A study of aquatic macrophyte for remediation of chromium and cadmium in wastewater effluents in Yenagoa Metropolis, Niger Delta
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Bekeowei, Rexona Alexander
Bariweni, Perekibina Anthony
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6610-019X
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6610-019X
Abstract
Although aquatic macrophytes have been used individually for wastewater remediation, there is a dearth of studies comparing their efficiency level to determine the most effective for remediation of specific heavy metals. This study aimed to determine the most effective aquatic macrophyte amongst Eichhornia crassipes, Pistia stratiotes, Nymphaea nouchalli, Lemna minor and Ceratophyllum demersum for the remediation of Cr and Cd from wastewater effluents in Yenagoa Metropolis, Niger Delta. Wastewater samples from emulsion paint industries were collected from six locations (L1-L6) and analyzed for Cr and Cd concentration using Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy. The wastewater samples were treated with these aquatic macrophytes and the concentration of Cr and Cd in the samples were assessed every two weeks for six weeks. Results showed that the mean Cr concentration (0.27mg/L) and Cd levels (0.080mg/L) in the wastewater samples were higher than the recommended WHO limits of 0.05 and 0.003mg/L respectively. The treated wastewater showed that Cr and Cd concentrations in the wastewater were reduced to minimum values by P. statiotes (0.003±0.001mg/L) and E. crassipes (0.000±0.000mg/L) respectively. The removal potentials of the macrophytes were in the order of P. stratiotes > E. crassipes > N. nouchalli > L. minor > C. demersum for Cr, and E. crassipes > P. stratiotes > N. nouchalli > C. demersum > L. minor for Cd. It was concluded that the most effective aquatic macrophyte for remediation of Cr was P. stratiotes (with 97% efficiency) and Cd was E. crassipes (87.5% efficiency). Therefore the macrophytes were considered good phytoremediators.
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Keywords
Aquatic macrophytes, Bio-concentrator, Heavy metals, Niger Delta, Phytoremediation, Wastewater
References
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Al-Khafaji, M.S., Al-Ani, F.H. and Ibrahim, A.F. (2018). Removal of some heavy metals from industrial wastewater by Lemna Minor KSCF J. Cir. Eng. 22.1077-1982.
APHA, (1995). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater 21st Washington (DC). USA American Public Health Association
APHA (2012). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 22nd ed. American Public Health Association. 8001 Street, NW Washington DC.
Aurangzeb, N., Nisa, S., Bibi, Y., Javed, F and Hussain, F. (2014). Phytoremediation potential of Aquatic Herbs from steel foundry Effluent. Vol. 31, No. 04. Pp. 881-886.
Ayotunde O and Bariweni, P.A. (2018) Impact of Urban runoff on the Heavy metals concentrations of the Epic Creek, Niger Delta, Wilberforce Journal of Social Sciences (WJSS) vol.3. No.1, 12-19.
Bariweni, P.A., Izonfuo, W.I. and Amadi, E.N. (2002). Domestic waste levels and assessment of their current management strategies in Yenagoa metropolis: Global Journal of Environmental Sciences 1(1) 15-19.
Bekeowei, R.A.and Ohwo , O (2021) Phytoremediation of Physico-Chemical Parameters in wastewater from car wash bays in Yenagoa Metropolis: European Journal of Environment and Earth Sciences: ISSN (Online: 2506 – 8016.
Bokhari SH, Ahmad I, Mahmood-Ul-Hassan M, Mohammad A (2016): Phytoremediation potential of Lemna minor L. for heavy metals. Int J Phytoremediation. 2016;18(1):25-32. DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2015.1058331. PMID: 26114480.
Burmanu, B.R., Law P.L., Aliyu, H.H. and Ibrahim, Y. (2014). Environmental impacts and management strategies of solid waste. International journal of environmental engineering science and technology research 2 (3) 1-8.
Gupta, A. and Balomajumder, C. (2015). Removal of Cr(iv) and phenol using water hyacinth from single and binary solution in the artificial photosynthesis chamber, journal of water process engineering, vol. 7.74-82.
Kannji. I and Achi, O. (2011). Industrial Effluents and their impact on water quality of receiving rivers in Nigeria Journal of Applied Technology in Environmental Sanitation 1(1) 75-86.
Lalevic, T., Raoicevic. V., Kikovic, D., Jovanovic, L., Momirovic, G.S., Jovic, I., Talaie, A.R. and Morina, F. (2012). Biodegradation of MTBE by bacteria isolated from oil hydrocarbons – contaminated environments. Int. J. Environ. Res. 6.81-86.
Lokhande, R.S. Pravin, U. Singare, P.U. and Deepali, S.P. (2011). Toxicity study of Heavy metals pollutants in wastewater effluents samples. Collected from Talora industrial Estate of Mumbai India. Doi. 10.5923/j.re 20110101.02 Researches and environment 1 (1) 13-19.
Mohedano, R. A., Costa R.H.R., Tavares, F. A. and Belli, P. (2012). High Nutrient Removal rate from Swine Wastes and Protein Biomass Production by Full-scale Duckweed Ponds Biorsour Tech-01.112.98-104.
Ogoyi, D.O., Mwita, C.J., Nguu, E.K. and Shiundu, P.M. (2011). Determination of heavy metal content in water sediment and microalgae from lake Victoria, East Africa. Open Environmental Engineering Journal, 4. 156-161.
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Ogamba, E.N., Izah S.C and Ogbogu, M.J. (2015). Cadmium and lead level in Elchhornia Crassipes from River Nun. Niger Delta. Nigeria. Journal of Advances in Biological and Basic Research 1(1): 53-56.
Papadopoulos, F. H., Tsihrintzis, V. A. and Zdragas, A. G. (2011), Removal of faecal bacteria from septage by treating it in a full-scale Duckweed–covered pond system. J. Environ manage 92:3130-3135.doi.
Parisa, Z., Jinous, A. And Fatemehsadat, M. M,(2015). Phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated water using potential Caspian sea wetland plant: Nymphaeaceace.74.72. Tehran Medical sciences Islamic Azad University Iran (IAUPS), Young researcher club, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch. Islamic Azad University (IAUPS), Tehran, Iran.
Parnian, A., Chorom, M., Jaafarzadah, N. and Dinarvand, M. (2016) use of two aquatic macrophytes for the removal of heavy metals from synthetic medium. Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology, Vol. 16, Issue 3, Pages 194-200. ISSN 1642-3593 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecohyd.2016.07.001.
Priyanka, S., Omkar, S and Supriya S. (2017). Phytoremediation of industrial mine wastewater using water hyacinth: International journal of phytoremediation: doi:10.1080/15226514 2016:121607. 19(1): 87-96.
Rai, P. K (2019): Heavy metals/metalloids remediation from wastewater using free-floating macrophytes of a natural wetland. Environmental Technology & Innovation, Vol 15, 2019. ISSN 2352-1864, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2019.100393. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352186418306151)
Roy. R. Fankhruddin, A.N.M., Khatun, R. Islam, M.S. Ahsan M.A. and Neger, A.J. M.T. (2010). Reduction of COD and pH of textile industrial effluent by aquatic macrophytes and algae. Journal of Bangladesh: Academy of sciences. 34(1) 9-14.
Santosh, K.P., Merav, N. and Singh, S. (2012) Phytoremediation of Chromium and Cobalt using Pistia Stratiotes: A Sustainable approach; the processing of the International Academy of Ecology and Environmental Sciences; 2 (2) 136 – 138.
Sasmaz, A., Dogan, I.M. and Sasmaz, M; (2016). Removal of Cr., Ni, and Co in the water of chromium mining area by using lemna gibba L. And Lemna Minor L. Water Environ.J. 30, 235-242.
Sayyed, M.R.G. and Sayadi, M.H. (2011). Variations in Heavy Metal Accumulations within the Surface Soils from the Chitgar Industrial Area of Tehran.
Shuaibu, U.O.A., and Nasiru, A. (2011), Phytoremediation of three metals in Shadawanks a Stream of Bauchi Metropolis, Nigeria. Universal Journal of Environmental Research and Technology, Eissn 22490256 online at www.environmentaljournal.org. volume 1, issue 2: 176 – 181.
Sukuniaran, D. (2013). Phytoremediation of heavy metals from industrial effluent using constructed wetland technology. Applied Ecology and Environmental Sciences 1(5): 92-97.
Tel-or, E. and Forni, C., (2011). Phytoremediation of Hazardous Toxic Metals and Organics by Photosynthesis Aquatic System. Plant biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology,145: 1, 224 — 235. DOI: 10.1080/11263504.2010.509944
Werimo, K. Bergwerff A.A. and Seinen. W. (2009). Residue levels of organochlorines and organochlorines and organophosphates in water, fish and sediments from lake Victoria-Kenyan portion. Aquatic.Ecosyst. Health manage. 12.337-341.
Wickramasinghe, S. and Jayawardana, C.K. (2018). Potential of aquatic macrophytes E. Crassipes, P. Stratiotes and salvinia molesta in phytoremediation of textile wastewater. J. Water secur. 4. 1-8.
World Health Organisation (WHO) (1995). Water, sanitation and Hygiene link to health. Facts and figures, Geneva.
WHO (2008): Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality [Electronic Resource]; Incorporating 1st and 2nd addenda, Vol.1, Recommendations. – 3rd ed. ISBN 978 92 4 154761 1 (WEB version)
World Health Organisation (WHO) (2012). Who guidelines for drinking water quality. 4th ed. World Health organization. Geneva. Pp. 219-229.
Ademoroti, C.M.O. (1996). Standard Methods for water and effluents analysis. Foludex press Ltd. Ibadan 3: 29-118.
Al-Khafaji, M.S., Al-Ani, F.H. and Ibrahim, A.F. (2018). Removal of some heavy metals from industrial wastewater by Lemna Minor KSCF J. Cir. Eng. 22.1077-1982.
APHA, (1995). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater 21st Washington (DC). USA American Public Health Association
APHA (2012). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater. 22nd ed. American Public Health Association. 8001 Street, NW Washington DC.
Aurangzeb, N., Nisa, S., Bibi, Y., Javed, F and Hussain, F. (2014). Phytoremediation potential of Aquatic Herbs from steel foundry Effluent. Vol. 31, No. 04. Pp. 881-886.
Ayotunde O and Bariweni, P.A. (2018) Impact of Urban runoff on the Heavy metals concentrations of the Epic Creek, Niger Delta, Wilberforce Journal of Social Sciences (WJSS) vol.3. No.1, 12-19.
Bariweni, P.A., Izonfuo, W.I. and Amadi, E.N. (2002). Domestic waste levels and assessment of their current management strategies in Yenagoa metropolis: Global Journal of Environmental Sciences 1(1) 15-19.
Bekeowei, R.A.and Ohwo , O (2021) Phytoremediation of Physico-Chemical Parameters in wastewater from car wash bays in Yenagoa Metropolis: European Journal of Environment and Earth Sciences: ISSN (Online: 2506 – 8016.
Bokhari SH, Ahmad I, Mahmood-Ul-Hassan M, Mohammad A (2016): Phytoremediation potential of Lemna minor L. for heavy metals. Int J Phytoremediation. 2016;18(1):25-32. DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2015.1058331. PMID: 26114480.
Burmanu, B.R., Law P.L., Aliyu, H.H. and Ibrahim, Y. (2014). Environmental impacts and management strategies of solid waste. International journal of environmental engineering science and technology research 2 (3) 1-8.
Gupta, A. and Balomajumder, C. (2015). Removal of Cr(iv) and phenol using water hyacinth from single and binary solution in the artificial photosynthesis chamber, journal of water process engineering, vol. 7.74-82.
Kannji. I and Achi, O. (2011). Industrial Effluents and their impact on water quality of receiving rivers in Nigeria Journal of Applied Technology in Environmental Sanitation 1(1) 75-86.
Lalevic, T., Raoicevic. V., Kikovic, D., Jovanovic, L., Momirovic, G.S., Jovic, I., Talaie, A.R. and Morina, F. (2012). Biodegradation of MTBE by bacteria isolated from oil hydrocarbons – contaminated environments. Int. J. Environ. Res. 6.81-86.
Lokhande, R.S. Pravin, U. Singare, P.U. and Deepali, S.P. (2011). Toxicity study of Heavy metals pollutants in wastewater effluents samples. Collected from Talora industrial Estate of Mumbai India. Doi. 10.5923/j.re 20110101.02 Researches and environment 1 (1) 13-19.
Mohedano, R. A., Costa R.H.R., Tavares, F. A. and Belli, P. (2012). High Nutrient Removal rate from Swine Wastes and Protein Biomass Production by Full-scale Duckweed Ponds Biorsour Tech-01.112.98-104.
Ogoyi, D.O., Mwita, C.J., Nguu, E.K. and Shiundu, P.M. (2011). Determination of heavy metal content in water sediment and microalgae from lake Victoria, East Africa. Open Environmental Engineering Journal, 4. 156-161.
Ogamba, E.N., Izah, S.C and Oribu, T. (2015). Water quality and proximate analysis of Eichhornia Crassipes. from River Nun Amassoma Axis, Nigeria. Research Journal of Phytomedicine 1(1):43-48.
Ogamba, E.N., Izah S.C and Ogbogu, M.J. (2015). Cadmium and lead level in Elchhornia Crassipes from River Nun. Niger Delta. Nigeria. Journal of Advances in Biological and Basic Research 1(1): 53-56.
Papadopoulos, F. H., Tsihrintzis, V. A. and Zdragas, A. G. (2011), Removal of faecal bacteria from septage by treating it in a full-scale Duckweed–covered pond system. J. Environ manage 92:3130-3135.doi.
Parisa, Z., Jinous, A. And Fatemehsadat, M. M,(2015). Phytoremediation of heavy metal contaminated water using potential Caspian sea wetland plant: Nymphaeaceace.74.72. Tehran Medical sciences Islamic Azad University Iran (IAUPS), Young researcher club, Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch. Islamic Azad University (IAUPS), Tehran, Iran.
Parnian, A., Chorom, M., Jaafarzadah, N. and Dinarvand, M. (2016) use of two aquatic macrophytes for the removal of heavy metals from synthetic medium. Ecohydrology & Hydrobiology, Vol. 16, Issue 3, Pages 194-200. ISSN 1642-3593 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecohyd.2016.07.001.
Priyanka, S., Omkar, S and Supriya S. (2017). Phytoremediation of industrial mine wastewater using water hyacinth: International journal of phytoremediation: doi:10.1080/15226514 2016:121607. 19(1): 87-96.
Rai, P. K (2019): Heavy metals/metalloids remediation from wastewater using free-floating macrophytes of a natural wetland. Environmental Technology & Innovation, Vol 15, 2019. ISSN 2352-1864, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2019.100393. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352186418306151)
Roy. R. Fankhruddin, A.N.M., Khatun, R. Islam, M.S. Ahsan M.A. and Neger, A.J. M.T. (2010). Reduction of COD and pH of textile industrial effluent by aquatic macrophytes and algae. Journal of Bangladesh: Academy of sciences. 34(1) 9-14.
Santosh, K.P., Merav, N. and Singh, S. (2012) Phytoremediation of Chromium and Cobalt using Pistia Stratiotes: A Sustainable approach; the processing of the International Academy of Ecology and Environmental Sciences; 2 (2) 136 – 138.
Sasmaz, A., Dogan, I.M. and Sasmaz, M; (2016). Removal of Cr., Ni, and Co in the water of chromium mining area by using lemna gibba L. And Lemna Minor L. Water Environ.J. 30, 235-242.
Sayyed, M.R.G. and Sayadi, M.H. (2011). Variations in Heavy Metal Accumulations within the Surface Soils from the Chitgar Industrial Area of Tehran.
Shuaibu, U.O.A., and Nasiru, A. (2011), Phytoremediation of three metals in Shadawanks a Stream of Bauchi Metropolis, Nigeria. Universal Journal of Environmental Research and Technology, Eissn 22490256 online at www.environmentaljournal.org. volume 1, issue 2: 176 – 181.
Sukuniaran, D. (2013). Phytoremediation of heavy metals from industrial effluent using constructed wetland technology. Applied Ecology and Environmental Sciences 1(5): 92-97.
Tel-or, E. and Forni, C., (2011). Phytoremediation of Hazardous Toxic Metals and Organics by Photosynthesis Aquatic System. Plant biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology,145: 1, 224 — 235. DOI: 10.1080/11263504.2010.509944
Werimo, K. Bergwerff A.A. and Seinen. W. (2009). Residue levels of organochlorines and organochlorines and organophosphates in water, fish and sediments from lake Victoria-Kenyan portion. Aquatic.Ecosyst. Health manage. 12.337-341.
Wickramasinghe, S. and Jayawardana, C.K. (2018). Potential of aquatic macrophytes E. Crassipes, P. Stratiotes and salvinia molesta in phytoremediation of textile wastewater. J. Water secur. 4. 1-8.
World Health Organisation (WHO) (1995). Water, sanitation and Hygiene link to health. Facts and figures, Geneva.
WHO (2008): Guidelines for Drinking-water Quality [Electronic Resource]; Incorporating 1st and 2nd addenda, Vol.1, Recommendations. – 3rd ed. ISBN 978 92 4 154761 1 (WEB version)
World Health Organisation (WHO) (2012). Who guidelines for drinking water quality. 4th ed. World Health organization. Geneva. Pp. 219-229.
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How to Cite
A study of aquatic macrophyte for remediation of chromium and cadmium in wastewater effluents in Yenagoa Metropolis, Niger Delta. (2022). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 14(4), 1465-1470. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v14i4.3808
