Nutritional evaluation of Chrysophyllum oliviforme L. (Sapotaceae) an underutilized exotic fruit
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Abstract
Diet and nutrition are important factors in promoting and maintaining good health. Fruits are important sources of protective foods that are highly beneficial for maintaining good health and preventing diseases.The present study aimed to assess the nutritional profiling (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, moisture, ash, solids and vitamins content), anti-nutritional (oxalate, saponin and tannin) and physico-chemical (shape, colour, size and weight) parameters of Chrysophyllum oliviforme fruits. The nutritional contents were determined by Biuret, dry ash, and oven dry method for protein, ash and moisture content, respectively. The nutritional values of this fruit were: carbohydrates (5.30±0.21 mg/g), protein (6.30±0.19), lipids (14.00 %), thiamine (0.04 mg/g), calcium (3.29 mg/kg), potassium (348-370 mg/100 g). The results revealed that this plant C. oliviforme has a high nutritious value and suggested that its underutilized edible fruits could be a source of protein, vitamins, and minerals.The study on underutilized edible fruit plant C.oliviforme L.appears to be the first report on its nutritional evaluation.This data may also helpimprove the nutritional and health status of rural populations nationwide by utilizing underutilized and neglected specialities.
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Keywords
Chrysophyllum oliviforme, Nutritional profiling, Underutilized, Star apple
References
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Adepoju, O. &Adeniji, T.P.O. (2012). Nutrient composition and micronutrient potential of three wildly grown varieties of African star apple (Chrysophyllum albidum) from Nigeria. African Journal of Food Science 6(12), 344-351.DOI:10.5897/AJFS12.045
Ajayi, A.M., Adedapo, A.D.A., Badaki, V.B., ,Oyagbemi, A.A. &Adedapo, A.A. (2021). Chrysophyllum albidum fruit ethanol extract ameliorates hyperglycaemia and elevated blood pressure in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats through modulation of oxidative stress, NF-κB and PPAR-γ. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy. 141, 111879. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111879.
Ajayi, I.A. &Ifedi, E.N. (2015). Chemical and preliminary toxicological evaluation of Chrysophyllum albidum seed flour in dietary formulation of Albino rats. IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology, 9(6), 59-67.
Akpabio, U.A., Akpakpan, A.A. &Enin, G.N (2012). Evaluation of proximate compositions and mineral elements in the star apple peel, pulp and seed. Journal of Basic and Applied Science Research, 2, 4839-4843.
Anugweje, K.C. (2015). Micronutrient and phytochemical screening of a commercial Morinda citrifolia juice and a popular blackcurrant fruit juice commonly used by athletics in Nigeria. World Rural Observations, 7(1), 40-48.
Assefa, A. & Abebe, T. (2010). Wild edible trees and shrubs in the semi -arid lowlands of southern Ethiopia. Journal of Science and Development, 1(1), 5-19.
Azor, A.A., Joseph, K.L., Adeyina, A.O., Sola-ojo, F.E., Edoh, J.H. &Ajide, S. O. (2017). Utilization of African star apple Chrysophyllumalbidum kernel meal in broiler diets. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 62(2), 143-154.
Chinma, C.E. &Igyor, M.A. (2007). Micronutrients and anti-nutritional contents of selected tropical vegetables grown in Southeast, Nigeria. Nigerian Food Journal, 25(1), 111-116.
Deka, K., Gogoi, B. &Barua U. (2021). Chrysophyllum lanceolatum (Blume) A. DC (Sapotaceae), In: Perennial Underutilized Horticultural Species of India (pp 63-71). Jaya Publishing House, New Delhi.
Ding, X. Y., Zhang, Y., Wang, L., Zhuang, H. F., Chen, W. Y., & Wang, Y. H. (2021). Collection calendar: the diversity and local knowledge of wild edible plants used by Chenthang Sherpa people to treat seasonal food shortages in Tibet, China. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 17(1), 40. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-021-00464-x
Edem, C.A., Dounmu, M.I., Bassey, F.I., Wilson, C. &Umoren, P. (2009). A comparative assessment of the proximate composition, ascorbic Acid and heavy metal content of two species of garden egg (Solanum gilo and Solanum aubergine). Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 8(5). 582-584.
Elhassan, G.O.M. & Yagi, S.M. (2010). Nutritional composition of Grewiaspecies (Grewia tenax (Forsk.) Fiori, G. flavescens Juss and G. Villosa Willd) Fruits. Advance Journal of Food Science and Technology, 2(3), 159-162.
El-Olemy, M.M., Al-Muhtadi, F.J. & Afifi, A.A. (1994). Experimental Phytochemistry: A Laboratory Manual. King Saud University Press.
Eze, S. O. & Ernest, O. (2014). Phytochemical and nutrient evaluation of the leaves and fruits of Nauclea latifolia (Uvuru-ilu). Communications in Applied Sciences, 2(1), 8-24.
Folich, J., Lees, M. & Stanley, G.H.S. (1957). A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipid from animal tissues. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 226(1), 497–509.
Gann, H.P., Deaton, R., Enk, E., van Breemen, B.R., Han, M., Lu, Y. &Ananthanarayanan, V. (2012). A Phase II randomized trial of lycopene-rich tomato extract among men with high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN). Cancer Research, 72 (8 Suppli), 3564.
Haque, M.N., Saha, B.K., Karim, M.R. & Bhuiyan, M.N.H. (2009). Evaluation of nutritional and physico-chemical properties of several selected fruits in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Journal of Scientific Industrial Research, 44(3), 353-358.
Hassan, L.G., Dangoggo, S.M., Wara, S.H. & Muhammad, S. (2011). Nutritional and anti-nutritional composition of Sclerocarya birrea fruit juice. Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 18(2), 222-228. DOI: 10.4314/njbas.v18i2.64319.
Hunter, D., Borelli, T., Beltrame, D.M.O., Oliveira, C.N. S., Coradin, L., Wasike, V.W., Wasilwa, L., Mwai, J., Manjella, A., Samarasinghe, G.W.L., Madhujith, T., Nadeeshani, H.V.H., Tan, A., Tuğrul Ay, S., Güzelsoy, N., Lauridsen, N., Gee, E. & Tartanac, F. (2019). The potential of neglected and underutilized species for improving diets and nutrition. Planta, 250(3), 709–729. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-019-03169-4.
Khomdram, S., Arambam, S. & Devi, G.S. (2014). Nutritional profiling of two underutilized wild edible fruits Elaeagnus pyriformis and Spondias pinnata. Annals of Agricultural Research, 35, 129-135.
Koche, D. (2010). Trace element analysis and vitamins from an Indian medicinal plant Nepeta hindostana (Roth) Haines. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 3, 53-54.
Li, X., Yadav, R. &Siddique, K.H. (2020). Neglected and underutilized crop species: the key to improving dietary diversity and fighting hunger and malnutrition in Asia and the Pacific. Frontiers in Nutrition, 7, 593711.
Magbagbeola, J.A., Adetoso, J.A. & Owolabi, O.A. (2010). Neglected and underutilized species (NUS): panacea for community focused development to poverty alleviation/poverty reduction in Nigeria. Journal of Economics and International Finance, 2 (10), 208–211.
McMullin, S., Njogu, K., Wekesa, B., Gachuiri, A., Ngethe, E., Stadlmayr, B., Jamnadass, R. &Kehlenbeck, K. (2019). Developing fruit tree portfolios that link agriculture more effectively with nutrition and health: a new approach for providing year-round micronutrients to smallholder farmers. Food Security, 11, 1355–1372. https://doi.org/10.10 07/s12571-019-00970-7.
Morris, A.L. & Mohiuddin, S.S. (2022). Biochemistry, Nutrients. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554545/
Nwamarah, J.U., Chikwendu, J.N., Otitoju, G.T.O., Eme, P. (2015). Nutrient, Anti-Nutrients and Phytochemical Compositions of Bosquiaeangolensis Fruits “oze” Consumed as Snacks in Enugu State, Nigeria. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 14 (5), 269-273.
Okon, E.U. & Akpanyung, E.O. (2005). Nutrients and anti-nutrients in selected brands of malt drinks produced in Nigeria. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 4(5), 352-355.
Okwu, C., Osazuwa, E.S. &Igberaese, S.O. (2018). Nutritional and chemical composition of three fruit tastes of Chrysophyllum albidum (African Star Apple) in Nigeria. International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 5(1), 5033-5037. DOI: 10.5897/AJFS12.045.
Okwu, D.E. & Okwu, M.E (2004). Chemical composition of Spondiasmombin Linn plant parts. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and Environment, 6(2), 140-147.
Rivero-Huguet, M., Huertas, R., Francini, L., Vila, L. &Darré, E. (2006). Concentrations of As, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, and Zn in Uruguayan Rice Determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, 27(2), 48-55.
Sadasivam, S. & Manickam, A. (1996). Carbohydrates, In: Methods in Biochemistry (pp 11-12). New Age International Private Limited, New Delhi.
Satheesh, N. (2015). Review on distribution, nutritional and medicinal values of Casimiroa edulus llave- an underutilized fruit in Ethiopia. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Science, 15(8), 1574-1583.
Sudhakaran, A. & Nair, G.A. (2016)..Nutritional Evaluation of Fruits of Gynochthodes umbellata (L.) Razafim. & B. Bremer–An Underutilized Edible Fruit Plant. Pharmacognosy Journal, 8(1), 72-76.
Sunila, A.V. &Murugan, K. (2017). Nutritional Composition of fruits from Pouteria campechiana (Kunth) Baehni at different stages of development. Trends in Biosciences, 10(20), 4020-4026.
Swenson, U., Richardson, J.E. &Bartish, I.V. (2008). Multi-gene phylogeny of the pantropical subfamily Chrysophylloideae (Sapotaceae): evidence of generic polyphyly and extensive morphological homoplasy. Cladistics, 24(6), 1006–1031.
Wang, D.D., Li, Y., Bhupathiraju, S.N., Rosner, B.A., Sun, Q., Giovannucci, E.L., Rimm, E.B., Manson, J.E., Willett, W.C., Stampfer, M.J. &Hu, F.B. (2021). Fruit and vegetable intake and mortality: results from 2 prospective cohort studies of US men and women and a meta-analysis of 26 cohort studies. Circulation, 143(17), 1642-1654.
Williams, B.A., Mikkelsen, D.& Flanagan, B.M. (2019). Dietary fibre: moving beyond the soluble/insoluble classification for monogastric nutrition, with an emphasis on humans and pigs. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 105.https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-019-0350-9
Yadav, A. K. & Singh, S. V. (2014). Osmotic dehydration of fruits and vegetables: a review. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 51(9), 1654–1673. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-012-0659-2.
Adepoju, O. &Adeniji, T.P.O. (2012). Nutrient composition and micronutrient potential of three wildly grown varieties of African star apple (Chrysophyllum albidum) from Nigeria. African Journal of Food Science 6(12), 344-351.DOI:10.5897/AJFS12.045
Ajayi, A.M., Adedapo, A.D.A., Badaki, V.B., ,Oyagbemi, A.A. &Adedapo, A.A. (2021). Chrysophyllum albidum fruit ethanol extract ameliorates hyperglycaemia and elevated blood pressure in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats through modulation of oxidative stress, NF-κB and PPAR-γ. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy. 141, 111879. DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111879.
Ajayi, I.A. &Ifedi, E.N. (2015). Chemical and preliminary toxicological evaluation of Chrysophyllum albidum seed flour in dietary formulation of Albino rats. IOSR Journal of Environmental Science, Toxicology and Food Technology, 9(6), 59-67.
Akpabio, U.A., Akpakpan, A.A. &Enin, G.N (2012). Evaluation of proximate compositions and mineral elements in the star apple peel, pulp and seed. Journal of Basic and Applied Science Research, 2, 4839-4843.
Anugweje, K.C. (2015). Micronutrient and phytochemical screening of a commercial Morinda citrifolia juice and a popular blackcurrant fruit juice commonly used by athletics in Nigeria. World Rural Observations, 7(1), 40-48.
Assefa, A. & Abebe, T. (2010). Wild edible trees and shrubs in the semi -arid lowlands of southern Ethiopia. Journal of Science and Development, 1(1), 5-19.
Azor, A.A., Joseph, K.L., Adeyina, A.O., Sola-ojo, F.E., Edoh, J.H. &Ajide, S. O. (2017). Utilization of African star apple Chrysophyllumalbidum kernel meal in broiler diets. Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 62(2), 143-154.
Chinma, C.E. &Igyor, M.A. (2007). Micronutrients and anti-nutritional contents of selected tropical vegetables grown in Southeast, Nigeria. Nigerian Food Journal, 25(1), 111-116.
Deka, K., Gogoi, B. &Barua U. (2021). Chrysophyllum lanceolatum (Blume) A. DC (Sapotaceae), In: Perennial Underutilized Horticultural Species of India (pp 63-71). Jaya Publishing House, New Delhi.
Ding, X. Y., Zhang, Y., Wang, L., Zhuang, H. F., Chen, W. Y., & Wang, Y. H. (2021). Collection calendar: the diversity and local knowledge of wild edible plants used by Chenthang Sherpa people to treat seasonal food shortages in Tibet, China. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine, 17(1), 40. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13002-021-00464-x
Edem, C.A., Dounmu, M.I., Bassey, F.I., Wilson, C. &Umoren, P. (2009). A comparative assessment of the proximate composition, ascorbic Acid and heavy metal content of two species of garden egg (Solanum gilo and Solanum aubergine). Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 8(5). 582-584.
Elhassan, G.O.M. & Yagi, S.M. (2010). Nutritional composition of Grewiaspecies (Grewia tenax (Forsk.) Fiori, G. flavescens Juss and G. Villosa Willd) Fruits. Advance Journal of Food Science and Technology, 2(3), 159-162.
El-Olemy, M.M., Al-Muhtadi, F.J. & Afifi, A.A. (1994). Experimental Phytochemistry: A Laboratory Manual. King Saud University Press.
Eze, S. O. & Ernest, O. (2014). Phytochemical and nutrient evaluation of the leaves and fruits of Nauclea latifolia (Uvuru-ilu). Communications in Applied Sciences, 2(1), 8-24.
Folich, J., Lees, M. & Stanley, G.H.S. (1957). A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipid from animal tissues. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 226(1), 497–509.
Gann, H.P., Deaton, R., Enk, E., van Breemen, B.R., Han, M., Lu, Y. &Ananthanarayanan, V. (2012). A Phase II randomized trial of lycopene-rich tomato extract among men with high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HGPIN). Cancer Research, 72 (8 Suppli), 3564.
Haque, M.N., Saha, B.K., Karim, M.R. & Bhuiyan, M.N.H. (2009). Evaluation of nutritional and physico-chemical properties of several selected fruits in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Journal of Scientific Industrial Research, 44(3), 353-358.
Hassan, L.G., Dangoggo, S.M., Wara, S.H. & Muhammad, S. (2011). Nutritional and anti-nutritional composition of Sclerocarya birrea fruit juice. Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 18(2), 222-228. DOI: 10.4314/njbas.v18i2.64319.
Hunter, D., Borelli, T., Beltrame, D.M.O., Oliveira, C.N. S., Coradin, L., Wasike, V.W., Wasilwa, L., Mwai, J., Manjella, A., Samarasinghe, G.W.L., Madhujith, T., Nadeeshani, H.V.H., Tan, A., Tuğrul Ay, S., Güzelsoy, N., Lauridsen, N., Gee, E. & Tartanac, F. (2019). The potential of neglected and underutilized species for improving diets and nutrition. Planta, 250(3), 709–729. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-019-03169-4.
Khomdram, S., Arambam, S. & Devi, G.S. (2014). Nutritional profiling of two underutilized wild edible fruits Elaeagnus pyriformis and Spondias pinnata. Annals of Agricultural Research, 35, 129-135.
Koche, D. (2010). Trace element analysis and vitamins from an Indian medicinal plant Nepeta hindostana (Roth) Haines. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 3, 53-54.
Li, X., Yadav, R. &Siddique, K.H. (2020). Neglected and underutilized crop species: the key to improving dietary diversity and fighting hunger and malnutrition in Asia and the Pacific. Frontiers in Nutrition, 7, 593711.
Magbagbeola, J.A., Adetoso, J.A. & Owolabi, O.A. (2010). Neglected and underutilized species (NUS): panacea for community focused development to poverty alleviation/poverty reduction in Nigeria. Journal of Economics and International Finance, 2 (10), 208–211.
McMullin, S., Njogu, K., Wekesa, B., Gachuiri, A., Ngethe, E., Stadlmayr, B., Jamnadass, R. &Kehlenbeck, K. (2019). Developing fruit tree portfolios that link agriculture more effectively with nutrition and health: a new approach for providing year-round micronutrients to smallholder farmers. Food Security, 11, 1355–1372. https://doi.org/10.10 07/s12571-019-00970-7.
Morris, A.L. & Mohiuddin, S.S. (2022). Biochemistry, Nutrients. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554545/
Nwamarah, J.U., Chikwendu, J.N., Otitoju, G.T.O., Eme, P. (2015). Nutrient, Anti-Nutrients and Phytochemical Compositions of Bosquiaeangolensis Fruits “oze” Consumed as Snacks in Enugu State, Nigeria. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 14 (5), 269-273.
Okon, E.U. & Akpanyung, E.O. (2005). Nutrients and anti-nutrients in selected brands of malt drinks produced in Nigeria. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition, 4(5), 352-355.
Okwu, C., Osazuwa, E.S. &Igberaese, S.O. (2018). Nutritional and chemical composition of three fruit tastes of Chrysophyllum albidum (African Star Apple) in Nigeria. International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, 5(1), 5033-5037. DOI: 10.5897/AJFS12.045.
Okwu, D.E. & Okwu, M.E (2004). Chemical composition of Spondiasmombin Linn plant parts. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture and Environment, 6(2), 140-147.
Rivero-Huguet, M., Huertas, R., Francini, L., Vila, L. &Darré, E. (2006). Concentrations of As, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, Pb, and Zn in Uruguayan Rice Determined by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, 27(2), 48-55.
Sadasivam, S. & Manickam, A. (1996). Carbohydrates, In: Methods in Biochemistry (pp 11-12). New Age International Private Limited, New Delhi.
Satheesh, N. (2015). Review on distribution, nutritional and medicinal values of Casimiroa edulus llave- an underutilized fruit in Ethiopia. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Science, 15(8), 1574-1583.
Sudhakaran, A. & Nair, G.A. (2016)..Nutritional Evaluation of Fruits of Gynochthodes umbellata (L.) Razafim. & B. Bremer–An Underutilized Edible Fruit Plant. Pharmacognosy Journal, 8(1), 72-76.
Sunila, A.V. &Murugan, K. (2017). Nutritional Composition of fruits from Pouteria campechiana (Kunth) Baehni at different stages of development. Trends in Biosciences, 10(20), 4020-4026.
Swenson, U., Richardson, J.E. &Bartish, I.V. (2008). Multi-gene phylogeny of the pantropical subfamily Chrysophylloideae (Sapotaceae): evidence of generic polyphyly and extensive morphological homoplasy. Cladistics, 24(6), 1006–1031.
Wang, D.D., Li, Y., Bhupathiraju, S.N., Rosner, B.A., Sun, Q., Giovannucci, E.L., Rimm, E.B., Manson, J.E., Willett, W.C., Stampfer, M.J. &Hu, F.B. (2021). Fruit and vegetable intake and mortality: results from 2 prospective cohort studies of US men and women and a meta-analysis of 26 cohort studies. Circulation, 143(17), 1642-1654.
Williams, B.A., Mikkelsen, D.& Flanagan, B.M. (2019). Dietary fibre: moving beyond the soluble/insoluble classification for monogastric nutrition, with an emphasis on humans and pigs. Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, 105.https://doi.org/10.1186/s40104-019-0350-9
Yadav, A. K. & Singh, S. V. (2014). Osmotic dehydration of fruits and vegetables: a review. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 51(9), 1654–1673. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-012-0659-2.
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Nutritional evaluation of Chrysophyllum oliviforme L. (Sapotaceae) an underutilized exotic fruit. (2023). Journal of Applied and Natural Science, 15(2), 447-453. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v15i2.3674
