Removal of Zn2+ and Pb2+ using new isolates of Bacillus spp. PPS03 and Bacillus subtilis PPS04 from Paper mill effluents using indigenously designed Bench-top Bioreactor
Article Main
Abstract
Biosorption processes have the potential to decrease environmental hazards through their factors such as initial metal ion concentration, temperature, pH and biomass concentration in the solution. In the present study biosorption process was performed using the strains of Bacillus spp. PPS 03 (KF710041) and Bacillus subtilis PPS 04 (KF710042) isolated from sediment core of Paper mill effluent (PME) for the removal of Zn2+and Pb2+ in an indigenously designed Bench-top Bioreactor. The temperature, initial pH, biomass and incubation period of PME for Zn2+ and Pb2+ reduction was standardized. The strains exhibited significant reduction in Zn2+ and Pb2+ of PME to the extent of 73.29% and 85.64% with PPS 03 and 78.15% and 87.57% respectively with PPS 04 after 120 hrs of aerobic treatment. The reduction in the metals occurred from first day of the treatment, but the maximum reduction in these metals was observed after 120 hrs. at pH (7.0±0.2), temperature (35±1.0°C) and biomass (5% v/ v) of the bacterial strains. The removal of metals with strain PPS 04 was more in comparison to the strain PPS 03. The Freundlich isotherms on the data showed that it was linearly fitted for Zn2+and Pb2+. The values of correlation coefficient (R2) of Freundlich isotherms were greater than 0.812 for Pb2+ and Zn2+. The kinetic study for the rate of removal of Pb2+ and Zn2+ by both species was found to best fit a Pseudo first order reaction. The rate constant was found to be inversely proportional to the concentration of parameters. Thus, the microbial strains were found efficient for the biosorption/removal of Pb2+ and Zn2+.
Article Details
Article Details
Keywords
Aerobic treatment, Biosorption, Freundlich isotherms, Pb2 and Zn2 , Pseudo first order, PME
References
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Amer, R.A. (2003). Regulation for heavy metal homeostasis genes in halophilic bacteria. PhD thesis, Faculty of Science, University of Alexandria, Egypt.
Amera, M.R., Ghada, A.T. and May, A.A. (2012). Some metals removal by biomass of Bacillus spp. and Pseudomonas spp. from wastewater of second campus of Mosul University. Raf. J. Sci., 23(4):1-9.
Aneja, K.R. (1996). Methods of obtaining pure culture of micro-organisms. In: Experiments in microbiology, plant pathology tissue culture and mushroom cultivation, 2nd ed, New Age International (P) Ltd., New Delhi. pp. 139-153.
Anjaneya, O., Kumar, S.M., Nayak, A. S. and Karegoudar, T. B. (2009). Biosorption of acid violet dye from aqueous solutions using native biomass of a new isolate of Penicillium sp. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 63(6):782–787.
APHA, AWWA and WEF (2005). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 21st Ed. American Public Health Association. Washington, D.C.
BIS (1991). Indian standards for drinking waterspecification. IS10500:1991. http://www.scribd.com/doc/35309468/Indian Standard for Drinking Water as Per BIS Specifications-2010.
Chandra, R., Singh, S. and Raj, A. (2006). Seasonal bacteriological analysis of Gola river water contaminated with pulp paper mill waste in Uttranchal, India. Environ. Monit. Assessment, 118:393-406.
Chatterjee, S., Das, J., Chatterjee, S., Choudhuri, P. and Sarkar, A. (2014). Isolation, characterization and protein profiling of lead resistant bacteria. British Microbiology Research Journal, 4(1):116-131.
Chopra, A. K. and Singh, P. P. (2012). Removal of colour, COD and lignin from Pulp and paper mill effluent by Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Aspergillus fumigatus. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 4(10):4522-4532.
Drancourt, M., Bollet, C., Carlioz, A., Martelin. R., Gayral, J.P. and Raout, D. (2000). 16S Ribosomal DNA Sequence Analysis of a Large Collection of Environmental and Clinical Unidentifiable Bacterial Isolates. J. Clin. Microbiol., 38:3623-3630.
El-Hassouni, H., Abdellaoui, D. and Bengueddour, R. (2013). Kinetic and isotherm studies of Cu(II) removal from aqueous solution using Gigartina acicularis biomass. Journal of Environment and Earth Science, 3 (13):44-52.
Freundlich, H. (1907). Ueber die adsorption in loesungen. Z. Phys. Chem. 57:385-470.
Javaid, A., Bajwa, R. and Javaid, A. (2010). Biosorption of heavy metals using a dead macro fungus Schizophyllum commune fries: evaluation of equilibrium and kinetic models. Pak. J. Bot., 42(3):2105-2118.
Ji, G., and Silver, S. (1995). Bacterial resistance mechanisms for heavy metals of environmental concern. Journal of Indian Microbiology, 14:61–75.
Kamsonlian, S., Balomajumder, C., Chand, S. and Suresh, S. (2011). Biosorption of Cd (II) and As (III) ions from aqueous solution by Tea waste biomass. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 5 (1):1-7.
Kumar, A., Bisht, B.S. and Joshi, V. D. (2010). Biosorption of heavy metals by four acclimated microbial species, Bacillus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Staphylococcus spp. and Aspergillus niger. J. Biol. Environ. Sci., 4(12):97-108.
Kumar, A.A.V., Naif, A.D. and Hilal, N. (2009). Study of various parameters in the biosorption of heavy metals on activated sludge. World Applied Sciences Journal, (Special Issue for Environment), 5:32-40.
Levinson, H.S. and Mahler, I. (1998). Phosphatase activity and lead resistance in Citrobacter freundii and Staphylococcus aureus. FEMS Microbiol Lett., 161:135-138.
Levinson, H.S., Mahler, I., Blackwelder, P. and Hood, T. (1996). Lead resistance and sensitivity in Staphylococcus aureus. FEMS Microbiol Lett., 145:421-425.
Liu, Y. and Liu, Y.J. (2008). Biosorption Isotherms, Kinetics and Thermodynamics. Separation and Purification Technology, 61:229-242.
Mali, P.L., Mahajan, M.M., Patil, D.P. and Kulkarni, M.V. (2000). Biodecolourization of members of triphenylmethanes and azo groups of dyes. J. Sci. Ind. Res. India, 59:221–224.
Mamba, B.B., Krause, R.W., Matsebula, B. and Haarhoff, J. (2009). Monitoring natural organic matter and disinfection by-products at different stages in two South African water treatment plants. Water SA., 35(1): 121-127.
Marandi, R., Ardejani, F.D. and Afshar, H.A. (2010). Biosorption of Lead (II) and Zinc (II) ions by pre-treated biomass of Phanerochaete Chrysosporium. International Journal of Mining & Environmental Issues,1(1):9-16.
Mire, C.E., Tourjee, J.A., O'Brien, W.F., Ramanujachary, K.V. and Hecht, G.B. (2004). Lead precipitation by Vibrio harveyi: evidence for novel quorum-sensing interactions. Appl Environ Microbiol., 70:855-864.
Mohamed, Z.A. (2001). Removal of cadmium and manganese by a non-toxic strain of the freshwater cyanobacterium Gloeothece magna. Water Research, 35:4405-4409.
Murthy, S., Bali, G. and Sarangi, S. K. (2012). Biosorption of Lead by Bacillus cereus Isolated from Industrial Effluents. British Biotechnology Journal, 2(2):73-84.
Nandi, B. K., Goswami, A. A. and Purkait, M.K. (2009). Removal of cationic dyes from aqueous solutions by kaolin: Kinetic and equilibrium studies. Appl. Clay. Sci., 42:583-590.
Olaniran, A.O., Balgobind, A. and Pillay, B. (2013). Bioavailability of heavy metals in soil: impact on microbial biodegradation of organic compounds and possible improvement strategies. Int J Mol Sci., 14:10197–10228.
Oves, M., Khan, M.S. and Zaidi, A. (2013). Biosorption of heavy metals by Bacillus thuringiensis strain OSM29 originating from industrial effluent contaminated north Indian soil. Saudi J. Biol. Sci., 20(2):121-129.
Parungao, M.M., Tacata P.S., Tanayan, C. and Trinidad, L. (2007). Biosorption of copper, cadmium and lead by copper-resistant bacteria isolated from Mogpog River, Marinduque. Philippine Journal of Science, 136(2): 155-165.
Rajendran, P., Muthukrishnan and Gunasekaran, P. (2003). Microbes in heavy metal remediation. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 41:935-944.
Rani, M.J., Hemambika, B., Hemapriya, J. and Kannan, V.R. (2010). Comparative assessment of heavy metal removal by immobilized and dead bacterial cells: A biosorption approach. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 4(2):077-083.
Roane, T.M. (1999). Lead resistance in two isolates from heavy metal contaminated soils. Microbial Ecology. 37:218-224.
Selvi, A. T., Anjugam, E., Devi, A. R., Madhan, B., Kannappan S. and Chandrasekaran, B. (2012). Isolation and characterization of bacteria from Tannery effluent treatment plant and their tolerance to heavy metals and antibiotics. Asian J. Exp. Biol. Sci., 3(1):34-41.
Sethuraman, P. and Balasubramanian, N. (2010). Removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution using Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter cloacae. International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 2(6):1811-1825.
Simie, D.D., Finoli, C., Vecchio, A. and Ancheoni, V. (1998). Metal ion accumulation by immobilized cells of Brevibacterium sp. J. Indust. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 20:116-120.
Sivasubramanian, V. (2006). Phycoremediation - Issues and challenges. Indian Hydrobiology, 9(1):13-22.
Subhashini, S.S., Kaliappan, S. and Velan, M. (2011). Removal of heavy metal from aqueous solution using Schizosaccharomyces pombe in free and alginate immobilized cells. 2nd International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology, IPCBEE, 6 IACSIT Press, Singapore, pp. 107-111.
Suriya. J., Bharathiraja, S. and Rajasekaran, R. (2013). Biosorption of heavy metals by biomass of Enterobacter cloacae isolated from metal-polluted soils. International Journal of ChemTech Research, 5(3):1329-1338.
Suryan, S. and Ahluwalia, S.S. (2012). Biosorption of heavy metals by Paper mill waste from aqueous solution. International Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2 (3):1331-1343.
Tambekar, D.H., Dhore, H.R., Kotwal, A.D., Shirbhate, A.P. and Solav, P.B. (2008). Prevalence and antibiotic sensitivity profile of human enteric pathogens from water sources in salinity affected villages of Vidarbha (India). Res. J. Agric. Biol. Sci., 4:712-716.
Thippeswamy, B., Shivakumar, C.K. and Krishnappa, M. (2012). Bioaccumulation potency of Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus for removal of heavy metals. Journal of Environmental Biology, 33:1063-1068.
Ugurlu, M., Gurses, A., Dogar, C. and Yalcin, M. (2007). The removal of lignin and phenol from paper mill effluents by electrocoagulation. J. Environ. Manage., 87:420-428.
Vijayaraghavan, K. and Yun, Y.S. (2008). Bacterial Biosorbents and biosorption- A review. Biotechnology Advances, 26(3):266-291.
Wasi, S., Tabrez, S. and Ahmad, M. (2011a). Suitability of immobilized Pseudomonas fluorescens SM1 strain for remediation of phenols, heavy metals and pesticides from water. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 220(1-4): 89-99.
Wasi, S., Tabrez, S. and Ahmad, M. (2011b). Detoxification potential of Pseudomonas fluorescens SM1 strain for remediation of major toxicants in Indian water bodies. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 222(1-4):39-51.
Weisberg, W.G., Barns, S.M., Pelletier, D.A. and Lane, D.J. (1991). 16S ribosomal DNA amplification for phylogenetic study. J. Bacteriol., 173: 679-703.
Wu, S., Peng, X., Cheung, K., Liu, S. and Wong, M.H. (2009). Adsorption kinetics of Pb and Cd by two plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. Bioresour Technol., 100:4559–4563.
Yadav, S. and Chandra, R. (2013). Detection of persistent organic compounds from biomethanated Distillery spent wash (BMDS) and their degradation by manganese peroxidase and laccase producing bacterial strains. Journal of Environmental Biology, 34:755-764.
Ambrósio, S. T., Vilar Júnior, J.C., Alves da Silva, C. A., Okada, K., Nascimento, A.E., Longo, R. L. and Campos-Takaki, G.M. (2012). A biosorption isotherm model for the removal of reactive azo dyes by inactivated mycelia of Cunninghamella elegans UCP542. Molecules, 17:452-462.
Amer, R.A. (2003). Regulation for heavy metal homeostasis genes in halophilic bacteria. PhD thesis, Faculty of Science, University of Alexandria, Egypt.
Amera, M.R., Ghada, A.T. and May, A.A. (2012). Some metals removal by biomass of Bacillus spp. and Pseudomonas spp. from wastewater of second campus of Mosul University. Raf. J. Sci., 23(4):1-9.
Aneja, K.R. (1996). Methods of obtaining pure culture of micro-organisms. In: Experiments in microbiology, plant pathology tissue culture and mushroom cultivation, 2nd ed, New Age International (P) Ltd., New Delhi. pp. 139-153.
Anjaneya, O., Kumar, S.M., Nayak, A. S. and Karegoudar, T. B. (2009). Biosorption of acid violet dye from aqueous solutions using native biomass of a new isolate of Penicillium sp. International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation, 63(6):782–787.
APHA, AWWA and WEF (2005). Standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater, 21st Ed. American Public Health Association. Washington, D.C.
BIS (1991). Indian standards for drinking waterspecification. IS10500:1991. http://www.scribd.com/doc/35309468/Indian Standard for Drinking Water as Per BIS Specifications-2010.
Chandra, R., Singh, S. and Raj, A. (2006). Seasonal bacteriological analysis of Gola river water contaminated with pulp paper mill waste in Uttranchal, India. Environ. Monit. Assessment, 118:393-406.
Chatterjee, S., Das, J., Chatterjee, S., Choudhuri, P. and Sarkar, A. (2014). Isolation, characterization and protein profiling of lead resistant bacteria. British Microbiology Research Journal, 4(1):116-131.
Chopra, A. K. and Singh, P. P. (2012). Removal of colour, COD and lignin from Pulp and paper mill effluent by Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Aspergillus fumigatus. Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research, 4(10):4522-4532.
Drancourt, M., Bollet, C., Carlioz, A., Martelin. R., Gayral, J.P. and Raout, D. (2000). 16S Ribosomal DNA Sequence Analysis of a Large Collection of Environmental and Clinical Unidentifiable Bacterial Isolates. J. Clin. Microbiol., 38:3623-3630.
El-Hassouni, H., Abdellaoui, D. and Bengueddour, R. (2013). Kinetic and isotherm studies of Cu(II) removal from aqueous solution using Gigartina acicularis biomass. Journal of Environment and Earth Science, 3 (13):44-52.
Freundlich, H. (1907). Ueber die adsorption in loesungen. Z. Phys. Chem. 57:385-470.
Javaid, A., Bajwa, R. and Javaid, A. (2010). Biosorption of heavy metals using a dead macro fungus Schizophyllum commune fries: evaluation of equilibrium and kinetic models. Pak. J. Bot., 42(3):2105-2118.
Ji, G., and Silver, S. (1995). Bacterial resistance mechanisms for heavy metals of environmental concern. Journal of Indian Microbiology, 14:61–75.
Kamsonlian, S., Balomajumder, C., Chand, S. and Suresh, S. (2011). Biosorption of Cd (II) and As (III) ions from aqueous solution by Tea waste biomass. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 5 (1):1-7.
Kumar, A., Bisht, B.S. and Joshi, V. D. (2010). Biosorption of heavy metals by four acclimated microbial species, Bacillus spp., Pseudomonas spp., Staphylococcus spp. and Aspergillus niger. J. Biol. Environ. Sci., 4(12):97-108.
Kumar, A.A.V., Naif, A.D. and Hilal, N. (2009). Study of various parameters in the biosorption of heavy metals on activated sludge. World Applied Sciences Journal, (Special Issue for Environment), 5:32-40.
Levinson, H.S. and Mahler, I. (1998). Phosphatase activity and lead resistance in Citrobacter freundii and Staphylococcus aureus. FEMS Microbiol Lett., 161:135-138.
Levinson, H.S., Mahler, I., Blackwelder, P. and Hood, T. (1996). Lead resistance and sensitivity in Staphylococcus aureus. FEMS Microbiol Lett., 145:421-425.
Liu, Y. and Liu, Y.J. (2008). Biosorption Isotherms, Kinetics and Thermodynamics. Separation and Purification Technology, 61:229-242.
Mali, P.L., Mahajan, M.M., Patil, D.P. and Kulkarni, M.V. (2000). Biodecolourization of members of triphenylmethanes and azo groups of dyes. J. Sci. Ind. Res. India, 59:221–224.
Mamba, B.B., Krause, R.W., Matsebula, B. and Haarhoff, J. (2009). Monitoring natural organic matter and disinfection by-products at different stages in two South African water treatment plants. Water SA., 35(1): 121-127.
Marandi, R., Ardejani, F.D. and Afshar, H.A. (2010). Biosorption of Lead (II) and Zinc (II) ions by pre-treated biomass of Phanerochaete Chrysosporium. International Journal of Mining & Environmental Issues,1(1):9-16.
Mire, C.E., Tourjee, J.A., O'Brien, W.F., Ramanujachary, K.V. and Hecht, G.B. (2004). Lead precipitation by Vibrio harveyi: evidence for novel quorum-sensing interactions. Appl Environ Microbiol., 70:855-864.
Mohamed, Z.A. (2001). Removal of cadmium and manganese by a non-toxic strain of the freshwater cyanobacterium Gloeothece magna. Water Research, 35:4405-4409.
Murthy, S., Bali, G. and Sarangi, S. K. (2012). Biosorption of Lead by Bacillus cereus Isolated from Industrial Effluents. British Biotechnology Journal, 2(2):73-84.
Nandi, B. K., Goswami, A. A. and Purkait, M.K. (2009). Removal of cationic dyes from aqueous solutions by kaolin: Kinetic and equilibrium studies. Appl. Clay. Sci., 42:583-590.
Olaniran, A.O., Balgobind, A. and Pillay, B. (2013). Bioavailability of heavy metals in soil: impact on microbial biodegradation of organic compounds and possible improvement strategies. Int J Mol Sci., 14:10197–10228.
Oves, M., Khan, M.S. and Zaidi, A. (2013). Biosorption of heavy metals by Bacillus thuringiensis strain OSM29 originating from industrial effluent contaminated north Indian soil. Saudi J. Biol. Sci., 20(2):121-129.
Parungao, M.M., Tacata P.S., Tanayan, C. and Trinidad, L. (2007). Biosorption of copper, cadmium and lead by copper-resistant bacteria isolated from Mogpog River, Marinduque. Philippine Journal of Science, 136(2): 155-165.
Rajendran, P., Muthukrishnan and Gunasekaran, P. (2003). Microbes in heavy metal remediation. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 41:935-944.
Rani, M.J., Hemambika, B., Hemapriya, J. and Kannan, V.R. (2010). Comparative assessment of heavy metal removal by immobilized and dead bacterial cells: A biosorption approach. African Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 4(2):077-083.
Roane, T.M. (1999). Lead resistance in two isolates from heavy metal contaminated soils. Microbial Ecology. 37:218-224.
Selvi, A. T., Anjugam, E., Devi, A. R., Madhan, B., Kannappan S. and Chandrasekaran, B. (2012). Isolation and characterization of bacteria from Tannery effluent treatment plant and their tolerance to heavy metals and antibiotics. Asian J. Exp. Biol. Sci., 3(1):34-41.
Sethuraman, P. and Balasubramanian, N. (2010). Removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution using Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Enterobacter cloacae. International Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 2(6):1811-1825.
Simie, D.D., Finoli, C., Vecchio, A. and Ancheoni, V. (1998). Metal ion accumulation by immobilized cells of Brevibacterium sp. J. Indust. Microbiol. Biotechnol., 20:116-120.
Sivasubramanian, V. (2006). Phycoremediation - Issues and challenges. Indian Hydrobiology, 9(1):13-22.
Subhashini, S.S., Kaliappan, S. and Velan, M. (2011). Removal of heavy metal from aqueous solution using Schizosaccharomyces pombe in free and alginate immobilized cells. 2nd International Conference on Environmental Science and Technology, IPCBEE, 6 IACSIT Press, Singapore, pp. 107-111.
Suriya. J., Bharathiraja, S. and Rajasekaran, R. (2013). Biosorption of heavy metals by biomass of Enterobacter cloacae isolated from metal-polluted soils. International Journal of ChemTech Research, 5(3):1329-1338.
Suryan, S. and Ahluwalia, S.S. (2012). Biosorption of heavy metals by Paper mill waste from aqueous solution. International Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2 (3):1331-1343.
Tambekar, D.H., Dhore, H.R., Kotwal, A.D., Shirbhate, A.P. and Solav, P.B. (2008). Prevalence and antibiotic sensitivity profile of human enteric pathogens from water sources in salinity affected villages of Vidarbha (India). Res. J. Agric. Biol. Sci., 4:712-716.
Thippeswamy, B., Shivakumar, C.K. and Krishnappa, M. (2012). Bioaccumulation potency of Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus flavus for removal of heavy metals. Journal of Environmental Biology, 33:1063-1068.
Ugurlu, M., Gurses, A., Dogar, C. and Yalcin, M. (2007). The removal of lignin and phenol from paper mill effluents by electrocoagulation. J. Environ. Manage., 87:420-428.
Vijayaraghavan, K. and Yun, Y.S. (2008). Bacterial Biosorbents and biosorption- A review. Biotechnology Advances, 26(3):266-291.
Wasi, S., Tabrez, S. and Ahmad, M. (2011a). Suitability of immobilized Pseudomonas fluorescens SM1 strain for remediation of phenols, heavy metals and pesticides from water. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 220(1-4): 89-99.
Wasi, S., Tabrez, S. and Ahmad, M. (2011b). Detoxification potential of Pseudomonas fluorescens SM1 strain for remediation of major toxicants in Indian water bodies. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 222(1-4):39-51.
Weisberg, W.G., Barns, S.M., Pelletier, D.A. and Lane, D.J. (1991). 16S ribosomal DNA amplification for phylogenetic study. J. Bacteriol., 173: 679-703.
Wu, S., Peng, X., Cheung, K., Liu, S. and Wong, M.H. (2009). Adsorption kinetics of Pb and Cd by two plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. Bioresour Technol., 100:4559–4563.
Yadav, S. and Chandra, R. (2013). Detection of persistent organic compounds from biomethanated Distillery spent wash (BMDS) and their degradation by manganese peroxidase and laccase producing bacterial strains. Journal of Environmental Biology, 34:755-764.
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Removal of Zn2+ and Pb2+ using new isolates of Bacillus spp. PPS03 and Bacillus subtilis PPS04 from Paper mill effluents using indigenously designed Bench-top Bioreactor. (2014). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 6(1), 47-56. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v6i1.374
