Assessment of toxic potential of three different heavy metals to Clarias batrachus (Linn.) utilizing static acute bioassay
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Abstract
Acute toxicity bioassay of three different heavy metals copper (Cu), lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) for the freshwater catfish, Clarias batrachus were conducted for evaluation of the toxicity. The 96h LC50 values recorded for Cu, Pb and Cd were 15 ppm, 29 ppm and 35 ppm respectively. The results of this study indicate that the order of toxicity of these heavy metals is Cu>Pb>Cd in short duration acute toxicity experiments. The toxicity was found to be dependent on dose and duration of experiment for all these heavy metals. Cu was found to be much more toxic than Pb and Cd to C. batrachus.
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Keywords
Acute toxicity, Cadmium, Copper, LC50, Lead
References
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Adham, K.G., Hameed, S.S., Ibrahim, H.M. and Saleh, R.A. (2002). Impaired functions in nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus), from Polluted Waters. Acta Hydrochem. Hydrobiol., 29(5): 278-288.
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APHA, AWWA, WEF (2012). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 22nd Edition, Washington, D.C.
Dardenne, F., Novels, I., De, C.W. and Blust, R. (2007). Dose-response relationships and statistical performance of a battery of bacterial gene profiling assays. App. Mcirobiol. Biotechnol., 75(1): 223-234.
Dutta, T.K. and Kaviraj, A. (2001). Acute toxicity of cadmium to fish Labeo rohita and copepod Diaptomus forbesi Pre-Exposed to CaO and KMnO4. Chemosphere, 42(8): 919-922.
Finalayson, B.J. and Verrue, K.M. (1982). Toxicities of copper, zinc and cadmium mixtures of juvenile Chinook salmon. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc., 111: 645-650.
Garcia, S., Fontainhas-Fernandes, A. and Wilson, J.M. (2006). Cadmium tolerance in the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) following acute exposure: assessment of some ionoregulatory parameters. Environ. Toxicol., 21(1):33-46.
Hansen, J.A., Welsh, P.G., Lipton, L. and Suedkamp, M.J. (2002). The effects of long-term cadmium exposure on the growth and survival of juvenile bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus). Aquat Toxicol., 58(3-4): 165-174.
Jones, J.C. and Reynolds, J.D. (1997). Effects of pollution of reproductive behavior of fishes. Rev. Fish Biol. Fisheries, 7: 463-491.
Litchfield, J.T. Jr. and Wilcoxon, F. (1949). A simplified method for evaluating dose effect experiments, J. Pharm. Exp. Ther., 96: 99-113.
Muley, D.V., Kamble, G.B. and Bhilave, M.P. (2000). Effect of heavy metals on nucleic acids in Cyprinus carpio. J. Environ. Biol., 21: 367-370.
Nobbs, C.L. and Pearu, D.M. (1976). The economics of stock pollutants – The example of cadmium. Int. Environ. Stu., 8: 245-255.
OECD ( 1981). Guidelines for testing of chemicals, Section-2. "Effects on biotic systems Test 201", Algal Growth Inhibition Test, Paris.
Olojo, E.A.A., Olurin, K.B., Mbaka, G. and Oluwemimo, A.D. (2005). Histopathology of the gill and liver tissues of the African catfish Clarias gariepinus exposed to lead. Afr. J. Biotech., 4(1): 117-122.
Oryan, S. and Nejatkhah, P. (1997). Effects of cadmium on plasma cortisol and prolactin levels in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). J. Fac. Vet. Med. Univ. Tehran., 51: 39-53.
Perkin, E.J. (1979). Need for sublethal studies. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London B., 286: 425-432.
Pruski, A.M. and Dixon, D.R. (2002). Effects of cadmium on nuclear integrity and DNA repair efficiency in the gill cells of Mytilus edulis L. Aquat. Toxicol., 57(3): 127-137.
Ramesh, M., Saravanan, M. and Kavitha, C. (2009). Hormonal responses of the fish, Cyprinus carpio, to environmental lead exposure. African J. Biotechnol., (17):4154-4158.
Sprague,J.B. (1969). Measurement of Pollutant Toxicity to Fish : I , Bioassay Methods for Acute Toxicity. Water Research, 3 :793-821.
Stebbing, A.R.D. and Fandino, V.J.R.S. (1983). The combined and separate effects of copper and cadmium on the growth of Campenularia flexuosa colonies (Hydrozoa). Aquatic Toxicology, 3: 183-193.
Woodal, C., Maclean, N. and Crossley, F. (1988). Responses of trout fry (Salmo gairdneri) and Xenopus laevis tadpoles to cadmium and zinc. Compar. Biochem. Physiol., 89: 93-99.
Yilmaz, M., Gul, A. and Karakose, E. (2004). Investigation of acute toxicity and the effect of cadmium chloride (CdCl2.H2O) metal salt on behavior of the guppy (Poecilia reticulata). Chemosphere, 56: 375-380.
Adham, K.G., Hameed, S.S., Ibrahim, H.M. and Saleh, R.A. (2002). Impaired functions in nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus), from Polluted Waters. Acta Hydrochem. Hydrobiol., 29(5): 278-288.
Alinnor, I. (2005). Assessment of elemental contaminants in water and fish samples from Aba river. Environ. Monit. Assess., 102: 15-25.
APHA, AWWA, WEF (2012). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 22nd Edition, Washington, D.C.
Dardenne, F., Novels, I., De, C.W. and Blust, R. (2007). Dose-response relationships and statistical performance of a battery of bacterial gene profiling assays. App. Mcirobiol. Biotechnol., 75(1): 223-234.
Dutta, T.K. and Kaviraj, A. (2001). Acute toxicity of cadmium to fish Labeo rohita and copepod Diaptomus forbesi Pre-Exposed to CaO and KMnO4. Chemosphere, 42(8): 919-922.
Finalayson, B.J. and Verrue, K.M. (1982). Toxicities of copper, zinc and cadmium mixtures of juvenile Chinook salmon. Trans. Amer. Fish. Soc., 111: 645-650.
Garcia, S., Fontainhas-Fernandes, A. and Wilson, J.M. (2006). Cadmium tolerance in the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) following acute exposure: assessment of some ionoregulatory parameters. Environ. Toxicol., 21(1):33-46.
Hansen, J.A., Welsh, P.G., Lipton, L. and Suedkamp, M.J. (2002). The effects of long-term cadmium exposure on the growth and survival of juvenile bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus). Aquat Toxicol., 58(3-4): 165-174.
Jones, J.C. and Reynolds, J.D. (1997). Effects of pollution of reproductive behavior of fishes. Rev. Fish Biol. Fisheries, 7: 463-491.
Litchfield, J.T. Jr. and Wilcoxon, F. (1949). A simplified method for evaluating dose effect experiments, J. Pharm. Exp. Ther., 96: 99-113.
Muley, D.V., Kamble, G.B. and Bhilave, M.P. (2000). Effect of heavy metals on nucleic acids in Cyprinus carpio. J. Environ. Biol., 21: 367-370.
Nobbs, C.L. and Pearu, D.M. (1976). The economics of stock pollutants – The example of cadmium. Int. Environ. Stu., 8: 245-255.
OECD ( 1981). Guidelines for testing of chemicals, Section-2. "Effects on biotic systems Test 201", Algal Growth Inhibition Test, Paris.
Olojo, E.A.A., Olurin, K.B., Mbaka, G. and Oluwemimo, A.D. (2005). Histopathology of the gill and liver tissues of the African catfish Clarias gariepinus exposed to lead. Afr. J. Biotech., 4(1): 117-122.
Oryan, S. and Nejatkhah, P. (1997). Effects of cadmium on plasma cortisol and prolactin levels in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). J. Fac. Vet. Med. Univ. Tehran., 51: 39-53.
Perkin, E.J. (1979). Need for sublethal studies. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London B., 286: 425-432.
Pruski, A.M. and Dixon, D.R. (2002). Effects of cadmium on nuclear integrity and DNA repair efficiency in the gill cells of Mytilus edulis L. Aquat. Toxicol., 57(3): 127-137.
Ramesh, M., Saravanan, M. and Kavitha, C. (2009). Hormonal responses of the fish, Cyprinus carpio, to environmental lead exposure. African J. Biotechnol., (17):4154-4158.
Sprague,J.B. (1969). Measurement of Pollutant Toxicity to Fish : I , Bioassay Methods for Acute Toxicity. Water Research, 3 :793-821.
Stebbing, A.R.D. and Fandino, V.J.R.S. (1983). The combined and separate effects of copper and cadmium on the growth of Campenularia flexuosa colonies (Hydrozoa). Aquatic Toxicology, 3: 183-193.
Woodal, C., Maclean, N. and Crossley, F. (1988). Responses of trout fry (Salmo gairdneri) and Xenopus laevis tadpoles to cadmium and zinc. Compar. Biochem. Physiol., 89: 93-99.
Yilmaz, M., Gul, A. and Karakose, E. (2004). Investigation of acute toxicity and the effect of cadmium chloride (CdCl2.H2O) metal salt on behavior of the guppy (Poecilia reticulata). Chemosphere, 56: 375-380.
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How to Cite
Assessment of toxic potential of three different heavy metals to Clarias batrachus (Linn.) utilizing static acute bioassay. (2014). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 6(1), 117-120. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v6i1.385
