). Betterment vase life and keeping quality of cut Gerbera flowers by postharvest nano silver treatments. International Journal of Farming and Allied Sciences, 1(3), 55-59.
Elgimabi, M. E. N. E. (2011). Vase Life Extension of Rose Cut Flowers (Rosa Hybirida) as Influenced by Silver Nitrate and Sucrose Pulsing. American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences, 6 (1), 128-133.
Mori, I. C., Pinontoan, R., Kawano, T. & Muto, S. (2001). Involvement of superoxide generation in salicylic acid induced stomatal closure in Viciafaba. Plant and Cell Physiology, 42 (12), 1383-1388.
Mwangi, M., Chattergee, S.R., Bhattacharjee, S.K. & Mwangi, M. (2003). Effects of precooling and pulsing on the biochemical changes during senescence in ‘Gloden Gate’ cut rose petals. IndianJournal of Horticulture, 60 (4), 394-398.
Nair, S.A., Singh, V. & Sharma, T.V.R.S. (2003). Effect of chemical preservatives on enhancing vase-life of gerbera flowers. Journal of Tropical Agriculture, 41, 56-58.
Nukui, H., Kudo, S., Yamashita, A. & Satoh, S. (2004). Repressed ethylene production in the gynoecium of long‐lasting flowers of the carnation ‘White Candle’: role of the gynoecium in carnation flower senescence.Journal of Experimental Botany, 55 (397), 641-650.
Kombo, O. & Sahare, H.A. (2021). Influences of different pulsing treatments on the vase life of oriental hybrid cut lily. The Pharma Innovation, 10 (5), 824-826.
Pizano, M. (2009). Research shows the way for postharvest treatment roses. Flower Technology, 12 (6), 1-13.
Put, H. M. C., Klop, W., Clerkx, A. C. M. & Boekestein, A. (1992). Aluminum sulfate restricts migration of Bacillus subtilis in xylem of cut roses–a scanning electron microscope study. Horticulture Science, 261–274.
Reddy, T. V. & Nagarajaiah, C., (1988). Silver nitrate pulsing of cut ‘Queen Elizabeth’ rose stems to increase vase life. Current Research, 9, 17.
Reddy, T., Nagarajaiah, C. & Raju, B. (1988). Impregnating cut rose stem with nickel increases in vase life. Horticulture Abstract, 59, 2360.
Ruting, A. (1991). Effects of wetting agents and cut flower food on the vase life of cut roses. Acta Horticulture, 298, 69–74.
Schnable, H., (1976). Aluminous alsFrischaltannitled fur schniHblumen. Deutsch Cartenbau, 30, 859-860.
Shanan, T. N., Emara, K. S. & Barakat, S. O. (2010). Prolonging vase life of carnation flowers using natural essential oils and its impact on microbial profile of vase solutions’, Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 4(8), 3559-3574.
Sharma, R, & Bhardwaj, S. (2015). Effect of Silver Thiosulphate, Silver Nitrate And Distilled Water On Flower Quality And Vase Life of Cut Carnation Flowers, The Bio Scan, 10 (4), 1483-1487.
Shiva, K.N. & Bhattacharjee, S.K. (2003). Effect of chemical preservatives on vase life of cut rose. South Indian Horticulture, 51 (1/6), 232-236.
Son, K.C., H.J. Byoun &Yoo, M.H. (2003). Effect of pulsing with AgNO3 or STS on the absorption and distribution of silver nitrate and the vase life of cut rose ‘Red Sandra’. Acta Horticulture, 624, 365-369.
Van Doorn, W. G., De Witte, Y. & Perik, R. R. J. (1990). Effect of antimicrobial compounds on the number of bacteria in stems of cut rose flowers. Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 68, 117–122.
Van Doorn, W. G. (1997). Water relations of cut flowers. Horticulture Review, 18, 1–85.
Veen, H. & Van de Geijn, S. C., (1978). Mobility of ionic form of silver as related to longevity of cut carnations. Planta, 145, 93-96.
Venkatarayappa, T., Murr, D. P. & Tsujita, M. J. (1981). Effect of CO2 and sucrose on physiology of cut ‘Samantha’ Rose. Journal of Horticulture Science, 56, 21-25.
Vilas, R., Karhana, P. K., Meena, R.K. & Singh, S. (2017). Effect of Biocides {AgNO3, Al2 (SO4)3, 8-HQC and Sucrose} on the Post Harvest Life of Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.). International Journal of Pure and Applied Bioscience, 5 (5), 1599-1602.
Vishal, Singh, B. & Singh, J. (2021). Effect of Holding solutions on vase life of Rose (Rosa indica) and Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus). 2 (2) (Oct.), 2582-8223.
Zamani, S., Kazemi, M. & Aran, M. (2011). Postharvest life of cut rose flowers as affected by salicylic acid and glutamin. World Applied Sciences Journal, 12(9), 1621-1624.
Abdel-Kader, H. H., Hamza, A. M., Elbaz, T. T. & Eissa, S. M. (2017). Effects of Some Chemicals on Vase Life of Some Cut Flowers I. Effect of 8-Hydroxyquinoline Sulfate, Silver Nitrate, Silver Nano Particles and Chitosan on Vase Life and Quality of Cut Rose Flowers (Rosa hybrida cv. “Black Magic”). Journal of Plant Production, Mansoura University, 8, 49-53.
An, J., Zhang, M., Wang, S. & Tang, J. (2008). LWT-Food Science and Technology, 41(6), 1100-1107.https://public.wsu.edu/~sjwang/aspa-nano.pdf
Apelbaum, A. and Katchansky, M. (1977). Improving quality and prolonging vase life of bud cut flowers by pretreatment with thiabendazole. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 102, 623–625. https://doi.org/10.21273/JASHS.102.5.623
Avilala, D. P., Lakshmi, K. S., Prasad, T. N. V. K. V., Bhaskar, V. V., Ramaiah, M., &Kadiri, L. (2021). Effect of nano silver and silver nitrate on vase life of gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii) cv. Madagascar. The Pharma Innovation Journal, 10 (4), 967-970.
Bakhsh, A., Khan, M.A., Ayyub, C.M., Shah, M.A. & Afzal, M. (1999). Effect of Various Chemicals on Vase Life and Quality of Cut Tuberose Flowers. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences, 2 (3), 914-916.
Butt, S. J. (2005). Extending the vase life of roses (Rosa hybrida) with different preservatives. International Journal of Agriculture and Biololgy, 1 (7), 97-99.
Chand, S., Kumar, V. and Kumar, J. (2012). Effect of AgNO3 and 8 HQC on vase life of cut roses. Hort Flora Research Spectrum, 1 (4), 380-382.
Chaudhary, N., Kumar, R., Sindhu, S., Saha,T.N., Arora, A., Sharma, R., Sarkar, S., Kadam, G. & Girish, S. (2016). Effect of post harvest treatments and harvesting stage on vase life and flower quality of cut Oriental lily cv. Avocado, Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 8 (3), 1286-1289.
Da Silva, J.A.T. (2003). The cut flower: Post harvest considerations. Journal of Biological Sciences, 3, 406-442.
Doorn, W.G., Van, Schurer, K. & Witte, Y., De. (1989). Role of endogenous bacteria in vascular block age of cut rose flowers. Journal of Plant Physiology, 134 (3), 375-381.
Elgimabi, M.N. &Sliai, A.M. (2013). Effects of preservative solutions on vase life and postharvest qualities of taif rose cut flowers (Rosa damascene cv. “Trigintipetala”). American-Eurasian Journal of Agriculture and Environment, 13 (1), 72-80.
El-Attar, A. B. E. S. &Sakr, W. R. A. (2022). Extending vase life of carnation flowers by postharvest nano silver, humic acid and Aloe Vera gel treatments. Ornamental Horticulture, 28 (1), 67-77.
Faragher, J., Slater, T., Joyce, D. & Williamson, V. (2002). Postharvest handling of Australian flowers from Australian native plants and related species, a practical workbook., Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation (RIRDC) Barton, ACT, Australia.
Fujino, D. W., Reid, M. S. & Kohl, H. C. (1983). The water relations of maidenhair fronds treated with silver nitrate. Scientific Horticulture, 19, 349–355.
Halevy, A. H., Kofranek, A. M. & Besemer, S. T. (1978). Postharvest handling methods for bird-of-paradise flowers (StrelitziareginaeAit.). Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 103, 165–169.
Halevy, A.H. & Mayak, S. (1981). Senescence and postharvest physiology of cut flowers. 2. Acta Horticulture, 3, 59-143.
Hassan, F. (2005). Improving the postharvest quality of cut flowers. International Journal of Horticultural Science, 10 (4), 101-107.
He, S., Joyce, D.C., Irving, D.E. & Faragher, J.D. (2006). Stem end blockage in cut Grevillea 'Crimson Yul-lo' inflorescences. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 41, 78-84.
Hussein, H. A. A. (1994). Varietal responses of cut flowers to different antimicrobial agents of bacterial contamination and keeping quality. Acta Horticulture, 368, 106–116.
Ichimura, K., Kawabata, Y., Kishimoto, M., Goto, R & Yamada, K. (2002). Variation with the cultivar in the vase life of cut rose flowers. Bulletin of the National Institute of Floricultural Science, 2, 9–20.
Kazemi, M., Hadavi, E. & Hekmati, J. (2011). Role of salicylic acid in decreases of membrane senescence in cut carnation flowers’, International Journal of Agricultural Technology, 7 (5), 1417-1425.
Knee, M. (2000). Selection of biocides for use in floral preservatives. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 18, 227–234.
Kshirsagar, S., Kumar, A., Singh, O., Gallani, R. & Parmar, R. (2021). Effect of postharvest preservatives on vase life of cut rose (Rosa hybrida L.) cv. top secret. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 10(1), 1056-1061.
Kumar, M., Kumar, J & Dev, P., Choudhary, K., Agnihotri, K.,M., & Kumar, A. (2020). Effect of Aluminum Sulphate and Silver Nitrate on Vase Life of Cut Rose cv. First Red. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, Special Issue 11, 3714-3718.
Kumari, S., Kumar, S & Singh, C.P. (2018). Effect of Post Harvest Treatments on Keeping Quality and Vase Life of Asiatic Hybrid Lily cv. Arcachon. International journal of current microbiology and applied sciences, 7(12), 999-1004.
Lü P.; Cao, J. He, S., Liu, J., Li, H., Chenga, G., Dinga, Y. & D.C. Joyce. (2010). Nano-silver pulse treatments improve water relations of cut rose cv. Movie Star flowers. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 57, 96–202.
Marandi, J. R., Hassani, A., Abdollahi, A. & Hanafi, S. (2011). Improvement of the vase life of cut gladiolus flowers by essential oils, salicylic acid and silver thiosulfate. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 5, 5039–5043.
Marousky, F. F. (1968). Influence of 8-HQC and sucrose in extending vase life and improving quality of cut gladiolus. Proceedings of Florida State Horticulture Science, 81, 409-414.
Marousky, F. J. (1969). Vascular blockage, water absorption, stomatal opening and respiration of cut ‘Better Times’ roses treated with 8-hydroxyquinoline citrate and sucrose. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 94, 223–226.
Marousky, F.J. (1972). Water relations, effects of floral preservatives on bud opening and keeping quality of cut flowers. Horticulture Science, 7, 114– 116.
Marwe, J. J. van der, Swaradt, G. H. De. & Burge, L. (1986). The effects of sucrose uptake from a vase medium on the starch metabolism of senescing gladiolus inflorescence. South African Journal of Botany,52 (6), 541- 5453.
Mayak, S., Halevy, A. H., Sagie, S., Bar-Yoseph, A. &Bravdo, B. (1974). The water balance of cut rose flowers. Plant Physiology, 31, 15–22.
Mei-hua, F., Jian-xin, W., Ge, S., Li-na, S. & Ruo-fan, L. (2008). Salicylic acid and 6-BA effects in shelf-life improvement of Gerbera jamesonii cut flowers. Northern Horticulture, 8, 117- 20.
Mohammadiju, S., Jafararpoor, M., &Mohammadkhani, A. (2014). Betterment vase life and keeping quality of cut Gerbera flowers by postharvest nano silver treatments. International Journal of Farming and Allied Sciences, 1(3), 55-59.
Elgimabi, M. E. N. E. (2011). Vase Life Extension of Rose Cut Flowers (Rosa Hybirida) as Influenced by Silver Nitrate and Sucrose Pulsing. American Journal of Agricultural and Biological Sciences, 6 (1), 128-133.
Mori, I. C., Pinontoan, R., Kawano, T. & Muto, S. (2001). Involvement of superoxide generation in salicylic acid induced stomatal closure in Viciafaba. Plant and Cell Physiology, 42 (12), 1383-1388.
Mwangi, M., Chattergee, S.R., Bhattacharjee, S.K. & Mwangi, M. (2003). Effects of precooling and pulsing on the biochemical changes during senescence in ‘Gloden Gate’ cut rose petals. IndianJournal of Horticulture, 60 (4), 394-398.
Nair, S.A., Singh, V. & Sharma, T.V.R.S. (2003). Effect of chemical preservatives on enhancing vase-life of gerbera flowers. Journal of Tropical Agriculture, 41, 56-58.
Nukui, H., Kudo, S., Yamashita, A. & Satoh, S. (2004). Repressed ethylene production in the gynoecium of long‐lasting flowers of the carnation ‘White Candle’: role of the gynoecium in carnation flower senescence.Journal of Experimental Botany, 55 (397), 641-650.
Kombo, O. & Sahare, H.A. (2021). Influences of different pulsing treatments on the vase life of oriental hybrid cut lily. The Pharma Innovation, 10 (5), 824-826.
Pizano, M. (2009). Research shows the way for postharvest treatment roses. Flower Technology, 12 (6), 1-13.
Put, H. M. C., Klop, W., Clerkx, A. C. M. & Boekestein, A. (1992). Aluminum sulfate restricts migration of Bacillus subtilis in xylem of cut roses–a scanning electron microscope study. Horticulture Science, 261–274.
Reddy, T. V. & Nagarajaiah, C., (1988). Silver nitrate pulsing of cut ‘Queen Elizabeth’ rose stems to increase vase life. Current Research, 9, 17.
Reddy, T., Nagarajaiah, C. & Raju, B. (1988). Impregnating cut rose stem with nickel increases in vase life. Horticulture Abstract, 59, 2360.
Ruting, A. (1991). Effects of wetting agents and cut flower food on the vase life of cut roses. Acta Horticulture, 298, 69–74.
Schnable, H., (1976). Aluminous alsFrischaltannitled fur schniHblumen. Deutsch Cartenbau, 30, 859-860.
Shanan, T. N., Emara, K. S. & Barakat, S. O. (2010). Prolonging vase life of carnation flowers using natural essential oils and its impact on microbial profile of vase solutions’, Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 4(8), 3559-3574.
Sharma, R, & Bhardwaj, S. (2015). Effect of Silver Thiosulphate, Silver Nitrate And Distilled Water On Flower Quality And Vase Life of Cut Carnation Flowers, The Bio Scan, 10 (4), 1483-1487.
Shiva, K.N. & Bhattacharjee, S.K. (2003). Effect of chemical preservatives on vase life of cut rose. South Indian Horticulture, 51 (1/6), 232-236.
Son, K.C., H.J. Byoun &Yoo, M.H. (2003). Effect of pulsing with AgNO3 or STS on the absorption and distribution of silver nitrate and the vase life of cut rose ‘Red Sandra’. Acta Horticulture, 624, 365-369.
Van Doorn, W. G., De Witte, Y. & Perik, R. R. J. (1990). Effect of antimicrobial compounds on the number of bacteria in stems of cut rose flowers. Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 68, 117–122.
Van Doorn, W. G. (1997). Water relations of cut flowers. Horticulture Review, 18, 1–85.
Veen, H. & Van de Geijn, S. C., (1978). Mobility of ionic form of silver as related to longevity of cut carnations. Planta, 145, 93-96.
Venkatarayappa, T., Murr, D. P. & Tsujita, M. J. (1981). Effect of CO2 and sucrose on physiology of cut ‘Samantha’ Rose. Journal of Horticulture Science, 56, 21-25.
Vilas, R., Karhana, P. K., Meena, R.K. & Singh, S. (2017). Effect of Biocides {AgNO3, Al2 (SO4)3, 8-HQC and Sucrose} on the Post Harvest Life of Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.). International Journal of Pure and Applied Bioscience, 5 (5), 1599-1602.
Vishal, Singh, B. & Singh, J. (2021). Effect of Holding solutions on vase life of Rose (Rosa indica) and Carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus). 2 (2) (Oct.), 2582-8223.
Zamani, S., Kazemi, M. & Aran, M. (2011). Postharvest life of cut rose flowers as affected by salicylic acid and glutamin. World Applied Sciences Journal, 12(9), 1621-1624.
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How to Cite
Response of preservative chemicals on the shelf life of cut lilium (Lilium spp.) flower cv. ‘Pavia’. (2023). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 15(1), 297-305. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v15i1.4139
