Assessment of seedling traits of rice landraces under different saline conditions
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Abstract
Salinity is one of the major abiotic stresses affecting rice growth and yield worldwide. In rice, the most critical stages which affect salinity at a greater level are germination, vegetative and reproductive stages.It is very important to know the genotypic variation among landraces under saline conditions at the seed germination stage to reduce the harmful effect of salinity. The present study conducted on Petri plate was mainly for assessing germination, relative water content and seedling parameters of eleven rice landraces with check landrace Pokali under three different salt concentrations (75mM, 125mM and 150mM). Two-way ANOVA gave the variations among the genotypes, treatments and their interactions. The present study showed that Mundan, Odiyan, Muttadan, Kallimadiyan and Vellimuthu had less percentage reduction in growth parameters at the germination stage. Odiyan and Mundan showed less percentage reduction in fresh weight (36.09%) and shoot length (25.61%) respectively, in relative water content (10.70% and 16.07%, respectively) at higher concentrations of salinity (150mM) compared to control. Pokali, Chembakam and Odiyan showed good germination parameters under three different saline treatments compared to other genotypes. Biplot analysis showed 65.4% variation between the treatments, whereas the variation between the genotypes was around 13.3%. Screening of landraces for salinity tolerance at the seed germination stage is the most reliable method to identify the salt tolerant line at the early seedling stage. The present study can be used for further screening programme at the vegetative stage for the identification of potential salt tolerant lines to improve breeding and gene introgression studies.
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Keywords
Cluster heat map, PCA, Rice, Salt stress, Seed germination
References
Abbas, K., Ali, M. S., Hasan, A. H., Ghal, H. H. & Radhi, (2012). Salt Tolerance Study of Six Cultivars of Rice (Oryza sativa L.) During Germination and Early Seedling Growth. Journal of Agricultural Science, 5(1), –. doi:10.5539/jas.v5n1p250
Alvarado, A.D., Bradford, K. J. & Hewitt, J. D. (1987). Osmotic priming of tomato seeds. Effects on germination; field emergence; seedling growth and fruit yield. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 112, 427–432.
Anshori, M.F., Purwoko, B.S., Dewi, I.S., Ardie, S.W., Suwarno, W.B. & Safitri, H. (2018). Determination of selection criteria for screening of rice genotypes for salinity tolerance. SABRAO Journal of Breeding and Genetics 50(3):279-294.
Barrs, H.D. & weatherley, P. E. (1962). A re-examination of the relative turgidity technique for estimating water deficits in leaves. Australian Journal of Biological Sciences, 15:413-428. doi.org/10.1071/BI9620413
Chakraborty, K., Bose, J., Shabala, L. & Shabala, S. (2016). Difference in root K+ retention ability and reduced sensitivity of K+-permeable channels to reactive oxygen species confer differential salt tolerance in three brassica species. J. Exp. Bot. 67, 4611–4625. doi: 10.1093/jxb/erw236
Chunthaburee, S.,Dongsansuk, A., Sanitchon, J.,Pattanagul, W. & Theerakulpisut, P., (2015). Physiological and biochemical parameters for evaluation and clustering of rice cultivars differing in salt tolerance at seedling stage. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, S1319562X1500114X–. doi:10.1016/j.sjbs.2015.05.013
Devkota, M., Martius, C., Gupta, R. K., Devkota, K. P., McDonald, A. J. & Lamers, J.P.A. (2015). Managing soil salinity with permanent bed planting in irrigated production systems in Central Asia. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 202(), 90–97. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2014.12.006
Djanaguiraman, M., Sheeba, J. A. & Shanker, A. K. (2006). Rice can acclimate to lethal level of salinity by pretreatment with sublethal level of salinity through osmotic adjustment. Plant Soil, 284, 363–373. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-006-0043-y.
Farid, Muh, Anshori, Muhammad Fuad, Musa, Yunus, Iswoyo, Hari & Sakinah, Andi Isti. (2021). Interaction of rice salinity screening in germination and seedling phase through selection index based on principal components. Chilean journal of agricultural research, 81(3), 368-377. https://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-58392021000300368.
Fernandez, G. C. J. (1992). Effective Selection Criteria for Assessing Plant Stress Tolerance. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Adaptation of Vegetables and Other Food Crops in Temperature and Water Stress; Kuo, C.G., Ed.; AVRDC Publication: Shanhua, Taiwan, pp. 257–270 doi. 10.22001/wvc.72511
Fischer, R. A. & Maurer, R. (1978). Drought resistance in spring wheat cultivars: I. Grain yield responses. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 1978, 29, 897–912. https://doi.org/10.1071/AR9780897
Fujino, K., Sekiguchi, H., Sato, T., Kiuchi, H., Nonoue, Y., Takeuchi, Y., Ando, T., Lin, S. Y. & Yano, M. (2004). Mapping of quantitative trait loci controlling low-temperature germinability in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Theor Appl Genet, 108:794–799. doi: 10.1007/s00122-003-1509-4.
Ghosh, B., Md, N.A. & Gantait, S. (2016). Response of rice under salinity stress: a review update. Rice Research: Open Access 4(2):1000167. doi:10.4172/2375-4338.1000167.
Guo, Y., Zhang, W., Yang, H., and Qu, W. (2006). Germination characteristics of rice seed under salt stress and physiological basis of salt-tolerance of rice in seedlings. J. Anhui Agric. Sci., 34, 1053–1054.
Hakim, M. A., Juraimi, A. S., Begum, M., Hanafi, M. M., Ismail, M. R. & Selamat, A. (2010). Effect of salt stress on germination and early seedling growth of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Afr. J. Biotechnol. 9, 1911–1918. DOI:10.5897/AJB09.1526.
Hosseini,S. J. , Sarvestani, Z. T. & Pirdashti, H. (2012). Analysis of Tolerance Indices in Some Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Genotypes at Salt Stress Condition. International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences. Vol., 3 (1), 1-10.
Jahan, N., Zhang, Y., Lv, Y., Song, M., Zhao, C., Hu, H., Cui, Y., Wang, Z., Yang, S., Zhang, A., Hu, J., Ye, G., Qian, Q., Gao, Z. & Guo, L., (2020). QTL analysis for rice salinity tolerance and fine mapping of a candidate locus qSL7 for shoot length under salt stress. Plant Growth Regulation 90(2):307-319. doi:10.1007/s10725-019-00566-3.
Khan, M. A. & Weber, D. J. (2008). Ecophysiology of High Salinity Tolerant Plants (Tasks for Vegetation Science), 1st ed.; Springer Science and Business Media: Amsterdam, The Netherland, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4018-0
Khan, M. S. A., Hamid. A. & Karim. M. A. (1997). Effect of Sodium Chloride on Germination and Seedling Characters of Different Types of Rice (Oryza sativa L.). J. Agronomy & Crop Science 179, 163—169. DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2001.351.355
Lauchli, A. & Epstein, E. (1990). Plant responses to saline and sodic conditions. In Agricultural Salinity Assessment and Management; Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practiced; Tanji, K.K., Ed.; ASCE: New York, NY, USA, 1990; pp. 113–137. DOI:10.1061/9780784411698.ch06.
Levitt, J. (1980). Response of pants to environmental stress, 2nd edn. Academic Press, New York
Li, W. (2021). Effect of Salt Stress on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Rice. Master’s Thesis, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China, 2011. DOI:10.5897/AJB09.1526.
Liu, L., Xia, W., Li, H., Zeng, H., Wei, B., Han, S. & Yin, C. (2018). Salinity Inhibits Rice Seed Germination by Reducing α-Amylase Activity via Decreased Bioactive Gibberellin Content. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9, 275–. doi:10.3389/fpls.2018.00275
Mahender, A.; Anandan, A. & Pradhan, S. K. (2015). Early seedling vigour; an imperative trait for direct-seeded rice: An overview on physio-morphological parameters and molecular Markers. Planta, 241, 1027–1050. DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2273-9.
Mansour, M. M. & K. H. Salama. (2004). Cellular basis of salinity tolerance in plants. Environ. Exp. Bot., 52: 113- 122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2004.01.009.
Mohamed, A. M., Natarajan, S., Vanathi, D., Ramasamy, S. and Sathyamoorthi, K. (2007). Lowland rice in costal saline soils: A review. Agric Rev, 28(4): 245±253.
Momayezi, M. R., Zaharah, A. R., Hanafi, M. M. & Mohd Razi, I. (2009). Agronomic Characteristics and Proline Accumulation of Iranian Rice Genotypes at Early Seedling Stage under Sodium Salts Stress. Malaysian Journal of Soil Science Vol. 13: 59- 75
Polash, M. A. S., Sakil, A., Tahjib-Ul-Arif & Hossain, A. (2018). Effect of salinity on osmolytes and relative water content of selected rice genotypes. J. Tropical Plant Research. 5(2): 227–232.
Pradheeban, L., Nissanka, N. & Suriyagoda, L.D.B. (2014). Clustering of rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties cultivated in Jaffna District of Sri Lanka based on salt tolerance during germination and seedling stages. Tropical Agricultural Research 25(3):358-375. doi:10.4038/tar.v25i3.8045.
Reddy, I.N.B.L., Kim, B.-K., Yoon, I.-S., Kim, K.-H. & Kwon, T.-R. (2017). Salt tolerance in rice: focus on mechanisms and approaches. Rice Science 24(3):123-144. doi:10.1016/j.rsci.2016.09.004Get.
Rehman, S., Harris, P. J. C.; Bourne, W. F. & Wilkin, J. (2000). The relationship between ions; vigour and salinity tolerance of Acacia seeds. Plant Soil, 220, 229–233.
Ruan, S. & Xue, Q. (2002). Germination characteristics of seeds under salt stress and physiological basis of salt-tolerance of seedlings in hybrid rice. Chin. J. Rice Sci. 16, 281–284.
Shu, K., Liu, X. D., Xie, Q. & He, Z. H. (2016). Two faces of one seed: hormonal regulation of dormancy and germination. Mol. Plant .9: 34–45. doi: 10.1016/j. molp.20 15.08.010.
Singh, R., & Flowers, T. (2010). Physiology and molecular biology of the effects of salinity on rice (pp. 899–939). doi:10.1201/b10329-44.
Tadesse, B., Mohammed, H. & Assefa, A. (2016). The effect of salinity on germination, vegetative and final growth stage of different rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences. 29 (3), 4651-4664
Umali, D. L. (1993). Irrigation-Induced Salinity a Growing Problem for Development and the Environment. Washington DC, USA: the Word Bank.
Waisel, Y. (1972). Biology of halophytes. Academic press Inc. New York. PP: 395
Wang, Z. F., Wang, J. F., Bao, Y. M., Wu, Y. Y., Su, X. & Zhang, H. S. (2010). Inheritance of rice seed germination ability under salt stress. Rice Sci. 17:105–110
Weitbrecht, K., Müller, K. & Leubnermetzger, G. (2011). First off the mark: early seed germination. J. Exp. Bot. 62, 3289–3309. doi: 10.1093/jxb/err030
Zafar, S. A., Shokat, S., Ahmad, H. G. M., Khan, A. Ali, M. Z. & Atif, R. M. (2015). Assessment of salinity tolerance in rice using seedling based morpho- physiological indices. Adv. Life Sci. 2(4). Pp: 142-149
Zhang, R., Hussain, S., Wang, Y., Liu, Y., Li, Q., Chen, Y., Wei, H., Gao, P. & Dai, Q. (2021). Comprehensive Evaluation of Salt Tolerance in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Germplasm at the Germination Stage. Agronomy, 11, 1569. https://doi.org/10.3390/ agronomy11081569
Zhu, J. K. (2001). Plant salt tolerance. Trends Plant Sci.6, 66–71.
Alvarado, A.D., Bradford, K. J. & Hewitt, J. D. (1987). Osmotic priming of tomato seeds. Effects on germination; field emergence; seedling growth and fruit yield. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 112, 427–432.
Anshori, M.F., Purwoko, B.S., Dewi, I.S., Ardie, S.W., Suwarno, W.B. & Safitri, H. (2018). Determination of selection criteria for screening of rice genotypes for salinity tolerance. SABRAO Journal of Breeding and Genetics 50(3):279-294.
Barrs, H.D. & weatherley, P. E. (1962). A re-examination of the relative turgidity technique for estimating water deficits in leaves. Australian Journal of Biological Sciences, 15:413-428. doi.org/10.1071/BI9620413
Chakraborty, K., Bose, J., Shabala, L. & Shabala, S. (2016). Difference in root K+ retention ability and reduced sensitivity of K+-permeable channels to reactive oxygen species confer differential salt tolerance in three brassica species. J. Exp. Bot. 67, 4611–4625. doi: 10.1093/jxb/erw236
Chunthaburee, S.,Dongsansuk, A., Sanitchon, J.,Pattanagul, W. & Theerakulpisut, P., (2015). Physiological and biochemical parameters for evaluation and clustering of rice cultivars differing in salt tolerance at seedling stage. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, S1319562X1500114X–. doi:10.1016/j.sjbs.2015.05.013
Devkota, M., Martius, C., Gupta, R. K., Devkota, K. P., McDonald, A. J. & Lamers, J.P.A. (2015). Managing soil salinity with permanent bed planting in irrigated production systems in Central Asia. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 202(), 90–97. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2014.12.006
Djanaguiraman, M., Sheeba, J. A. & Shanker, A. K. (2006). Rice can acclimate to lethal level of salinity by pretreatment with sublethal level of salinity through osmotic adjustment. Plant Soil, 284, 363–373. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-006-0043-y.
Farid, Muh, Anshori, Muhammad Fuad, Musa, Yunus, Iswoyo, Hari & Sakinah, Andi Isti. (2021). Interaction of rice salinity screening in germination and seedling phase through selection index based on principal components. Chilean journal of agricultural research, 81(3), 368-377. https://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0718-58392021000300368.
Fernandez, G. C. J. (1992). Effective Selection Criteria for Assessing Plant Stress Tolerance. In Proceedings of the International Symposium on Adaptation of Vegetables and Other Food Crops in Temperature and Water Stress; Kuo, C.G., Ed.; AVRDC Publication: Shanhua, Taiwan, pp. 257–270 doi. 10.22001/wvc.72511
Fischer, R. A. & Maurer, R. (1978). Drought resistance in spring wheat cultivars: I. Grain yield responses. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 1978, 29, 897–912. https://doi.org/10.1071/AR9780897
Fujino, K., Sekiguchi, H., Sato, T., Kiuchi, H., Nonoue, Y., Takeuchi, Y., Ando, T., Lin, S. Y. & Yano, M. (2004). Mapping of quantitative trait loci controlling low-temperature germinability in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Theor Appl Genet, 108:794–799. doi: 10.1007/s00122-003-1509-4.
Ghosh, B., Md, N.A. & Gantait, S. (2016). Response of rice under salinity stress: a review update. Rice Research: Open Access 4(2):1000167. doi:10.4172/2375-4338.1000167.
Guo, Y., Zhang, W., Yang, H., and Qu, W. (2006). Germination characteristics of rice seed under salt stress and physiological basis of salt-tolerance of rice in seedlings. J. Anhui Agric. Sci., 34, 1053–1054.
Hakim, M. A., Juraimi, A. S., Begum, M., Hanafi, M. M., Ismail, M. R. & Selamat, A. (2010). Effect of salt stress on germination and early seedling growth of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Afr. J. Biotechnol. 9, 1911–1918. DOI:10.5897/AJB09.1526.
Hosseini,S. J. , Sarvestani, Z. T. & Pirdashti, H. (2012). Analysis of Tolerance Indices in Some Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Genotypes at Salt Stress Condition. International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences. Vol., 3 (1), 1-10.
Jahan, N., Zhang, Y., Lv, Y., Song, M., Zhao, C., Hu, H., Cui, Y., Wang, Z., Yang, S., Zhang, A., Hu, J., Ye, G., Qian, Q., Gao, Z. & Guo, L., (2020). QTL analysis for rice salinity tolerance and fine mapping of a candidate locus qSL7 for shoot length under salt stress. Plant Growth Regulation 90(2):307-319. doi:10.1007/s10725-019-00566-3.
Khan, M. A. & Weber, D. J. (2008). Ecophysiology of High Salinity Tolerant Plants (Tasks for Vegetation Science), 1st ed.; Springer Science and Business Media: Amsterdam, The Netherland, 2008. https://doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4018-0
Khan, M. S. A., Hamid. A. & Karim. M. A. (1997). Effect of Sodium Chloride on Germination and Seedling Characters of Different Types of Rice (Oryza sativa L.). J. Agronomy & Crop Science 179, 163—169. DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2001.351.355
Lauchli, A. & Epstein, E. (1990). Plant responses to saline and sodic conditions. In Agricultural Salinity Assessment and Management; Manuals and Reports on Engineering Practiced; Tanji, K.K., Ed.; ASCE: New York, NY, USA, 1990; pp. 113–137. DOI:10.1061/9780784411698.ch06.
Levitt, J. (1980). Response of pants to environmental stress, 2nd edn. Academic Press, New York
Li, W. (2021). Effect of Salt Stress on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Rice. Master’s Thesis, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China, 2011. DOI:10.5897/AJB09.1526.
Liu, L., Xia, W., Li, H., Zeng, H., Wei, B., Han, S. & Yin, C. (2018). Salinity Inhibits Rice Seed Germination by Reducing α-Amylase Activity via Decreased Bioactive Gibberellin Content. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9, 275–. doi:10.3389/fpls.2018.00275
Mahender, A.; Anandan, A. & Pradhan, S. K. (2015). Early seedling vigour; an imperative trait for direct-seeded rice: An overview on physio-morphological parameters and molecular Markers. Planta, 241, 1027–1050. DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2273-9.
Mansour, M. M. & K. H. Salama. (2004). Cellular basis of salinity tolerance in plants. Environ. Exp. Bot., 52: 113- 122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envexpbot.2004.01.009.
Mohamed, A. M., Natarajan, S., Vanathi, D., Ramasamy, S. and Sathyamoorthi, K. (2007). Lowland rice in costal saline soils: A review. Agric Rev, 28(4): 245±253.
Momayezi, M. R., Zaharah, A. R., Hanafi, M. M. & Mohd Razi, I. (2009). Agronomic Characteristics and Proline Accumulation of Iranian Rice Genotypes at Early Seedling Stage under Sodium Salts Stress. Malaysian Journal of Soil Science Vol. 13: 59- 75
Polash, M. A. S., Sakil, A., Tahjib-Ul-Arif & Hossain, A. (2018). Effect of salinity on osmolytes and relative water content of selected rice genotypes. J. Tropical Plant Research. 5(2): 227–232.
Pradheeban, L., Nissanka, N. & Suriyagoda, L.D.B. (2014). Clustering of rice (Oryza sativa L.) varieties cultivated in Jaffna District of Sri Lanka based on salt tolerance during germination and seedling stages. Tropical Agricultural Research 25(3):358-375. doi:10.4038/tar.v25i3.8045.
Reddy, I.N.B.L., Kim, B.-K., Yoon, I.-S., Kim, K.-H. & Kwon, T.-R. (2017). Salt tolerance in rice: focus on mechanisms and approaches. Rice Science 24(3):123-144. doi:10.1016/j.rsci.2016.09.004Get.
Rehman, S., Harris, P. J. C.; Bourne, W. F. & Wilkin, J. (2000). The relationship between ions; vigour and salinity tolerance of Acacia seeds. Plant Soil, 220, 229–233.
Ruan, S. & Xue, Q. (2002). Germination characteristics of seeds under salt stress and physiological basis of salt-tolerance of seedlings in hybrid rice. Chin. J. Rice Sci. 16, 281–284.
Shu, K., Liu, X. D., Xie, Q. & He, Z. H. (2016). Two faces of one seed: hormonal regulation of dormancy and germination. Mol. Plant .9: 34–45. doi: 10.1016/j. molp.20 15.08.010.
Singh, R., & Flowers, T. (2010). Physiology and molecular biology of the effects of salinity on rice (pp. 899–939). doi:10.1201/b10329-44.
Tadesse, B., Mohammed, H. & Assefa, A. (2016). The effect of salinity on germination, vegetative and final growth stage of different rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences. 29 (3), 4651-4664
Umali, D. L. (1993). Irrigation-Induced Salinity a Growing Problem for Development and the Environment. Washington DC, USA: the Word Bank.
Waisel, Y. (1972). Biology of halophytes. Academic press Inc. New York. PP: 395
Wang, Z. F., Wang, J. F., Bao, Y. M., Wu, Y. Y., Su, X. & Zhang, H. S. (2010). Inheritance of rice seed germination ability under salt stress. Rice Sci. 17:105–110
Weitbrecht, K., Müller, K. & Leubnermetzger, G. (2011). First off the mark: early seed germination. J. Exp. Bot. 62, 3289–3309. doi: 10.1093/jxb/err030
Zafar, S. A., Shokat, S., Ahmad, H. G. M., Khan, A. Ali, M. Z. & Atif, R. M. (2015). Assessment of salinity tolerance in rice using seedling based morpho- physiological indices. Adv. Life Sci. 2(4). Pp: 142-149
Zhang, R., Hussain, S., Wang, Y., Liu, Y., Li, Q., Chen, Y., Wei, H., Gao, P. & Dai, Q. (2021). Comprehensive Evaluation of Salt Tolerance in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Germplasm at the Germination Stage. Agronomy, 11, 1569. https://doi.org/10.3390/ agronomy11081569
Zhu, J. K. (2001). Plant salt tolerance. Trends Plant Sci.6, 66–71.
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Assessment of seedling traits of rice landraces under different saline conditions. (2022). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 14(4), 1252-1263. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v14i4.3887
