Protective effect of cinnamon oil against ciprofloxacin toxicity on liver and kidney of male Wistar rats
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Abstract
Cinnamon zeylanicum is one of many herbal medications. This herb contains different materials like, cumarin, cinnamaldehyde and cinnamic acid. The plant plays a role as antiallergic, antiviral, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant and other health conditions. This study focused on the therapeutic effect of cinnamon oil on hepatorenal toxicity induced by ciprofloxacin in male rats. Forty rats were housed in the animal house of the College of Pharmacy, University of Kerbala, Karbala city, Iraq. The animals were separated into four groups: Group 1. Control group (not taken drug nor cinnamon oil), Group 2. Ciprofloxacin group (drenched 250 mg/kg/day of ciprofloxacin for 30 days), Group 3. Cinnamon oil group (drenched 1ml/kg/day of cinnamon oil for 30 days) and Group 4. Cinnamon+ciprofloxacin group (drenched 1ml/kg/day of cinnamon + 250 mg/kg/day of ciprofloxacin for 30 days). Finally, 2ml of blood was collected from each rat and the serum was separated for estimating the biochemical parameters of the liver like, Aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase(ALT) and alkaline phosphatase(ALP) and the kidney (Creatinine, Urea and albumin) . The results proved that ciprofloxacin significantly elevates the parameters of the liver and kidney (p≤0.05). The results also proved the benefit of cinnamon oil in improving health by reducing the toxic effect of ciprofloxacin by lowering the elevated levels of (liver enzymes, creatinine, urea and albumin). The study showed that this oil reduced the toxic effect of ciprofloxacin on the kidney and liver.
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Keywords
Cinnamon oil, Ciprofloxacin, Kidney toxicity, Liver toxicity
References
Abeysekera, W., Arachchige, S., Abeysekera, W., Ratnasooriya, W. D. & Medawatta, H. (2019). Antioxidant and glycemic regulatory properties potential of different maturity stages of leaf of Ceylon cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum blume) In Vitro. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM, 2019, 2693795. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/2693795
Alhassani, R. Y., Bagadood, R. M., Balubaid, R. N., Barno, H. I., Alahmadi, M. O. & Ayoub, N. A. (2021). drug therapies affecting renal function: An Overview. Cureus, 13(11), e19924. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.19924
Alshahrani, S., Ashafaq, M., Hussain, S., Mohammed, M., Sultan, M., Jali, A. M., Siddiqui, R. & Islam, F. (2021). Renoprotective effects of cinnamon oil against APAP-Induced nephrotoxicity by ameliorating oxidative stress, apoptosis and inflammation in rats. Saudi pharmaceutical journal : SPJ : The Official Publication of The Saudi Pharmaceutical Society, 29(2), 194–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2021.01.002
Baloch, ZQ. Raza, M. A. ; Abbas, S. & Bukhari, S. (2017). Ciprofloxacin-induced Hepatotoxicity in a Healthy Young Adult. Cureus, 9(2), e1016. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.1016
Cao, D., Shen, Y., Huang, Y., Chen, B., Chen, Z., Ai, J., Liu, L., Yang, L. & Wei, Q. (2021). Levofloxacin versus ciprofloxacin in the treatment of urinary tract infections: Evidence-based analysis. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 12, 658095. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.658095
Gotmare, B. & Tambe, E. (2019). Identification of chemical constituents of cinnamon bark oil by GCMS and comparative study garnered from five different countries. Global Journal of Science Frontier Research: C Biological Science, 19(1), 34-42.
Hadi, M. A., Zaidan, H. K., Natah, T. M. & Al-Saadi, A. H. (2013). Protective effect of plants extracts mixture on sperm abnormalities, testicular and epididymal tissues in diabetic male rats. J Nat Sci Res, 3(9), 28-37.
Hamidpour, R., Hamidpour, M., Hamidpour, S. & Shahlari, M. (2015). Cinnamon from the selection of traditional applications to its novel effects on the inhibition of angiogenesis in cancer cells and prevention of Alzheimer's disease, and a series of functions such as antioxidant, anticholesterol, antidiabetes, antibacterial, antifungal, nematicidal, acaracidal, and repellent activities. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, 5(2), 66–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2014.11.008
Hirsch, A. C. & Lundquist, L. M. (2009). Ciprofloxacin-induced hepatotoxicity resolved with levofloxacin: A Case report and a review of the literature. Hospital Pharmacy, 44(11), 978–983. https://doi.org/10.1310/hpj4411-978
Hooper, D. C. & Jacoby, G. A. (2016). Topoisomerase inhibitors: Fluoroquinolone mechanisms of action and resistance. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine, 6(9), a025320. https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a025320
Kačániová, M., Galovičová, L., Valková, V., Tvrdá, E., Terentjeva, M., Žiarovská, J., Kunová, S., Savitskaya, T., Grinshpan, D., Štefániková, J., Felsöciová, S., Vukovic, N. & Kowalczewski, P. (2021). Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Cinnamomum cassia essential oil and its application in food preservation. Open Chemistry, 19(1), 214-227. https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2021-0191
Kadhim, S., Mohammed, M. T. & Abbood, S. M. (2020). Biochemical studies of Ginkgo biloba extract on oxidative stress-induced myocardial injuries. Drug Invention Today. 14. 817-820.
Kallel, I., Hadrich, B., Gargouri, B., Chaabane, A., Lassoued, S., Gdoura, R., Bayoudh, A. & Ben Messaoud, E. (2019). Optimization of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum blume) essential oil extraction: evaluation of antioxidant and antiproliferative effects. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM, 2019, 6498347. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/6498347 .
Kumar, S., Kumari, R. & Mishra, S. (2019). Pharmacological properties and their medicinal uses of Cinnamomum: a review. The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 71(12), 1735–1761. https://doi.org/10.1111/jphp.13173
Li, A. L., Li, G. H., Li, Y. R., Wu, X. Y., Ren, D. M., Lou, H. X., Wang, X. N. & Shen, T. (2019). Lignan and flavonoid support the prevention of cinnamon against oxidative stress related diseases. Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology, 53, 143–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2018.09.022
Lim, S. H. & Ko, M. J. (2022). Extraction characteristics and hydrolysis of flavoring compounds of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) under subcritical-water conditions. Food Chemistry, 388, 133029. https://doi.org/10.10 16/j.foodchem.2022.133029
Mahdi, M.A., Mohammed, M.T., Jassim, A.M. & Mohammed, A.I. (2018). Phytochemical content and antioxidant activity of hylocereus undatus and study of toxicity and the ability of wound treatment. Plant Archives 18(2): 2672–80.
Medagama A. B. (2015). The glycaemic outcomes of cinnamon, a review of the experimental evidence and clinical trials. Nutrition journal, 14,108. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-015-0098-9
Millanao, A. R., Mora, A. Y., Villagra, N. A., Bucarey, S. A. & Hidalgo, A. A. (2021). Biological effects of quinolones: A Family of broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 26(23), 7153. https://doi.org/10.3 390/molecules26237153
Mousavi, S. M., Jayedi, A., Bagheri, A., Zargarzadeh, N., Wong, A., Persad, E., Akhgarjand, C. & Koohdani, F. (2021). What is the influence of cinnamon supplementation on liver enzymes? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Phytotherapy Research : PTR, 35(10), 5634–5646. https://doi.org/10.10 02/ptr.7200
Nadia, H. I. (2006). Assessment of Histopathological and Histo-logical Changes in Liver of Pregnant Male Rats Their Fetuses Following Ciprofloxacin Administration, Journal of Egypt Society of Toxicology, 35, 7-17.
Ose, R., Tu, J., Schink, A., Maxeiner, J., Schuster, P., Lucas, K., Saloga, J. & Bellinghausen, I. (2020). Cinnamon extract inhibits allergen-specific immune responses in human and murine allergy models. Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 50(1), 41–50. https://doi.org/10.1111/cea.13507
Papich M. G. (1998). Antibacterial drug therapy. Focus on new drugs. The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice, 28(2), 215–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0195-5616(98)82002-0
Pispirigos, K. & Chrysanthopoulos, K. (2001). Evaluation of cardiac subacute toxicity of ciprofloxacin in rats using serum biochemical parameters. Arzneimittel-Forschun g, 51(7), 582–587. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1300 0 83
Radovanovic, M., Dushenkovska, T., Cvorovic, I., Radovanovic, N., Ramasamy, V., Milosavljevic, K., Surla, J., Jecmenica, M., Radulovic, M., Milovanovic, T. & Dumic, I. (2018). Idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury due to ciprofloxacin: A Report of two cases and review of the literature. The American Journal of Case Reports, 19, 1152–1161. https://doi.org/10.12659/AJCR.911393
Saad, N. A., Elberry, A. A., Samy Matar, H. & Hussein, R. (2021). Effect of ciprofloxacin vs levofloxacin on QTc-interval and dysglycemia in diabetic and non-diabetic patients. International Journal of Clinical Practice, 75(5), e14072. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcp.14072
Sabeeh, S. I., Salih, R. A., Bdewi, S. Y. & Hasan, M. S. (2019). Effects of ciprofloxacin on liver and kidney functions and histopathological features in rats. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 11(1), 907-911.
Salman, A. S., Al-Shaikh, T. M., Hamza, Z. K., El-Nekeety, A. A., Bawazir, S. S., Hassan, N. S. & Abdel-Wahhab, M. A. (2021). Matlodextrin-cinnamon essential oil nanoformulation as a potent protective against titanium nanoparticles-induced oxidative stress, genotoxicity, and reproductive disturbances in male mice. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 28(29), 39035–39051. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13518-0
Saraçoğlu, A., Temel, H. E., Ergun, B. & Colak, O. (2009). Oxidative stress-mediated myocardiotoxicity of ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin in juvenile rats. Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 32(3), 238–242. https://doi.org/10.1080/01480540 902882176
Sellouti, M. , Ouassou, KL. , Ourrai, A. Hassani, A. , Abilkassem, R. , Hassani, A & Agadr, A. (2021) A rare case of ciprofloxacin-induced cholestatic hepatitis in the newborn. Open J. Pharmacol Pharmacother 6(1): 001-003. https://dx.doi.org/10.17352/ojpp.000015
Sharma, D., Patel, R. P., Zaidi, S., Sarker, M., Lean, Q. Y. & Ming, L. C. (2017). Interplay of the quality of ciprofloxacin and antibiotic resistance in developing countries. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 8, 546. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2017.00546
Shekarchizadeh-Esfahani, P., Heydarpour, F., Izadi, F. & Jalili, C. (2021). The effect of cinnamon supplementation on liver enzymes in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 58, 102699. https://doi.org/10.1 016/j.ctim.2021.102699
Shen, Y., Jia, L. N., Honma, N., Hosono, T., Ariga, T. & Seki, T. (2012). Beneficial effects of cinnamon on the metabolic syndrome, inflammation, and pain, and mechanisms underlying these effects - a review. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, 2(1), 27–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2225-4110(16)30067-0
Alhassani, R. Y., Bagadood, R. M., Balubaid, R. N., Barno, H. I., Alahmadi, M. O. & Ayoub, N. A. (2021). drug therapies affecting renal function: An Overview. Cureus, 13(11), e19924. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.19924
Alshahrani, S., Ashafaq, M., Hussain, S., Mohammed, M., Sultan, M., Jali, A. M., Siddiqui, R. & Islam, F. (2021). Renoprotective effects of cinnamon oil against APAP-Induced nephrotoxicity by ameliorating oxidative stress, apoptosis and inflammation in rats. Saudi pharmaceutical journal : SPJ : The Official Publication of The Saudi Pharmaceutical Society, 29(2), 194–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsps.2021.01.002
Baloch, ZQ. Raza, M. A. ; Abbas, S. & Bukhari, S. (2017). Ciprofloxacin-induced Hepatotoxicity in a Healthy Young Adult. Cureus, 9(2), e1016. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.1016
Cao, D., Shen, Y., Huang, Y., Chen, B., Chen, Z., Ai, J., Liu, L., Yang, L. & Wei, Q. (2021). Levofloxacin versus ciprofloxacin in the treatment of urinary tract infections: Evidence-based analysis. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 12, 658095. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.658095
Gotmare, B. & Tambe, E. (2019). Identification of chemical constituents of cinnamon bark oil by GCMS and comparative study garnered from five different countries. Global Journal of Science Frontier Research: C Biological Science, 19(1), 34-42.
Hadi, M. A., Zaidan, H. K., Natah, T. M. & Al-Saadi, A. H. (2013). Protective effect of plants extracts mixture on sperm abnormalities, testicular and epididymal tissues in diabetic male rats. J Nat Sci Res, 3(9), 28-37.
Hamidpour, R., Hamidpour, M., Hamidpour, S. & Shahlari, M. (2015). Cinnamon from the selection of traditional applications to its novel effects on the inhibition of angiogenesis in cancer cells and prevention of Alzheimer's disease, and a series of functions such as antioxidant, anticholesterol, antidiabetes, antibacterial, antifungal, nematicidal, acaracidal, and repellent activities. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, 5(2), 66–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2014.11.008
Hirsch, A. C. & Lundquist, L. M. (2009). Ciprofloxacin-induced hepatotoxicity resolved with levofloxacin: A Case report and a review of the literature. Hospital Pharmacy, 44(11), 978–983. https://doi.org/10.1310/hpj4411-978
Hooper, D. C. & Jacoby, G. A. (2016). Topoisomerase inhibitors: Fluoroquinolone mechanisms of action and resistance. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine, 6(9), a025320. https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a025320
Kačániová, M., Galovičová, L., Valková, V., Tvrdá, E., Terentjeva, M., Žiarovská, J., Kunová, S., Savitskaya, T., Grinshpan, D., Štefániková, J., Felsöciová, S., Vukovic, N. & Kowalczewski, P. (2021). Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of Cinnamomum cassia essential oil and its application in food preservation. Open Chemistry, 19(1), 214-227. https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2021-0191
Kadhim, S., Mohammed, M. T. & Abbood, S. M. (2020). Biochemical studies of Ginkgo biloba extract on oxidative stress-induced myocardial injuries. Drug Invention Today. 14. 817-820.
Kallel, I., Hadrich, B., Gargouri, B., Chaabane, A., Lassoued, S., Gdoura, R., Bayoudh, A. & Ben Messaoud, E. (2019). Optimization of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum blume) essential oil extraction: evaluation of antioxidant and antiproliferative effects. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine : eCAM, 2019, 6498347. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/6498347 .
Kumar, S., Kumari, R. & Mishra, S. (2019). Pharmacological properties and their medicinal uses of Cinnamomum: a review. The Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 71(12), 1735–1761. https://doi.org/10.1111/jphp.13173
Li, A. L., Li, G. H., Li, Y. R., Wu, X. Y., Ren, D. M., Lou, H. X., Wang, X. N. & Shen, T. (2019). Lignan and flavonoid support the prevention of cinnamon against oxidative stress related diseases. Phytomedicine : International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology, 53, 143–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2018.09.022
Lim, S. H. & Ko, M. J. (2022). Extraction characteristics and hydrolysis of flavoring compounds of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) under subcritical-water conditions. Food Chemistry, 388, 133029. https://doi.org/10.10 16/j.foodchem.2022.133029
Mahdi, M.A., Mohammed, M.T., Jassim, A.M. & Mohammed, A.I. (2018). Phytochemical content and antioxidant activity of hylocereus undatus and study of toxicity and the ability of wound treatment. Plant Archives 18(2): 2672–80.
Medagama A. B. (2015). The glycaemic outcomes of cinnamon, a review of the experimental evidence and clinical trials. Nutrition journal, 14,108. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-015-0098-9
Millanao, A. R., Mora, A. Y., Villagra, N. A., Bucarey, S. A. & Hidalgo, A. A. (2021). Biological effects of quinolones: A Family of broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents. Molecules (Basel, Switzerland), 26(23), 7153. https://doi.org/10.3 390/molecules26237153
Mousavi, S. M., Jayedi, A., Bagheri, A., Zargarzadeh, N., Wong, A., Persad, E., Akhgarjand, C. & Koohdani, F. (2021). What is the influence of cinnamon supplementation on liver enzymes? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Phytotherapy Research : PTR, 35(10), 5634–5646. https://doi.org/10.10 02/ptr.7200
Nadia, H. I. (2006). Assessment of Histopathological and Histo-logical Changes in Liver of Pregnant Male Rats Their Fetuses Following Ciprofloxacin Administration, Journal of Egypt Society of Toxicology, 35, 7-17.
Ose, R., Tu, J., Schink, A., Maxeiner, J., Schuster, P., Lucas, K., Saloga, J. & Bellinghausen, I. (2020). Cinnamon extract inhibits allergen-specific immune responses in human and murine allergy models. Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 50(1), 41–50. https://doi.org/10.1111/cea.13507
Papich M. G. (1998). Antibacterial drug therapy. Focus on new drugs. The Veterinary clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice, 28(2), 215–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0195-5616(98)82002-0
Pispirigos, K. & Chrysanthopoulos, K. (2001). Evaluation of cardiac subacute toxicity of ciprofloxacin in rats using serum biochemical parameters. Arzneimittel-Forschun g, 51(7), 582–587. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0031-1300 0 83
Radovanovic, M., Dushenkovska, T., Cvorovic, I., Radovanovic, N., Ramasamy, V., Milosavljevic, K., Surla, J., Jecmenica, M., Radulovic, M., Milovanovic, T. & Dumic, I. (2018). Idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury due to ciprofloxacin: A Report of two cases and review of the literature. The American Journal of Case Reports, 19, 1152–1161. https://doi.org/10.12659/AJCR.911393
Saad, N. A., Elberry, A. A., Samy Matar, H. & Hussein, R. (2021). Effect of ciprofloxacin vs levofloxacin on QTc-interval and dysglycemia in diabetic and non-diabetic patients. International Journal of Clinical Practice, 75(5), e14072. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcp.14072
Sabeeh, S. I., Salih, R. A., Bdewi, S. Y. & Hasan, M. S. (2019). Effects of ciprofloxacin on liver and kidney functions and histopathological features in rats. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 11(1), 907-911.
Salman, A. S., Al-Shaikh, T. M., Hamza, Z. K., El-Nekeety, A. A., Bawazir, S. S., Hassan, N. S. & Abdel-Wahhab, M. A. (2021). Matlodextrin-cinnamon essential oil nanoformulation as a potent protective against titanium nanoparticles-induced oxidative stress, genotoxicity, and reproductive disturbances in male mice. Environmental Science and Pollution Research International, 28(29), 39035–39051. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13518-0
Saraçoğlu, A., Temel, H. E., Ergun, B. & Colak, O. (2009). Oxidative stress-mediated myocardiotoxicity of ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin in juvenile rats. Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 32(3), 238–242. https://doi.org/10.1080/01480540 902882176
Sellouti, M. , Ouassou, KL. , Ourrai, A. Hassani, A. , Abilkassem, R. , Hassani, A & Agadr, A. (2021) A rare case of ciprofloxacin-induced cholestatic hepatitis in the newborn. Open J. Pharmacol Pharmacother 6(1): 001-003. https://dx.doi.org/10.17352/ojpp.000015
Sharma, D., Patel, R. P., Zaidi, S., Sarker, M., Lean, Q. Y. & Ming, L. C. (2017). Interplay of the quality of ciprofloxacin and antibiotic resistance in developing countries. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 8, 546. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2017.00546
Shekarchizadeh-Esfahani, P., Heydarpour, F., Izadi, F. & Jalili, C. (2021). The effect of cinnamon supplementation on liver enzymes in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 58, 102699. https://doi.org/10.1 016/j.ctim.2021.102699
Shen, Y., Jia, L. N., Honma, N., Hosono, T., Ariga, T. & Seki, T. (2012). Beneficial effects of cinnamon on the metabolic syndrome, inflammation, and pain, and mechanisms underlying these effects - a review. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, 2(1), 27–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2225-4110(16)30067-0
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Protective effect of cinnamon oil against ciprofloxacin toxicity on liver and kidney of male Wistar rats. (2022). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 14(4), 1430-1434. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v14i4.3823
