Effects of land-use change on the volume of water flow into the Mun Bon reservoir in Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand
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Surachat Sinworn
Nuttabodee Viriyawattana
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0447-943X
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0447-943X
Abstract
The land-use patterns in watershed areas in the Chorakhe Hin Sub-district, Khon Buri District, Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand, have been found to change from forest areas. Different agricultural areas cause variations in the amount of water that flows from the stream into the reservoir, potentially leading to future water shortages. This study was conducted to explore the effects of land-use change on the volume of water flow into the Mun Bon Reservoir, Chorakhe Hin Sub-district, Khon Buri District, Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand. The model analysis techniques, namely Markov’s Chain CLUES and SWAT, were employed to predict the effects of land-use patterns in the area of the upper Mun River on the volume of water flow into the Mun Bon reservoir. According to the predictions obtained based on the land-use models, forest areas may be converted into cassava plantations by 2029. When the comparative effects were considered, the normal volume of water flowing into the Mun Bon reservoir was found to be equivalent to 96 million cubic meter per year. The predicted volume before Christ (A.D.) 2029 is 30 million cubic meter. Accordingly, the water volume in the Mun Bon reservoir would be lower than that derived from the usual land-use patterns.
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Keywords
Land use, Mun Bon reservoir, Nakhon Ratchasima, Waterflow
References
Baiku, P., Tongdeenok, P. & Kaewjampa N. (2021). Application of SWAT and CLUE-S models in streamflow and land use prediction in the upper Khwae-Noi subwatershed, Nakhonthai district, Phitsanulok province. Thai Journal of Forestry, 40(2), 39-55.
Bi, H., Liu, B., Wu,S., Yun, L., Chen, Z. & Cui, Z. (2009). Effects of precipitation and land use on runoff during the past 50 years in typical water shed in loess plateau. China Int J Sediment Res, 24, 352-364. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1001-6279(10)60009-1.
Bonell, M., Purandara, B. K., Venkatesh, B., Krishnaswamy, J., Acharya, H.A.K., Singh, U.V., Jayakumar, R., & Chappell, N. (2010). The impact of forest use and reforestation on soil hydraulic conductivity in the Western Ghats of India: implications for surface and sub-surface hydrology. J Hydrol, 391, 47–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.jhydrol. 2010.07.004.
Boonrawd, S., Anusontpornperm, S., Thanachit, S., Kheoruenromne, I. & Janjirawuttikul, N. (2021). Characteristics and fertility capability of cassava growing soils under different annual rainfall conditions in Northeast Thailand. Khon Kaen Agriculture Journal, 49, 1034-1046. https://doi:10.14456/kaj.2021.92 .
Bradshaw, C.J.A., Sodhi, N.S., Peh, K.S.H. & Brook, B.W. (2007). Global evidence that deforestation amplifies flood risk and severity in the developing world. Global Chang Biol, 13, 2379–2395. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01446.x.
Bruijnzeel, L.A. (2004). Hydrological functions of tropical forests: not seeing the soil for the trees. Agr Ecosyst Environ, 104,185–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.01.015.
Buda, A.R.&DeWalle, D.(2009). Dynamics of stream nitrqate sources and flow pathways during stormflows on urban, forest and agricultural watersheds in central Pennsylvania, USA. Hydrological Processes, 23, 3292-3305.https://doi:org/10.1002/hyp.7423.
Chang, J.H.(1993). Hydrology in humid tropical Asia. Hydrology and Water Management in the Humid Tropics, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, pp. 55–66.
Chotchaiwong, P. & Wijitkosum, S. (2019). Predicting urban expansion and urban land use changes in Nakhon Ratchasima city using a CA-Markov model under two difference scanario. Land, 8, 1-16. https:// doi:10.3390/land8090140.
Chotpantarat, S. & Boonkaewan, S. (2018). Impacts of land – use changes on watershed discharge and water quality in a large intensive agricultural area in Thailand. Hydrogical Sciences Journal, 63, 1386-1407. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 02626667.2018.1506128.
Dessu, S. B. & Melesse, A. M. (2012). Modelling the rainfall–runoff process of the Mara River basin using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool. Hydrological Process, 26, 4038-4049. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.9205.
Elsadele, W. M., Ibrahim, M.G. & Mahmod, W. E. (2019). Runoff hazard analysis of wadi Qena watershed, Egypt based on GIS and remote sensing approach. Alex. Eng. J, 58, 377-385. https://doi.org/10.35762/AER.20 18.4 0.1.4.
FitzPatrick, E.A. (2005). Soil microscopy and micromorphology. Interactive soil science, Abadeen. School of Biological Science, University of Aberdeen, St. Machar Drive, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK.pp. 1-8.
Gassman, P. W., Reyes, M. R., Green, C. H. & Arnold, J. G. (2007). The soil and water assessment tool: Historical Development, applications, and future research directions. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 50, 1211-1250. https://doi:10.13031/ 2013.2 3637.
Guo, H., Hu, Q. & Jiang, T. (2008). Annual and seasonal streamflow responses to cli-mate and land-cover changes in the Poyang Lake basin. China. J Hydrol, 355, 106–122.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.03.020.
Gyawali, S., Techato, K., Monprapussorn, S. & Yuangyai, C. (2013). Integating land use planting for U-tapao river basin, Thailand. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 91, 556-563.https:// doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.201 3.08.454.
Han, D.D. (2018). Runoff simulation of Xilin River driven by multi-source data and impact of land cover change on runoff. Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Inner Mongolia.
Harylenko, S. B., Bodoque, J. M., Srinivasan, R., Zucarelli, G.V. & Mercuri, P. (2016). Assessment of the soil water content in the pampas region using SWAT. Catena, 137, 298-309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2015.10.001.
Hua, W., Chun, H., Sun, S. & Zhou, L. (2015). Assessment Climatic impacts of future land use and land cover change projected with the CanESM2 model. International Journal of Climatology, 35, 3661-3675. https://doi:10.100 2/joc.4240.
Jamshidi, M. & Tajrishy, M. (2010). Modelling of point and non-point source pollution of Nitrate with SWAT in the Jairod river watershed Iran. International Agricultural Engineering Journal, 19, 23-31. [Google Scholar].
Juan, H., Jinyan, Z., Yan, H., Wu, F. & Deng, X. (2013). Evalution of the Impacts of land use on water quality: A case study in the cholu lake basin. The Scientific World Journal, 1, 1-7. https:// doi:10.1155/2013/329187.
Kashaigili, J.J. (2008). Impacts of land-use and land-cover changes on flow regimes of the Usangu wetland and the Great Ruaha River, Tanzania. Phys. Chem. Earth, 33, 640–647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2008.06.014.
Kashaigili, J.J. & Majaliwa, A.M. (2013). Implications of land use and land cover changes on hydrological regimes of the Malagarasi river, Tanzania. J. Agric. Sci. Appl, 2, 45–50. https://doi:10.14511/JASA.2013.020107.
Khoi, D.N. & Suetsugi, T. (2014). Impact of climate and land-use changes on hydrological processes and sediment yield—A case study of the Be River catchment. Vietnam. Hydrol. Sci. J, 59, 1095–1108. https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2013.819433.
Kim, T.G. & Choi, K.S. (2020). A study on water quality change by land use change using HSPF. Environment Engineering Research, 25, 123-128. https://doi.org/ 10.4491/eer.2019.105.
Klongvessa, P., Lu, M., Chotpantarat, S. (2017). Response of the flood peak to the spatial distribution of rainfall in the Yo, river basin, Thailand. Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment, 32, 2871-2887. https://doi.org/s00477-018-1603-4.
Konkul, J., Rojborwornwittaya, W.& Chotpantarat, S. (2014). Hydrogeologic characteristics and groundwater pontentiality mappaing using potential surface analysis in the Huay Sai area, Phetchaburi province, Thailand. Geosciences Journal, 18, 89-103. https://doi:10.1007/s12303-013-0047-6.
Lal, R. (1993). Challenges in agriculture and forest hydrology in the humid tropics. Hydrology and Water Management in the Humid Tropics. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK; pp. 395–404.
Li, C. & Fang, H. (2021). Assessment of climate change impacts on the streamflow for the Mun River in the Mekong Basin, Southeast Asia: Using SWAT model. Catena, 201, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2021.105199.
Li, H.Z. (2007). Research on the influence of land use/cover change on hydrological factors based on SWAT model. Hebei Normal University, Hebei
Liu, J., Liu, M., Zhuang, D. & Zhang, Z. (2003). Study on spatial pattern of land-use change in China during 1995-2000. Science in China series D Earth Sciences, 46(4):373-384. https://10.1360/03yd9033.
Meyer, N., Berger, J., Constantin, E. J. & Justes, E. (2019). Cover crops reduce water drainage in temperature Climates: A meta-analysis. Agron.Sustain.Dev, 39, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-018-0546-y.
Neitsch, S.L., Arnold, J.G., Kiniry, J.R.& Williams, J.R. (2011). Soil and water assessment tool theoretical documentation version 2011. Taxas water resources institute technical report No.406. Taxas A&M university system, College station, Texas, USA, pp. 1-14.
Niu, J. & Sivakumar, B. (2014). Study of runoff response to land use change in the East River basin in South China. Stoch Env Res Risk A, 28, 857–865. https:// doi:10.1007/ s00477- 13-0690-5.
Phangam, T., Noinmsai, N. & Konggrit, N. (2020). Spatial potential analysis for sustainable water resource management lower Lam Cheang Krai basin with Geographic information system. Acadermic journal, 4, 71-81.
Phanurak, W. & Suwanwaree, P. (2013). Land use change in Thaplan nation park, the part of Dong Phra Yayen-Khao Yai forest complex world Heritage, Thailand. Naresuan University Journal, 21, 39-48.
Praweenwongwuthi, S., KaewmuangmoonSukanlaya, T., Sukanlaya, C., Choenkwan, A. & Rambo, T. (2017). Recent changes in agricultural land use in the riverine area of Nakhon Phanom Province, Northeast Thailand. Southeast Asian Studies, 6(2), 211-246. https://doi: 10.20495/seas.6.2_207.
Oeurng, C., Sauvage, S., sanchez-erez, J.Asessment of hydrology sediment and particulate organic carbon yyield in a large agricultural catchment using the SWAT model. J. Hydrol, 40, 145-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. hydrol.2011.02.017.
Rode, M., Thiel, E., Franko, U., Wenk, G. & Hasser, F. (2009). Impact of selected agricultural management options on the reduction of nitrogen loads in three representative meso scale catchments in central Germany. Science of the Total Enviroment, 407, 3459-3472.
https://doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.01.053.
Sang, L., Zhang, C., Yang, J., Zho, D. & Yun, W. (2011). Simulation of land use spatial pattern of towns and villages based on CA-makov model. Mathematical and Computer Modelling, 54, 938-943. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcm.2010.11.019.
Tangtham, N. &Yuwananont, S. (1996). Impact of land use changes on streamflow and flow characteristics of Pasak basin. Thai Journal of Forestry, 15, 98-110.
Verburg, P. H., Soepboer, W., Veldkamp, A. &. Espaldon, M. V. O. (2002). Modelling the spatial dynamics of regional land use: The Clues-S model. Environment Management, 30(3), 391-405. https:// doi: 10.1007/s00267-002-2630-x.
Wijikosum, S. & Sriburi, T. (2008). Impact of urban expansion on water demand: the case study of Nakhonrachasima city, Lan Ta Kong watershed. Nakhara J. Environ. Des.Plan, 4, 69-F88.
Waiyasusri, K., Yumuang, S. & Chotpantarat, S. (2016). Mornitoring and predicting land use chages in the Huai Thap salao watershed area, Utthaithani Province, Thailand, using the CLUE-s model. Environmental Earth Sciences, 76, 1-16. https://doi: 10.1007/s12665-016- 5322-1.
Wang, C., Boithias, L.,Ning, Z., Han, Y., Sauvage, S., erez, JMS., Kuramochi, K.& Hatano, R. (2016). Comparison of Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption equations within the SWAT-K model for assessing potassium environmental losses at basin scale. Agricultural Water Management, 108, 205-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2016.08.001.
Yagoub, M. M. & Bizreh, A. A. (2014). Predition of land cover change using Markov and cellular automata models case of Al-Ain, UAE, 1992-2030. J Indian Soc Remote Sens, 42, 665-671. http:// doi 10.1007/s12524-013-0353-5
Zhang, Y., Qiao, L., Chen, C., Tian, L. & Zheng, X. (2021). Effects of organic ground covers on soil moisture content of urban green spaces in semi-humid areas of China. Alex. Eng. J, 60, 251-259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2020.08.001.
Bi, H., Liu, B., Wu,S., Yun, L., Chen, Z. & Cui, Z. (2009). Effects of precipitation and land use on runoff during the past 50 years in typical water shed in loess plateau. China Int J Sediment Res, 24, 352-364. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1001-6279(10)60009-1.
Bonell, M., Purandara, B. K., Venkatesh, B., Krishnaswamy, J., Acharya, H.A.K., Singh, U.V., Jayakumar, R., & Chappell, N. (2010). The impact of forest use and reforestation on soil hydraulic conductivity in the Western Ghats of India: implications for surface and sub-surface hydrology. J Hydrol, 391, 47–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.jhydrol. 2010.07.004.
Boonrawd, S., Anusontpornperm, S., Thanachit, S., Kheoruenromne, I. & Janjirawuttikul, N. (2021). Characteristics and fertility capability of cassava growing soils under different annual rainfall conditions in Northeast Thailand. Khon Kaen Agriculture Journal, 49, 1034-1046. https://doi:10.14456/kaj.2021.92 .
Bradshaw, C.J.A., Sodhi, N.S., Peh, K.S.H. & Brook, B.W. (2007). Global evidence that deforestation amplifies flood risk and severity in the developing world. Global Chang Biol, 13, 2379–2395. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01446.x.
Bruijnzeel, L.A. (2004). Hydrological functions of tropical forests: not seeing the soil for the trees. Agr Ecosyst Environ, 104,185–228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.01.015.
Buda, A.R.&DeWalle, D.(2009). Dynamics of stream nitrqate sources and flow pathways during stormflows on urban, forest and agricultural watersheds in central Pennsylvania, USA. Hydrological Processes, 23, 3292-3305.https://doi:org/10.1002/hyp.7423.
Chang, J.H.(1993). Hydrology in humid tropical Asia. Hydrology and Water Management in the Humid Tropics, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, pp. 55–66.
Chotchaiwong, P. & Wijitkosum, S. (2019). Predicting urban expansion and urban land use changes in Nakhon Ratchasima city using a CA-Markov model under two difference scanario. Land, 8, 1-16. https:// doi:10.3390/land8090140.
Chotpantarat, S. & Boonkaewan, S. (2018). Impacts of land – use changes on watershed discharge and water quality in a large intensive agricultural area in Thailand. Hydrogical Sciences Journal, 63, 1386-1407. https://doi.org/10.1080/ 02626667.2018.1506128.
Dessu, S. B. & Melesse, A. M. (2012). Modelling the rainfall–runoff process of the Mara River basin using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool. Hydrological Process, 26, 4038-4049. https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.9205.
Elsadele, W. M., Ibrahim, M.G. & Mahmod, W. E. (2019). Runoff hazard analysis of wadi Qena watershed, Egypt based on GIS and remote sensing approach. Alex. Eng. J, 58, 377-385. https://doi.org/10.35762/AER.20 18.4 0.1.4.
FitzPatrick, E.A. (2005). Soil microscopy and micromorphology. Interactive soil science, Abadeen. School of Biological Science, University of Aberdeen, St. Machar Drive, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK.pp. 1-8.
Gassman, P. W., Reyes, M. R., Green, C. H. & Arnold, J. G. (2007). The soil and water assessment tool: Historical Development, applications, and future research directions. American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 50, 1211-1250. https://doi:10.13031/ 2013.2 3637.
Guo, H., Hu, Q. & Jiang, T. (2008). Annual and seasonal streamflow responses to cli-mate and land-cover changes in the Poyang Lake basin. China. J Hydrol, 355, 106–122.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.03.020.
Gyawali, S., Techato, K., Monprapussorn, S. & Yuangyai, C. (2013). Integating land use planting for U-tapao river basin, Thailand. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 91, 556-563.https:// doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.201 3.08.454.
Han, D.D. (2018). Runoff simulation of Xilin River driven by multi-source data and impact of land cover change on runoff. Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Inner Mongolia.
Harylenko, S. B., Bodoque, J. M., Srinivasan, R., Zucarelli, G.V. & Mercuri, P. (2016). Assessment of the soil water content in the pampas region using SWAT. Catena, 137, 298-309. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2015.10.001.
Hua, W., Chun, H., Sun, S. & Zhou, L. (2015). Assessment Climatic impacts of future land use and land cover change projected with the CanESM2 model. International Journal of Climatology, 35, 3661-3675. https://doi:10.100 2/joc.4240.
Jamshidi, M. & Tajrishy, M. (2010). Modelling of point and non-point source pollution of Nitrate with SWAT in the Jairod river watershed Iran. International Agricultural Engineering Journal, 19, 23-31. [Google Scholar].
Juan, H., Jinyan, Z., Yan, H., Wu, F. & Deng, X. (2013). Evalution of the Impacts of land use on water quality: A case study in the cholu lake basin. The Scientific World Journal, 1, 1-7. https:// doi:10.1155/2013/329187.
Kashaigili, J.J. (2008). Impacts of land-use and land-cover changes on flow regimes of the Usangu wetland and the Great Ruaha River, Tanzania. Phys. Chem. Earth, 33, 640–647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pce.2008.06.014.
Kashaigili, J.J. & Majaliwa, A.M. (2013). Implications of land use and land cover changes on hydrological regimes of the Malagarasi river, Tanzania. J. Agric. Sci. Appl, 2, 45–50. https://doi:10.14511/JASA.2013.020107.
Khoi, D.N. & Suetsugi, T. (2014). Impact of climate and land-use changes on hydrological processes and sediment yield—A case study of the Be River catchment. Vietnam. Hydrol. Sci. J, 59, 1095–1108. https://doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2013.819433.
Kim, T.G. & Choi, K.S. (2020). A study on water quality change by land use change using HSPF. Environment Engineering Research, 25, 123-128. https://doi.org/ 10.4491/eer.2019.105.
Klongvessa, P., Lu, M., Chotpantarat, S. (2017). Response of the flood peak to the spatial distribution of rainfall in the Yo, river basin, Thailand. Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment, 32, 2871-2887. https://doi.org/s00477-018-1603-4.
Konkul, J., Rojborwornwittaya, W.& Chotpantarat, S. (2014). Hydrogeologic characteristics and groundwater pontentiality mappaing using potential surface analysis in the Huay Sai area, Phetchaburi province, Thailand. Geosciences Journal, 18, 89-103. https://doi:10.1007/s12303-013-0047-6.
Lal, R. (1993). Challenges in agriculture and forest hydrology in the humid tropics. Hydrology and Water Management in the Humid Tropics. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK; pp. 395–404.
Li, C. & Fang, H. (2021). Assessment of climate change impacts on the streamflow for the Mun River in the Mekong Basin, Southeast Asia: Using SWAT model. Catena, 201, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2021.105199.
Li, H.Z. (2007). Research on the influence of land use/cover change on hydrological factors based on SWAT model. Hebei Normal University, Hebei
Liu, J., Liu, M., Zhuang, D. & Zhang, Z. (2003). Study on spatial pattern of land-use change in China during 1995-2000. Science in China series D Earth Sciences, 46(4):373-384. https://10.1360/03yd9033.
Meyer, N., Berger, J., Constantin, E. J. & Justes, E. (2019). Cover crops reduce water drainage in temperature Climates: A meta-analysis. Agron.Sustain.Dev, 39, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-018-0546-y.
Neitsch, S.L., Arnold, J.G., Kiniry, J.R.& Williams, J.R. (2011). Soil and water assessment tool theoretical documentation version 2011. Taxas water resources institute technical report No.406. Taxas A&M university system, College station, Texas, USA, pp. 1-14.
Niu, J. & Sivakumar, B. (2014). Study of runoff response to land use change in the East River basin in South China. Stoch Env Res Risk A, 28, 857–865. https:// doi:10.1007/ s00477- 13-0690-5.
Phangam, T., Noinmsai, N. & Konggrit, N. (2020). Spatial potential analysis for sustainable water resource management lower Lam Cheang Krai basin with Geographic information system. Acadermic journal, 4, 71-81.
Phanurak, W. & Suwanwaree, P. (2013). Land use change in Thaplan nation park, the part of Dong Phra Yayen-Khao Yai forest complex world Heritage, Thailand. Naresuan University Journal, 21, 39-48.
Praweenwongwuthi, S., KaewmuangmoonSukanlaya, T., Sukanlaya, C., Choenkwan, A. & Rambo, T. (2017). Recent changes in agricultural land use in the riverine area of Nakhon Phanom Province, Northeast Thailand. Southeast Asian Studies, 6(2), 211-246. https://doi: 10.20495/seas.6.2_207.
Oeurng, C., Sauvage, S., sanchez-erez, J.Asessment of hydrology sediment and particulate organic carbon yyield in a large agricultural catchment using the SWAT model. J. Hydrol, 40, 145-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. hydrol.2011.02.017.
Rode, M., Thiel, E., Franko, U., Wenk, G. & Hasser, F. (2009). Impact of selected agricultural management options on the reduction of nitrogen loads in three representative meso scale catchments in central Germany. Science of the Total Enviroment, 407, 3459-3472.
https://doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.01.053.
Sang, L., Zhang, C., Yang, J., Zho, D. & Yun, W. (2011). Simulation of land use spatial pattern of towns and villages based on CA-makov model. Mathematical and Computer Modelling, 54, 938-943. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mcm.2010.11.019.
Tangtham, N. &Yuwananont, S. (1996). Impact of land use changes on streamflow and flow characteristics of Pasak basin. Thai Journal of Forestry, 15, 98-110.
Verburg, P. H., Soepboer, W., Veldkamp, A. &. Espaldon, M. V. O. (2002). Modelling the spatial dynamics of regional land use: The Clues-S model. Environment Management, 30(3), 391-405. https:// doi: 10.1007/s00267-002-2630-x.
Wijikosum, S. & Sriburi, T. (2008). Impact of urban expansion on water demand: the case study of Nakhonrachasima city, Lan Ta Kong watershed. Nakhara J. Environ. Des.Plan, 4, 69-F88.
Waiyasusri, K., Yumuang, S. & Chotpantarat, S. (2016). Mornitoring and predicting land use chages in the Huai Thap salao watershed area, Utthaithani Province, Thailand, using the CLUE-s model. Environmental Earth Sciences, 76, 1-16. https://doi: 10.1007/s12665-016- 5322-1.
Wang, C., Boithias, L.,Ning, Z., Han, Y., Sauvage, S., erez, JMS., Kuramochi, K.& Hatano, R. (2016). Comparison of Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption equations within the SWAT-K model for assessing potassium environmental losses at basin scale. Agricultural Water Management, 108, 205-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2016.08.001.
Yagoub, M. M. & Bizreh, A. A. (2014). Predition of land cover change using Markov and cellular automata models case of Al-Ain, UAE, 1992-2030. J Indian Soc Remote Sens, 42, 665-671. http:// doi 10.1007/s12524-013-0353-5
Zhang, Y., Qiao, L., Chen, C., Tian, L. & Zheng, X. (2021). Effects of organic ground covers on soil moisture content of urban green spaces in semi-humid areas of China. Alex. Eng. J, 60, 251-259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2020.08.001.
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Effects of land-use change on the volume of water flow into the Mun Bon reservoir in Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand. (2022). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 14(3), 1039-1050. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v14i3.3690
